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ENVIRONMENTAL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: EARTH SYSTEM
Atmosphere
Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere
Physics of the Atmosphere
Chemistry of the Atmosphere
The Atmosphere as a Colloidal Medium
Nature of Atmospheric Circulation
Modeling of Atmospheric Circulation
Hydrosphere
Atmospheric Waters
Hydrological Cycle on the Earth
Surface Water
Ice in the Hydrosphere
Underground Water
Oceans
Water of Living Organisms
Cryosphere
Ice in the Atmosphere
Glaciosphere
Glaciers
Sea ice
Snow Cover
Cryolithozone (Cryolithic
Zone)
Lithosphere
Pedosphere
Soil Components
Vertical Structure of Soils
Soil-Forming Factors
Age of Soils
Types of Soils
Importance of Soils
Biota or Living Matter
Cycle of Energy on the Earth
Cycle of Matter
Geosphere
The Geographical Envelope
Biosphere
Chemical Composition of the Earth’s Envelopes (Spheres)
Correspondence Between the Notions “Biosphere” and
“Geographical Envelope”
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
Brief history of atmospheric studies
Meteorological elements and units of measurement
Composition of atmospheric air
Structure of the Atmosphere
CHEMISTRY
OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Types of atmospheric reactions
Photolysis reactions
Bimolecular reactions
Association reactions
Heterogeneous reactions
Reactions in the aqueous environment
Atmospheric catalytic cycles
Residence time and photochemical equilibrium
Groups or “families” of atmospheric compounds
Odd oxygen group
Hydrogen group
Nitrogen group
Carbon containing compounds
Chlorine and bromine group
Sulfur group
Snow cover
Distribution and properties of snow cover
Wind transport of snow (snow drifting)
Snow cover in a routine life
Climatic role of snow cover
PEDOSPHERE IS THE
SOIL COVER OF THE EARTH (IS THE EARTHS MANTLE OF SOIL)
General
Notion of the Pedosphere
Diversity
of Soils as Components of the Pedosphere
Ecologic
Role of the Soil Properties and Functions for the Biosphere
Geography
and Structure of the Pedosphere
Degradation
of Soils and Threat of Ecological Crisis
GENESIS OF SOILS AND
FACTORS OF THE SOIL FORMATION
Soil
Formation is the Global Natural Process
Factors
of the Soil Formation
Stages
of the Soil Formation
Processes
of the Soil Formation
Genesis
of Soils under Different Ecologic Conditions
Genesis of soils under conditions
of cryogenesis
Genesis of soils of forest landscapes in a zone
of moderate climate
Genesis of soils in landscapes of steppes and
prairies
Genesis of soils in arid landscapes of
semi-deserts and deserts
Genesis of soils in wet tropics and subtropics
Genesis of soils under conditions of excessive
moistening
Genesis of salinized
(saline) soils
Genesis of soils under conditions of the present-day
sedimentation
DIVERSITY AND
SYSTEMATIZATION OF SOILS
Introduction:
Diversity of Factors is the Diversity of Soil Characteristics (Properties)
Classifications
of Soils
World
Soil Maps and World Classifications
Classification
"WRB for Soil Resources"
Diversity
of Soils and Problems of the Biodiversity Preservation
GEOGRAPHY AND
STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD SOIL COVER (PEDOSPHERE)
Principles
and Taxonomic System of Soil-Geographic Zoning
Soil-Geographic
Belts and Soil-Bioclimatic Areas Of The World
Soil Cover of The Polar Belt
Soil Cover Of
The Boreal Belt
Soil Cover Of Subboreal
Belt
Soil cover of subtropical belt
Soil Cover Of Tropical Belt
Detailed
Soil-Geographic Zoning
PLANTS AND SOIL MOISTURE
Water in Soil and Plants is the Object of Inter-disciplinary
Investigation
Plants and Soils are Thermodynamic Systems
Laws of Water Movement in the Thermodynamic Systems
"soil-plants-atmosphere"
Critical Total Soil Moisture Pressure
SOIL BIOTA
Biogenecity of Soil
Soil as a Habitat
Soil Biota
Higher Plants
Algae
Soil animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Soil Organisms and Transformation of Substances
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: CLIMATE SYSTEM
Processes in the Global Climate System
Atmospheric Processes
Atmospheric Radiative Fluxes
Water Vapor.
Clouds.
Atmospheric Precipitation
Atmospheric Chemistry.
Atmospheric Circulation.
Snow and Ice Processes
Ocean Processes.
Ocean Surface Layer Fluxes.
Ocean Deep Convection and Circulation
Terrestrial Processes
Climate Now
Classification of climates.
Observed Climate as it is seen today
Weather Systems and Weather Forecasting
Airmasses and atmospheric fronts
Cyclones and anticyclones
Circulation systems
Weather forecasting
Intentional weather modification
Observed Climate Change in the Last Century
Surface Temperature and Precipitation Patterns
Upper Air Temperature
Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
Oceans
Glaciers and Ice Sheets
Permafrost
Climatic Extremes
Global Climate Models
Climate Projections and Future Climate
Model Experiments
Emission Scenarios and Climate Projections
Global Patterns of Expected Climate Change
Regional Trends
International Activity Concerning Climate
World Climate Program (WCP)
Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
UN FCCC and The Kyoto
Protocol on Climate Change
CLASSIFICATION
OF THE CLIMATE OF THE EARTH
Methods of climatic classification
Descriptive Classifications
Objective empiric classifications
Landscape-geographical classifications
Genetic classifications
METHODS
OF CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
General structure of methods of climate classification
Approaches to geographical classifications of climates
Soil classifications of climates
Hydrological classifications of climates
Landscape-geographical classification
OBJECTIVE
EMPIRIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARTH'S CLIMATE
Koeppen’s classification
Thornthwaite’s classification
GENETIC
CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARTH'S CLIMATE
Classifications derived from air mass analysis
Alisov’s classification
Strahler’s classification
Classifications based on characteristics of surface energy
budget
APPLIED
CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARTH’S CLIMATE
Agroclimatic classification
Bioclimatic classification
Climatic classifications for technical purposes
Energy-climatic classifications
CLIMATE
ZONES AND TYPES
General circulation features of major climate belts
Equatorial belt
Subequatorial belt (the belt of equatorial monsoons)
Tropical belt
Subtropical belt
Temperate belt
Subarctic belt
Arctic and Antarctic zones
Heat-balance components in the main climate zones
Brief description of the main climatic types
Low-latitude climatic types
Equatorial continental climate
Subequatorial continental (equatorial monsoon) climate
Tropical continental climate
Tropical west-coast climate
Tropical east-coast climate
Mid-latitude climatic types
Subtropical continental climate
Subtropical west-coast climate
Subtropical east-coast climate
Continental climate of the temperate belt
West-coast climate of the temperate belt
East-coast climate of the temperate belt
High-latitude climatic types
Subarctic continental climate
Arctic continental climate
Antarctic continental climate
Arctic oceanic climate
LOW-LATITUDE
CLIMATE ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES
Equatorial belt
Subequatorial belt
Tropical belt
Continental climate
Oceanic climate
Climate of the western coasts of the continents
Climate of the eastern coasts of the continents
MIDDLE-LATITUDE
CLIMATE ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES
Subtropical belt
Subtropical continental climate
Subtropical oceanic climate
Subtropical west-coast climate
Subtropical east-coast climate
Temperate belt
Continental climate
Oceanic climate
Climate of the western coasts of the continents
Climate of the eastern coasts of the continents
HIGH-LATITUDE
CLIMATE ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES
Climate types of subarctic and subantarctic zones
Continental climate
Oceanic climate
Climate types in Arctic and
Antarctic Regions
Climates of Arctic Region
Climates of Antarctic continent
Highland continental region
Glacial slope
Coastal region
HIGH-ALTITUDE
CLIMATE ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES
Basic controlling factors of highland climates
Highland climates in different climatic zones
Low-latitude highland climates
Middle-latitude highland climates
LOCAL
CLIMATES
Spatial scales of local climate
Heat balance of active surface
Turbulent mixing
Local circulation
Influence of relief on the local climate formation
FACTORS
CONTROLLING LOCAL CLIMATE
Radiation balance
Turbulent heat flow
Heat flow into the ground
Evaporation
URBAN
CLIMATE: THE MOST IMPORTANT MODIFIED
Cities of high and middle latitudes
Temperature and humidity
Wind
Cloudiness, precipitation, fogs, thunderstorms
Low latitudes cities
FOREST CLIMATES
Solar radiation.
Temperature and humidity.
Wind
Precipitation.
ISLAND
CLIMATES
Ocean and Sea Islands
Surface air temperature
Atmospheric precipitation
Air humidity
Wind
Lake and river islands
HISTORY
OF THE EARTHS CLIMATIC CHANGES
Methods of palaeoclimatic
reconstructions
Lithological-genetic methods
Ecological-palaeontological methods
Isotopic and geochemical methods
Dating techniques
Ancient climates of the Earth (Late Precambrian and Palaeozoic)
Precambrian climates
Early Palaeozoic climates
Late Palaeozoic climates
Mesozoic climates
Triassic and Jurassic climates
Cretaceous climates (135-65 Ma)
Cenozoic climatic change
The Palaeogene climates
Climates of the Neogene time
Pleistocene and Holocene climates
Climates of the historical time
HISTORY
OF PLANETARY AND GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
Main planetary factors of climatic variations
Changes in solar radiation over the geological past
Changes in solar luminosity or brightness throughout the
Earths history
Changes in the incoming solar radiation due to orbital
factors
Variations in solar radiation due to changes in atmosphere's
transparency
Changes of Earths atmospheric composition as a forcing factor
Albedo variations as a climatic forcing
factor
Main geology factors of climate variations
Continental displacement (or continental drift) and mountain
building as climatic factors
Role of ocean gateways and sea-level changes in the past
climatic changes
HISTORY
OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
Evolution of the Ancient Atmosphere
The Earlier Secondary Earths Atmosphere (the Precambrian and
Cambrian Period)
Atmospheric Composition during the Phanerozoic
Time
History of the Cenozoic Atmosphere
Atmosphere gas composition in the Pre-Pleistocene epoch
Changes in Atmospheric Composition during the Pleistocene
Anthropogenic Changes in the Atmospheric Composition
GLOBAL
CLIMATIC CATASTROPHES (VOLCANISM AND IMPACT EVENTS)
Climatic catastrophes in the Earths history
Volcanic explosions and climate
Types of volcanic eruptions
Explosive eruptions and climate
The fall of celestrial bodies and
climate
Climatic events at the Cretaceous-Cenozoic boundary
Local climatic catastrophes
Dust storms
Smoke from forest fires
Anthropogenic climatic catastrophes
CHANGES
IN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
The Global Carbon Cycle
Natural Carbon Cycle
Changes in carbon cycle on the time scale over 106 years
Changes in Carbon Cycle during Glacial-Interglacial
Transitions
Changes in the Carbon Cycle on the Time Scale of Decades to
Thousands of Years
Anthropogenic Disturbances of the Global Carbon Cycle
Observed Changes in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
Historical CO2 Emissions
Historical Changes in CO2 Concentration and Projections of
Future -Concentrations
The Nitrogen Cycle
GREENHOUSE
GASES, AEROSOLS AND OZONE LAYER
Parameters connected with atmospheric substances and their
effects on climate
Greenhouse gases
Aerosols
CARBON
DIOXIDE
Carbon dioxide sources and sinks
Carbon dioxide content distributions in the atmosphere
Climatic impact of carbon dioxide
METHANE
Methane sources
Methane sinks
Distribution of methane content in the atmosphere
Methane concentration trends
The influence of methane on climate
HALOCARBONS
Halocarbon sources
Halocarbons sinks
The influence of halocarbons on climate
Distribution of halocarbons content in the atmosphere
NITROUS
OXIDE
Nitrous oxide sources
Nitrous oxide sinks
Distribution of nitrous oxide content in the atmosphere
The influence of nitrous oxide on climate
TROPOSPHERIC
OZONE AND RELATED TRACE GASES
Ozone photochemical sources and sinks
Tropospheric ozone content measurements
Ozone and the environment
Tropospheric ozone forming species
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen radicals
PHYSICS
OF AEROSOLS AND THEIR EFFECT ON CLIMATE
Atmospheric aerosol sources and sinks
Physico-chemical properties of aerosols
Aerosol effects on climate
REDUCTION
OF THE OZONE LAYER
Photochemistry of stratospheric ozone
Stratospheric ozone: spatial distribution and seasonal
variations
Antarctic ozone hole
Ozone in the Northern hemisphere and nonpolar
regions
GEOGRAPHY
Scope of Geography
Definitions
Physical Geography
Human Geography
Landscapes and Regions
Methods and Techniques
Applied Geography
Geographical Education
Main Topics and Fields of Geography
Physical Geography
Geomorphology
Climatology
Hydrology
Biogeography
Soil Geography
Coastal Systems
Ocean Geography
Mountain Geoecology
Natural Resources
Natural Hazards
Land Degradation and Desertification
Human Geography
Historical Geography
Population Geography
Cultural and Social Geography
Agricultural and Rural Geography
Geography of Industry and Transport
Geography of Economic Activities
Urban Geography
Medical Geography
Political Geography
Geography of Tourism
Regional Geography
Technical Geography
Geodesy and Topography
Mapping and Atlas Production
Remote Sensing
Geographical Information Systems
Modeling
Historical Perspectives
Early Geography
Foundations
Development
Controversy
The Concept of Changing Paradigms
Environmental Determinism and Possibilism
Regional and General Geography
The Quantitative Revolution
Consolidation
Future Trends
FOUNDATIONS
OF GEOGRAPHY
Development of modern geographic thought
Scientific context
Institutional context
Social context
Political context
The basic geographic approach
Regions
Diversification of subject matters
In physical geography
In Human geography
Plurality of approaches
Spatial analysis and spatial science
Humanistic approach.
Behavioral geography
Radical approaches.
Feminist geography
The present dilemma between physical and human geography
Evolution within physical geography
Evolution within human geography
Is unity possible?
The future
MAIN
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
The
predecessors
Chinese
Greek
and Latin
Middle
Ages
Muslim
Geography
Christian
geography
Early
Modern Times
Astronomy
and Universal Geography
The
contribution of Kant to geography
Founders
of Modern Geography
Humboldt
Ritter
New
directions
Darwin’s influence in Geography
Physical
Geography and Physiography
Environmental
Determinism and Possibilism
The
regional approach
The
Present
Quantitative
and technical tools
Diversification
and globalisation
International
Aspects
The
Future
THEORY
AND METHODS
Theories
The basic scientific principles
The main conceptions in human geography
The regional approach
Systematic studies
The coexistence of naturalism and historicism
Methods
Methods related to scale
About fieldwork
The structure of field research
Field sampling
Examples of geographical field research
Teaching based on direct observation
Display and analysis of data
GEOGRAPHICAL
EDUCATION
What is Geographical Education?
Geography and Geographical Education
The Aims of Geographical Education
The Place of Geography in the Formal Education Curriculum
The Place of Geography in NonFormal
Education
The Components of Geographical Education
How is Geographical Education Relevant to Society and
Environment?
The Development of Life Roles through Rediscovering Geographical
Education
Knowledge, Thinking Processes, Practical Skills, and Values
Developed through Geographical Education
Social and Environmental Action
Contribution to Current Community Concerns
Past Trends in Geographical Education
“Capes-and-Bays” Geography
Teaching Regional Geography
Teaching Systematic Geography
An Inquiry Approach to Geographical Education
Current Trends in Geographical Education
International Survey of Geographical Education
Problem-Based Learning through Geographical Education
Socially Critical Approaches to Geographical Education
Developing International Understanding
Developing Intercultural Understanding
Promoting Environmental Education
Promoting Equity of Opportunity
through Geographical Education
Developing Geographically Informed People
Current Practices in Geographical Education
Learning and Teaching Geography
Developing Geography Curricula
Teaching and Learning Strategies
Teaching Resources
Information Technology in Geographical Education
Standards and Assessment
Fieldwork in Geographical Education
Challenges for Geographical Education
Policy Developments in Different Countries on Geographical
Education
Technology and Information Expansion
Contributing to the Development of Active, Informed Citizens Around
the World
Geography Teacher Preparation and Professional Development
Bias in Resources Used to Teach Geography
A Presence in the Formal Education Curriculum
Community Relevance
Future Directions
Rediscovering Geographical Education
Relevance for Lifelong Learning
PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY
Historical Background
Chinese, Islamic, and Classical Greek and Roman Scholarship
Translation of Ptolemys Geography
into Latin, and the Age of Discovery
The General and Special Geographies of Varenius
Seventeenth-Century Scientific Revolution, Eighteenth-Century
Natural theology and Natural History
The Role of Immanuel Kant (17241804)
Emergence of "That European Science"
The Role of Alexander von Humboldt (17691859)
The Origins of "Process" Studies: Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
(17441829), Charles Lyell (17971875), and Charles
Darwin (18091882)
The Two Traditions of American Physical Geography and W.M.
Davis (18501935)
Contemporary Physical Geography
The Main Fields of Study
Geomorphology
Climatology
Hydrology
Biogeography
Soil Geography
Coastal Systems
Mountain Geoecology
Natural Hazards
Landscape Ecology
Biogeochemical Cycles
Past Environmental Change
Natural Archives and Proxy Data
Historical Sketch of Data Sources
Cryosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Biosphere
Anthroposphere
The Quaternary Period
The Pleistocene Epoch
The Holocene Epoch
Global Environmental Change
Tectonic Movements and Volcanism
Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
Energy Budgets
Mass Budgets
Snow and Ice
Land Use and Land Cover
Biomass Energy
Applied Physical Geography
Applied Geomorphology
Applied Climatology
Applied Hydrology
Applied Biogeography
Applied Soil Geography
Applied Coastal Systems
Applied Mountain Geoecology
Environmental Impact Analysis
Biogeochemical Cycling
Geographic Information Systems
Remote Sensing
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Development of Geomorphology
Early History
Evolution of the Main Concepts
Organizations and Journals
Main Concepts, Research Lines, and Methods
Klimatische Geomorphologie
and Climatic Geomorphology
Process Geomorphology, Field Experiments, Simulation, and
Modeling
Structural Geomorphology
Petrovariance
Tectonic Geomorphology
Volcanic Geomorphology
Weathering and Soils
Morphoclimatic Zones and Special Landform
Associations
Glacial Geomorphology
Periglacial Geomorphology
Tropical Geomorphology
Arid Geomorphology
Karst
Coasts
Lakes
Process Domains
Mass Movements
Fluvial Geomorphology
Slope Runoff Processes
Planational Processes
Wind Action
Environmental and Global Change
Paleoclimatic Research
Environmental Change
Anthropogenic Geomorphology
Hazards
Global Change
CLIMATE
AS LIFESUPPORT SYSTEMS: A CLIMATOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
Physical Representation
Köppen’s Classification
Water Budget Approach
Phenological Approach
Synoptic Climatological Study
Historical Viewpoint
Impacts of Climate on Systems
Adaptation
Management and Vulnerability
Acclimatization and Acclimation
Historical Change
Interactions between Climate and Human Activities
Human Activities and Environmental Change
Agriculture
Fisheries
Population
Small-Scale Interactions between Climate and Human Activities
BIOGEOGRAPHY
History of biogeography
Development of the spatial tradition
Ecological biogeography
The major approaches to biogeography
The spatial tradition: phytogeography
and zoogeography
The spatial tradition: historical biogeography
The spatial tradition: vicariance
and dispersal
The ecological tradition: ecosystems
The ecological tradition: palaeoecology
The ecological tradition: island biogeography
Towards an applied biogeography
Conservation biology
Global change studies
Ecosystem management
COASTAL
SYSTEMS
Coasts
Spatial and Temporal Scales
Development and Behavior
Coastal Systems
Coastal Systems Approach in Practice
Expected Developments
Case Study: The Coast of Suriname
THE
OCEAN SYSTEM
Managing the Ocean Ecosystem
The Tectonic Mechanisms
Ocean Governance in Relation to Plates and Margins
The Role of the Water Column
AtmosphereOcean Interaction
Ocean Ecological Diversity
The Ocean Facing Climate Change
The Hydrological Cycle
Sea-Level Rise
Impacts from Atmosphere and Ocean Circulation
Cardinal Deductions
Ocean Resource Uses
Evolution of Ocean Exploitation
Key Ocean Resources
Exploitation of Ocean Biomass
Exploitation of Non-Living Resources
Ocean Communication Functions
Ocean Governance
Governance Framework
Governance Spaces
The Sustainable Ocean
Recapitulation
MOUNTAIN
GEOECOLOGY. THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLECTUALLYBASED SCHOLARSHIP INTO A
POLITICAL FORCE FOR SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
Scientific Foundation
Development before 1990
Scientific Progress
Political Engagement
Current Status
Research Priorities
Specific Research Requirements
Indicators, Knowledge Management, and Sustainable Development
NATURAL
HAZARDS
Vulnerability-The Fundamental Counterpart of Hazard
Risk--The Product of Hazard and Vulnerability
Perception--A Vital Factor in Hazard and Risk Analysis
Natural Hazards and the Classification Problem
Natural Hazard Mitigation
Managing Natural Hazards
Natural Hazards and the Question of Poverty
LAND
DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION
A brief historical review of land degradation
The forms of land degradation
Flora and fauna
Soil degradation
Water degradation
Research into the causes of land degradation
Cultivating steep slopes
Desertification in the west Sahel
Other complex causes
Sequential and unanticipated cause-effect situations
International research efforts
Consequences of land degradation
Integrated solutions and the delimitation of planning regions
Delimiting planning regions
Implementing solutions
What?
Who?
When?
Where?
How?
Why?
HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY
Historical Background
A secular chorographical tradition
The first Human Geography of Friedrich Ratzel
Human Geography as a Social Science, separated from Physical
Geography
The criticism to neopositivist
approaches: recent debates in Human Geography
The Main Fields Of Study
Population Geography or Geodemography
Economic Geography or Geoeconomy
Social Geography or Geosociology
Settlement Geography
Urban Geography or Geourbanism
Rural Geography or Geoagronomy
Cultural Geography or Geoanthropology
Political Geography or Geopolitics
Theory and Methodology
Alternative Approaches To Thematic Studies
The Present Human Geographical Problems
POPULATION
GEOGRAPHY.
The current state of the Population Geography
The world population
The agricultural models
The demographic transition
Evolution of the European pattern of growth
The American pattern of growth
The models of quick transition
Perspectives on Population Geography
CULTURAL
AND SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY
The Cultural Approach and the New Epistemological Bases of
Geography
AGRICULTURAL
AND RURAL GEOGRAPHY
Agricultural Change
Changing Geographical Perspectives
Agricultural Geography
Biophysical Environment
Agrarian Structure and Farm Population
Economic Influences
Sociopersonal Factors
Government and Company Contexts
Rural Geography
Employment and Population
Settlement and Housing
Transport and Services
Recreation and Tourism
Development and Conservation
GEOGRAPHY
OF INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORT
General Concepts and Processes
Territorial Decentralization and Diffusive Processes
Regional Imbalances and Re-equilibrium Policies
Technological Innovation and Industrial Space
Multinational Companies and the Internationalization of
Production
The Theoretical and Methodological Tradition
The Neoclassical Legacy
The Geography of Enterprise
A World in Transition
Industrial Organization in a Global World
Social Regulation or Flexible Organization of Production
Marshallian External Economies: Between
Modernity and Tradition
The Strategic Approach
The Local Synthesis
Transport and Territorial Organization
GEOGRAPHY
OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Global and Regional Economic Integration
International Investment of Economic Activities
Global Finance and Reorganization of Economic Spaces
Trend towards Regional Economic Integration in the Global
Economy
Cross-Border Sub-regional Economic Integration
Industrial Districts and Clustering
Industrial Districts and Networking
Industrial Clustering and Technology Parks
Geography of Innovation
National Innovation Systems
Development of Regional Innovation Systems
Knowledge-Based Economy and Services
Knowledge-Based Economy and New Industry
Knowledge-Based Industry and Region
Growth of Producer Services
Sustainable Industrialization
Changes of Production Systems and Environment
Paths of Sustainable Industrialization
Future Trends and Perspectives
URBAN
GEOGRAPHY
Changing Approaches in Urban Geography
The City and the Changing Economic Context
The Global Context of Urbanization
Residential Differentiation and Segregation
City Growth and Urban Governance
The Urban Future
MEDICAL
GEOGRAPHY
Medical Geography
The Geography of Disease
The Geography of Medical Resources
Health Geography
The Shift to Health Geography
Linking Health and the Environment
Linking Health and Place
Health, Health Care and Public Policy
New Ways of Looking at Old Problems
POLITICAL
GEOGRAPHY
First and Second Stages of Development
Third Stage
Fourth Stage
The World Systems Theory
Concepts of the State in Political Geography
Postmodernism and the Construction of Space
Territoriality, Ethnic, and Political Identity
The Problem of Scale, the Concept of Place, and the
Contextual Approach
GEOGRAPHY
OF TOURISM
Defining Tourism
The Development of the Geography of Tourism
Contemporary Approaches to the Geography of Tourism
Demand for Tourism
Constraints
Seasonality
Accessibility
Tourism Supply
Spatial and Temporal Fixity
Impacts of Tourism
Economic Impacts of Tourism
Social Impacts of Tourism
Environmental Impacts of Tourism
Tourism Planning
Carrying-capacity
Recreation Opportunity
Spectrum
Community Based Tourism Planning
Sustainable Tourism Planning
Trends for the Twenty-first Century
REGIONAL
GEOGRAPHY
How to define a region?
From administrative regions to cultural regions
Transformation of regional geography after 1950
The renewal of regional identities
Regional science: a new way of analysing
regions and regional development
TECHNICAL
GEOGRAPHY: CORE CONCEPTS IN THE MAPPING SCIENCES
Mapping as a Value-Adding Process/Cognitive Reactions
Digital Conceptual Influences
The Complexity of Cartographic Messages
Human Input into Map Reading
Mapping as a Selection Process
Aspects of Meta-Communication (Communication about
Communication)
Reference Frames and Mapping
Merging of Data Sources
New Trends
Global Data Initiatives and Global Data Access
International Mapping Framework
GEODESY
AND TOPOGRAPHY
The Figure of Earth
Coordinate Systems
Map Projections
Geodetic Survey
Topographic Survey
Topographic Maps
Topographic Information Systems
MAPPING
AND ATLAS PRODUCTION
Maps and Map Types
Map Functions and Map Themes
Base Maps
Mapping
Map Use
Data Quality
Atlas Production
Atlas Information Systems
Outlook
REMOTE
SENSING
Remote Sensing-a Definition
Passive versus Active Remote Sensing Systems
Satellite Remote Sensing Systems
LANDSAT
SPOT
Meteorological Satellites: NOAA, GOES and METEOSAT
Remote Sensing Applications: Monitoring our Environment
Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology and Climate Studies
Mapping Natural Resources and Environmental Risks
Diplomacy and International Peace-Keeping
An Outlook to the Future
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Geographical Information Systems a Definition
History of GIS
Relevance of Metadata,
GIS Analysis
GIS Applications
Examples of GIS Contributions to a Better World
Cartography
Geography, Environmental Science and Hydrology
Social Sciences
Business
Everyday Life
Outlook on Technological Developments
MODELING
GEOGRAPHICAL SYSTEMS AND PREDICTION
Modeling and the Quantitative Revolution
The Quantitative Revolution: A Brief Review
Some Problems of Geographical Analysis
A Large Number of Variables
Uncontrolled Variables
Over-theorizing with Paucity of Data
Dynamic Modeling
Boundary Effects
Model Building and Its Weaknesses
The State of Modeling
What Is a Model?
A Justification for Modeling
A Complementarity between
Generalization and Individualization?
The Art of Modeling
The Problem of Representation
Constructing a Model
A Shopping Trip to Malls Model
Summary
Modeling and Prediction
Case Studies of Modeling and Prediction
What Happens When Large Retailers Open from Six to Seven Days
a Week?
Is the Sea Level Going To Rise?
Is Global Warming Human-Induced or Part of a Natural Cycle?
Summary
Modeling in the Twenty-First Century
GEOLOGY
Historical review
The Birth of Geological Sciences
Geology in the Classic Period
The Big Break
The Renaissance to the Dawn of Plate Tectonic Theory
The Rise of Plate Tectonics in the Twentieth Century
Geological Science in the Future
Philosophical Basis of the Methodology of Geology
Finding Out About the Present State
The Geologists Ignorance
The Geologists Hypothesis
Finding Out About the Past
Finding Out About the Rules of Evolution
What Is a Model?
Consistent and Unique Geological Models
Adequate and Accurate Geological Models
Accuracy and Precision in Geological Models
First-Order Explanatory Models of Geology Today
Theory of Meteoritic Bombardment
Theory of Cyclical Astronomical Controls of Climate
Petrological Theory
Plate Tectonic Models
THE
ORGANIZED EARTH
Organization and Volcanic Systems
Rates of Volcanism
Controls on Volcanic Output
Organization, Tectonics, and Impacts
THE
COMPOSITION OF EARTH: ROCKS AND MINERALS
Minerals
Mineral Chemistry and Classification
Native Elements as Minerals
Silicates
Oxides
Sulfides and Sulfates
Phosphates
Carbonates
Halides
Crystallographic, Optical, and Physical Properties of
Minerals
Rocks
Rocks in Earths Crust
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks in Earths Mantle
Rocks in Earths Core and the Evidence from Iron Meteorites
USING
THE EARTH TO MEASURE TIME
Strata and Time
The Signs of Age
The Refinement of Geological Time
The Challenge to Evolution
Physics to the Rescue
Epilogue
THE
EARTH AS A PLANET
The Earth
The Origin of the Earth
The Earths Interior
Plate Tectonics
The Geoid
The Earths Atmosphere
The Earth's Magnetic Field
The Moon
The Earth's Only Satellite
Lunar Missions
The Origin of the Moon
The Earth from Space
THE
EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE
Landscape Changes in the Fluvial Cycle
River Networks
River Adjustments to Tectonic and Climate Change
Landscape Changes in the Glacial Cycle
The Formation of Glaciers
Denudation by Glaciers
Periglacial and Aeolian Processes
Landscape, Energy, Climate, and Other Planets
THE
HAZARDOUS EARTH
The Scale of the Threat from Geological Hazards
Geological Hazards
Volcanic Hazards
Earthquake Hazards
Landslide Hazards
The Future
TECTONICS
AND GEODYNAMICS
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
The Geodynamic Concept of Plate Tectonics
Convergent Boundaries:
Divergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries
Global Seismicity in the Concept of
Plate Tectonics
The Description of Geodynamic Processes
Energetic Descriptions of Geodynamic Processes
Conductive Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Transfer
Heat Production
Kinematic Description of Geodynamic Processes
Vertical Reference Frames
Lagrangian and Eulerian
Reference Frames
Dynamic description of geodynamic processes
Stress and Deformation
Deformation Mechanisms
Important Concepts in Geodynamics and Tectonics
Rheology of the Lithosphere
Rheology of the Continental Lithosphere
Gravity and Isostacy
Outlook and Perspectives
Alternative Concepts ?
The Future of Geodynamics
GEODYNAMICS:
RECENT ADVANCES IN QUANTITATIVE MODELLING OF COMPRESSED OROGENS
'S-point' dynamics
Basic response
A word on the numerical methods
Effect of crustal rheology
Effect of erosion
Different types of mantle shortening
Comparison with the indenter mode of continental collision
Variations around the S-point
Variations in basal velocity distribution
Three-dimensional plate boundaries: the effect of oblique
convergence
Application of the doubly-vergent
taper to intracratonic deformation
Application of the mantle subduction
model to extensional tectonics
Geological predictions
Application to various orogens
The Southern Alps of New Zealand
The European Alps
The Pyrennees
The Himalayas and the
Tibetan Plateau
The Andes
The Alice Springs Orogeny of Central Australia
PLATE
TECTONICS
The Earths Composition
Age and magnetization of the Earths crust
Plates
Geometric Constraints
Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Accretion and Subduction Erosion
Types of Plate Convergence
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
Continental-Oceanic Convergence
Continental-Continental Convergence
Conservative Plate Boundaries
Triple Junctions
Hot Spots
RHEOLOGY
OF ROCKS IN NATURAL TECTONIC PROCESSES
Natural Deformation of Rocks
The Mechanical Problem
Physical mechanisms
Constitutive Laws for Rocks
An elastic constitutive equation
Criteria for Brittle Failure and Frictional Sliding
Brittle Fracture of Intact Rock
Frictional sliding
Creep deformation
Solution transfer creep
Predicting rock strength under natural conditions: Problems
and future directions
Deformation mechanism maps and strength profiles
Spatial scaling
GEOCHRONOLOGY
The age equations
Isotope ratios and isochrons
Dating metamorphic rocks
Summary of dating methods
Rb-Sr
Sm-Nd
Lu-Hf
La-Ce(-Ba)
Re-Os
K-Ar(-Ca)
U-Pb and Th-Pb
Other U decays: U-He and fission tracks
U series disequilibrium method.
Radiocarbon (14C)
STRUCTURAL
GEOLOGY
Stress and Strain
Stress
Measurement of Stress
Strain
Measurement of Strain
Geometry
Common Deformation Structures
Influence of Initial Irregularities
Polyphase Deformation
Kinematics
Dynamics
Tectonic Modeling
Analytical Models
Numerical Models
Physical Models
Outlook
NEOTECTONICS
Neotectonics as an integral part of geosciences
Remote sensing methods
Structural field studies
Geophysical investigations
Morphotectonics and Tectonic Geomorphology
Paleoseismology
Archeoseismology
Geodesy
Numerical modeling
Neotectonic movements and climate patterns
IGNEOUS
AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
The Magmatic Process
Chemical Composition of Magmas
Physical Properties of Magmas
Factors Controlling the Composition of Magmas
Major Element Composition
Trace Elements Composition
Isotopic Composition
Magma Genesis in the Upper Mantle
Magma Genesis in the Continental Crust
Magma Differentiation
Fractional Crystallization
Mixing and Assimilation
Complex Differentiation Processes
The Metamorphic Process
Metamorphic Facies
Types of Metamorphism
Metamorphic Minerals and Reactions
Ultrametamorphism and Anatexis
Metasomatism
Relationship Between Petrogenesis
and Geodynamics
Petrogenesis and Life
Petrogenesis and Evolution of the Planet Earth
Formation and Stabilization of Continents and the Effects on
Global Climate
Historical Perspective and Future Developments of
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
OCCURRENCE,
TEXTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Mode of occurrence of igneous rocks
Lava flows and domes
Pyroclastic deposits
Intrusive bodies
Texture of igneous rocks
Crystal nucleation and growth
Common igneous textures
Classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks
Classification scheme for igneous rocks
Principal factors in classification
Classification and nomenclature of plutonic rocks
Classification and nomenclature of volcanic rocks
Other igneous rock groups
THE
MANTLE AND ITS PRODUCTS
The Layered Earth
Mineralogy and Chemical Composition of the Mantle
Volatiles in the Mantle
Melting in the Mantle
Primary Melts from the Mantle
Mantle Components
Mantle Metasomatism
Noble Gases in the Mantle
Pollution of the Mantle
PROCESSES
OF MAGMA EVOLUTION AND MAGMATIC SUITES
Melting in Earths Mantle
What Causes the Melting of Rocks and Formation of Magmas?
Partial Melting and its Effect on Major and Trace Elements
Types of Primary Magmas
Accumulation and Ascent of Magma
Magma Chambers
Cooling, Convection, Crystallization, and Differentiation
Interaction with Magma Chamber Wall Rocks and Crustal Melting
Timescales of Igneous Activity and Lifetime of Magma Chambers
and Volcanoes
Magma Differentiation Trends
Magmatic Series
Trace Element Variations During Magma Differentiation
Crystallization: the Example of the Laacher
See Magma Chamber
Assimilation: the Example of the Central
Andes
Magma Series and Geological Setting
Development of Thought and Future Avenues
ROLE OF
FLUIDS IN IGNEOUS PETROGENESIS
Magmatic Fluids
Definition of Magmatic Volatiles
Solubility of Magmatic Volatiles in
Silicate Melts
Composition of Exsolved Fluids
Remnants of Magmatic Fluids in
Igneous Rocks: Melt and Fluid Inclusions in Minerals
Origin of Magmatic Fluids: Earth
Degassing and Recycling
Modeling Magmatic
Fluids
Fluids and Genesis of Basaltic Magma in the Mantle
Fluids and Origin of Granitic Melts
in the Crust
Role of H2O in Fractional Crystallization Processes
Influence of Magmatic Fluids on
Geological Phenomena
Explosive Volcanism
Volcanic, Hydrothermal Systems and Geothermal Reservoirs
ORIGIN,
TEXTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Occurrence
Orogenic Metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism
Ocean Floor Metamorphism
Classification
Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Facies
Facies of Very Low Grade
Greenschist Facies
Amphibolite Facies
Granulite Facies
Hornblende Hornfels Facies
Pyroxene Hornfels Facies
Blueschist Facies
Eclogite Facies
Tectonic Setting of Metamorphic Facies
Textures
Layering, Banding, and Fabric Development
Kinetics
Diffusion
Nucleation
Crystal Growth
PRESSURE,
TEMPERATURE, FLUID PRESSURE CONDITIONS OF METAMORPHISM
General Features of Metamorphism
PressureTemperature Conditions of Metamorphism
Types of Metamorphism
Kinetics of Metamorphic Reactions
Temperature
Pressure
Variations of Metamorphic Mineral Assemblages in Dependence
of Pressure and ---Temperature
Role of the Fluid Phase During Metamorphism
The Catalysis of Mineral Reactions by Fluids
Incorporation of Fluids in Metamorphic Rocks and Associated
Compositional --Variations
Fluid Release in Metamorphic Rocks: Dehydration and Decarbonation Reactions
Influence of Fluids on the Behavior of Metamorphic Rocks.
Trends in Metamorphic Petrology
ULTRAMETAMORPHISM
AND CRUSTAL ANATEXIS
Ultrametamorphic Facies: a
Brief Summary
High to Ultra-High Pressure Metamorphism
High-Temperature Metamorphism
Anatexis and Migmatites:
Where and When?
Migmatites and Migmatitic
Terrains
Geometric Relationships with Granitic
Bodies
Geometry of Partial Melting: Mobility and Fate of Crustal Liquids
Water-Saturated and Water-Deficient Melting Processes
Mobility of Anatectic Liquids
Liquid Compositions According to Their Protoliths
Geodynamic Settings: Anatexis Under
Compressional and Extensional Regimes
Orogenic Episodes: Clockwise PT Paths
Within-Plate Settings: Paucity of Anatectic
Processes
BEHAVIOR
OF TRACE ELEMENTS DURING MAGMA GENESIS AND EVOLUTION
Geochemical Modeling using Trace Elements
Partition Coefficients and Fractionation Equations
Closed Systems
Open Systems
Limitations of Fractionation Equations: Disequilibrium
Processes
Trace Elements as Discriminants of
Tectonic Settings of Igneous Rocks
Future Perspectives of Trace-Element Studies: In-Situ
Microanalysis
APPLICATIONS
OF ISOTOPES TO IGNEOUS PETROGENESIS
Radiogenic Isotope Systems
Radioactive growth and decay
Isochron diagrams
Decay series
Cosmogenic Nuclides
Stable Isotope Systems
Applications of Isotopes to Igneous petrogenesis
Evolution of the silicate Earth
Bulk silicate Earth
Crust-mantle evolution
Chemical geodynamics and mantle heterogeneity
MORB source
OIB sources
Subduction zone processes
Crustal recycling versus crustal
contamination
Fluxes to the sub-arc mantle wedge
Magmatic processes and timescales
Processes and timescales of magma formation and ascent
Processes and timescales of magma evolution
Recent Advanc es
and Future Applications of Isotopes to Igneous Petrogenesis
MANTLE
DYNAMICS AND PLATE KINEMATICS
Techniques to sample the interior of the Earth
Seismic tomography
Changes in the Earth gravity field and their implication on
mantle dynamics
Dynamic structure of the mantle and ice loss in Antarctica
and Greenland
How the rheology of the mantle
impacts the style of subduction
Plate Kinematics
The hot spot reference frame and the "westward"
drift of the lithosphere
Plate Boundaries
Subduction zones
Rift zones
Transform faults
Plate kinematics Vs mantle dynamics
SEDIMENTARY
GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Rocks
Chemical and Biochemical Rocks
Other Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Economic Importance of Sedimentary Rocks
Facies, Facies
Models, and Depositional Environments
Sequence Stratigraphy: a Dynamic
View of the Sedimentary Record
Stratigraphy: Reconstructing the Earths History
Historical Perspective and Recent Developments
The Nature of the Stratigraphical
Record and the Methods of Correlation
Geochronology, Chronostratigraphy,
and the Geological Timescale
Sedimentary Geology and Paleontology
The Future of Sedimentary Geology
SEDIMENTATION
AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Historical Perspective
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Rocks
Chemical Rocks
Organic Rocks
Residual Rocks
Environmental Significance of Sedimentary Rocks
STRATIGRAPHY
AND RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY
The Stratigraphic Record and its
Significance
Principles of Stratigraphy,
Relative Geochronology, and Sedimentary Dynamics
Event and Cyclostratigraphy and
Relative Geochronology
GLOBAL
SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY
The Record of Changing Environments
Continental Deposits
Coasts, Barriers, and Shallow Seas
Slopes and Deep Oceans
Economic and Environmental Importance
EVOLUTIONARY
PALEONTOLOGY
What is Evolutionary Paleontology?
Historical Perspective
Main Research Topics of Evolutionary Paleontology
Evolutionary Behavior of Lineages, Species, and Higher Taxa
Punctuated Equilibria
Species Selection
"Red Queen" and Escalation Hypotheses
Adaptation, Exaptation, and
Evolutionary Transitions
Evolutionary Trends and Generalizations ("Rules")
Long-term Fluctuations in Diversity and Extinction
Large-Scale Patterns and Processes in Space and Time
The Cambrian "Explosion"
Large-Scale Patterns and Trends
Outlook
INTRODUCTION
TO THE MINERALOGICAL SCIENCES
Why Do We Study Minerals?
Definition of a Mineral
Naming of Minerals
The Physical Properties of Minerals
Classification of Minerals
Mineral Occurrences and Environments
Introduction to the Mineralogical Sciences
What is Mineralogy?
Historical Background of the Mineralogical Sciences
Basic Principles in the Mineralogical Sciences
Crystallographic Principles
Crystal Chemical Principles
The Rock-Forming Minerals of Earth: from the Crust to the
Core
The Mineralogy of Earths Crust
The Mineralogy of Earths Mantle
The Upper Mantle
The Lower Mantle and Transition Zone
The Mineralogy of Earths Core
Methods in the Mineralogical Sciences
Structural Characterization of Minerals
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Methods in Mineralogy
Electron Diffraction Methods in Mineralogy
New Trends in Diffraction Methods
Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy
Chemical Characterization of Minerals
Bulk Chemical Analytical Techniques
In Situ Chemical Analytical Techniques
Modern Developments in the Mineralogical Sciences
Mineral Thermodynamics
Simulating Nature: Experimental Mineralogy and Petrology
Mineral Physics
Computational Crystallography
Fields in the Mineralogical Sciences
Mineralogy and the Earth Sciences: The Connection Between
Minerals and Rocks
Petrology
Geochemistry
Economic Geology
Structural Geology
The Mineralogical Sciences and the Industrial Society
Ore Mineralogy and Mineral Deposits
Processes That Lead to the Formation of Ore Deposits
Methods in Ore
Mineralogy
Applied Mineralogy and the Industrial Use of Minerals
Classification of the Materials to be Studied in Applied
Mineralogy
The Characterization of Physical and Chemical Properties of
Materials
New Materials: Applied Mineralogy and the Link to Material
Sciences
History Through the Eyes of a Mineralogist: Archeometry
Archeoceramics
Archeometallurgy
Mineralogy and Cultural Heritage
Mineralogy and the Environment
Environmental Mineralogy
Mineralogy and Health
Hazardous Minerals
Minerals in Humans
Geomicrobiology
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF
MINERALS
Symmetry elements
Periodicity
Crystal system and point groups
Translation lattices
Two-dimensional translation lattices
(plane lattices)
Three-dimensional translation
lattices (space lattices)
Translation groups (line-, plane- and
space groups)
Defects, quasi-periodic and aperiodic structures
Incommensurate structures
Modulated structures
Composite structures
Quasi-crystals
Nano-crystals
Crystal chemistry
Chemical bonds
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Metallic bonds
Van der Waals bonds
The coordination polyhedra
(coordination figures) in minerals
Pauling's rules
The crystal structure
Description of the crystal structure
Comparison of crystal structures
MODERN
XRD METHODS IN MINERALOGY
The diffraction of X-rays.
The Laue equations
The Bragg equation
The Ewald sphere
The Generation of the primary beam.
Filters and Monochromators
Detectors
Single crystal methods.
The rotation method
The Weissenberg camera
The Precession camera
The automatic single crystal diffractometer
Powder diffraction.
The characteristics of a powder diffraction pattern
Measurement of a Powder Pattern
The position of a Bragg reflection.
The intensity of a Bragg reflection.
The atomic form factor
The structure factor
Intensity corrections
Polarization correction
Lorentz factor
Absorption factor
Warming up process of the X-ray generator
Overspill effect (specific for powders)
Grain size effects (specific for powders)
Multiplicity factor (specific for powders)
Preferred orientation (specific for powders)
The profile of a Bragg reflection.
The (pseudo-)Voigt function
Asymmetry due to axial divergence
Sample broadening
Crystallite size
Lattice strain
Crystal structure solution.
The Patterson function
Direct Methods
Specialized methods for powder diffraction
Crystal structure refinement
Difference Fourier synthesis
Powder Pattern Profile Fitting
The Rietveld Method
The LeBail Method
The Pawley Method
Powder diffrac tion
at non ambient conditions.
Micro-Reactor
High Pressure Powder Diffraction
Energy Dependent Powder Diffraction
Texture, Stress and Microdiffraction.
Texture
Stress
Microdiffraction
ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MINERALS
Bulk (Non-Position-Sensitive) Methods
Classical Wet Chemical Methods
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES)
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRFA)
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Beam (Position-Sensitive) Methods
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
Laser Ablation Coupling Techniques (LA-ICP-AES, LA-ICP-MS)
Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) and Gamma-Ray Emission
(PIGE)
Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA)
THERMODYNAMICS
OF MINERALS AND MINERAL REACTIONS
Measurement of Thermodynamic Data
Measurement of Entropy
Measurement of Enthalpy and Calculation of Gibbs Energy
Direct Measurement of Gibbs Energy
Estimated Thermodynamic Data
Entropy Estimates Using Oxide Summation
Entropy Estimates Using Isostructural
Compounds
Third Law Calculations of Entropy
Estimates of Volume
Problems in Estimations of Gibbs Energy and Enthalpy
Compilation of Thermodynamic Data
Self-Consistent Thermodynamic Data Sets
Experimental Constraints on Equilibrium
Modification of Data in Self-Consistent Sets
Adding a New Phase to the Programs
Sources of Computer Programs
Derivation of Thermodynamic Data from Natural Assemblages
Thermodynamic Calculation of Univariant
Phase Equilibria
Application of Thermodynamic Calculation to Mineral
Assemblages
Chemical Characterization of Mineral Assemblages
Thermodynamic Evaluation of Mineral Assemblages
Thermobarometric Applications
Evaluation of Chemical Parameters
EXPERIMENTAL
MINERALOGY AND MINERAL PHYSICS
Experimental Mineralogy
Indirect Observation Through the Experiment
Mineral Transformations
Polymorphism
Order-Disorder Transformations
Mineral Reactions
Experimental High-Pressure High-Temperature Techniques
Large-Volume Autoclaves
Piston-Cylinder Technique
Multi-Anvil Press
Diamond-Anvil Cell
Shock Wave Experiments
In Situ Measurements
Diffraction Techniques
Spectroscopy and Microscopy
Mineral Physics
Physical Properties of Crystals
Isotropy Anisotropy
Mathematical Description: Tensors
Transport Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Atomic Diffusion
Electrical Conductivity
Elastic properties
Elastic Moduli
Methods for Determination of Elastic Moduli
Optical properties
Refractive Index and Optical Indicatrix
Polarization and Birefringeance
Optical Activity
Thermoand Electromechanical Properties
Thermal Expansion
Pyroelectricity
Piezoelectricity
ORE MINERALOGY
Characteristic physical properties of minerals
Hardness
Texture
Optical properties
Reflectivity
Reflectance Color
Bireflectance Reflection Pleochroism
Anisotropy and Polarization Colors
Internal reflections
Reflected light microscopy
Theory
The Ore
Microscope
Methods of investigation
Ore minerals
Definition
Elements and alloys
Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfarsenides and Arsenides
Introduction to mineral deposits
Mineral paragenesis and textures in
mineral deposits
Classification of Mineral Deposits
Types of Mineral deposits
Hydrothermal mineral deposits
Syngenetic deposits
Epigenetic deposits
Skarn deposits
Magmatic deposits
Placer Deposits
APPLIED
MINERALOGY AND THE INDUSTRIAL USE OF MINERALS
The Industrial Use of Natural Non-Ore Minerals
Mineralogical Materials Science and Processing
Chemical and Phase Analysis
Sampling
Preparation processes
Synthetic Raw Material Production
Solid state synthesis
Synthesis from solutions
Synthesis from gas phases
Synthesis from polymer precursors
The specific role of a mineralogist in the raw materials
production
Ceramic Processing
Material Properties
Environmental behaviour of
materials
Mechanical behaviour of materials
Other material properties
CHARACTERISTICS
OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
Mineral Deposits
Diamonds
Chromite and Platinum Group Elements
Base Metals
Gold
Iron and Manganese
Industrial Minerals
ECONOMIC
MINERALS: A REVIEW OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURRENCE
Native Elements: Class 1
Sulfides and Related Compounds
Oxides
Halogenides
Carbonates
Nitrates
Borates
Sulfates
Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates
Tungstates
Silicates
IRON AND
MANGANESE ORE
DEPOSITS: MINERALOGY GEOCHEMISTRY, AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
Iron Ore Deposits
Banded Iron Formations
High-Grade Iron
Ore Deposits Developed from
Banded Iron Formations
Oolitic Ironstones
Magmatic Deposits
Skarn Deposits
Other Deposit Types
Manganese Ore Deposits
Manganese Formations
Black Shale-Hosted Carbonate Deposits
Shallow Marine (Oolitic) Deposits
High-Grade Ores Developed from Low-Grade Protore
Manganese Nodules and Crusts
Other Types of Deposit
Outlook on the Twenty-First Century
CHROMITE-PLATINUM
GROUP ELEMENT MAGMATIC DEPOSITS
Chromium and platinum-group element geochemistry in magmatic systems
Types and geotectonic setting of chromite-PGE
magmatic deposits
Mineral residence of platinum-group element in chromitites
Mineralogy
Primary and secondary PGM
Origin of primary PGM inclusions in chromite:
the "metallic cluster" model
Platinum-group element abundance in chromitites
Stratiform chromitites
in continental layered intrusions
Podiform and layered chromitites
in ophiolite complexes
Podiform chromitites
in orogenic lherzolites
Segregation chromitites in zoned ultramafic complexes
GEOLOGY
OF BASE METAL DEPOSITS
Deposit types and their modes of origin
Skarn deposits
Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits
Sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX) deposits
Sandstone-lead deposits
Ag-Pb-Zn veins in clastic metasedimentary terranes
Porphyry copper deposits
Sediment-hosted stratiform copper
deposits
Major sources of base metals
Historical
Immediate past and present
Near future
GOLD
DEPOSITS
Mineralogy of gold
Geochemistry of gold
Fluids in gold deposits
Magmatic systems
Layered intrusions
Magmatic-hydrothermal deposits
Porphyry deposits (and associated Skarns)
Epithermal deposits
Carlin deposits
Iron oxide copper-gold deposits
Gold in massive sulphide deposits
volcanic (VHMS) and sediment hosted (SEDEX)
Orogenic gold deposits
Placer deposits
Witwatersrand deposits
TYPES OF
NON-METALLIC ORE
MINERAL RESOURCES
What are Industrial Minerals?
The geological development of Industrial Minerals
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Industrial minerals in national economies
Characteristics of Industrial Minerals
Demand for Industrial Minerals
Value of industrial minerals
Future trends in Industrial Minerals
DIAMONDS,
KIMBERLITES, AND LAMPORITES
Kimberlites and Lamproites
Distribution of Diamond Deposits and World Production
The Origin of Diamond
The Age of Diamond
Peridotites and Eclogites:
The Diamond Reservoir
Harzburgites and the Cratonic
Lithosphere
Eclogites
The Diamond Parents
The Depth of Origin of Diamond
Comparison between Kimberlitic and Lamproitic
Diamonds
Factors of Diamond Potential
Exploration and Exploitation
Industrial Diamonds
MINERAL
RESOURCES: NATURES MOST VERSATILE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
Uses of metals and minerals
The scale of world demand
Distribution of mineral resources
Mining as a source of supply
Alternative sources of mineral raw materials
Recycling
Synthetic "minerals"
Seawater, brines and hot
springs
Sea-floor resources
Other unconventional metal sources
Replenishment of resources
Sustainable mining
REGIONAL
GEOLOGY
Methodology of regional geology
Continental tectonics
Plate boundary structures within continents
Orogens (for detailed references, Şengr, 1990)
Taphrogens (for detailed references, see Şengr, 2001a)
Keirogens (for detailed references, see
Christie-Blick and Biddle, 1985; -Şengr, 1995)
Plate interiors and other falcogenic
structures (for a detailed, historical review, see Şengr,
in press)
Tectonic compatibility in regional geology
Sources for regional geology
GEOLOGY
OF EUROPE
Geological and Geophysical Overview
Laurentian Basement
Fennosarmatia and the East European Platform
Overview
Baltic Shield
Podolic Shield
East European Platform
Late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic Orogens
Cadomides
Caledonides
Variscides
Uralides
Mesozoic-Tertiary Orogens
Cimmerian Orogen
Alpine-Mediterranean Mountain Belts
Mediterranean Sea
Post-Variscan Sedimentary Basins
Permo-Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins
Moesian Platform
North Caspian Trough
Passive Continental Margins Facing towards the Atlantic Ocean
Cenozoic Intraplate Magmatism
Quaternary Glaciation and Periglacial Deposits
Resources
Coal
Hydrocarbon
Mineral Resources
Culturally Interesting Mineral Raw Materials
THE
GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF AFRICA
The Archean between 3800-2550 MA:
Formation of Cratons
The West Africa Craton
The Central Africa
(Congo-Tanzania) Craton
The Southern Africa Craton
An Archean Passive Margin Sequence
and Foreland Basin
East Sahara or Nile Craton
Malagasy Shield
Paleoproterozoic Growth of Archean
Cratonic Blocks: the Eburnian
Rifts and Passive Margins
The Southern Africa Craton
Active Continental Margins and Accretion of Volcanic Arcs
The Southern Africa Craton
The West Africa Craton: the Birrimian
The SW Congo Craton
Continental Collision
Southern Africa Craton:
the Magondi-Okwa-Kheis Belts
The NW Congo
Craton: the Gabon Belt
Collision of the Congo
and Tanzania Cratons: the Ubendian-Ruzizian--Ruwenzori Belts
Collision along the SE Tanzania
Craton: the Usagaran
Belt
Mesoproterozoic Continental Break-up and Growth
Rifts and Passive Margins
The Central Africa Craton: the Kibaran Belt, a
Failed Rift
Active Continental Margins and Accretion of Volcanic Arcs
The S Southern Africa Craton: the Sinclair-Namaqua-Natal
Belts
Continental Collision
Collision of the Central and Southern
Africa Cratons: the Irumide-Zambezi-Lurio Belts
Kibaran Mantle Plume Activity
Neoproterozoic Continental Break-up and Growth
Rifts and Passive Margins
Rift-drift of the Proto-South Atlantic (Adamaster)
Ocean: West Congo--Kaoko-Gariep-Saldania
Belts
Rifts and Proto-oceanic Basins in Southern
Africa: Damara-Lufilian-Zambezi
Belts
Passive Margins along the West Africa
Craton
Active Continental Margins, Accretion of Volcanic Arcs and
Continental Collision
The East African Orogen
West Congo-Kaoko-Gariep-Saldania
Belts
The Trans-Saharan Belt
The Mauritanide-Bessaride-Rokelide
Belts
The Damara-Lufilian-Zambezi Belts
The Oubangide Belt
The Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa
Paleozoic Continental Margins of Gondwana
(570-290 Ma)
The Cape Supergroup, South Africa
The North African Shelf
Hercynian Collision: the Gondwanide
Orogens
Cape Fold Belt
Mauritanide Belt
Rifting of Gondwana: The Karoo basins (290-180 Ma)
The Karoo Rift Basins
The Karoo Foreland
Basins and Sags
Develoment of a Stable Tethys
Shelf in North Africa (280-110 Ma)
Break up of Gondwana
E African Margin Development (165 Ma-Recent)
North Atlantic Ocean, NW African Margin Development (180
Ma-Recent)
South Atlantic Ocean, W African Margin Development (150
Ma-Recent)
Rift-sag Basins of North, West and Central
Africa (140 Ma-Recent)
East African Rift System 30 Ma-Recent and Development of Red Sea Margin
Collision between Europe and Africa
(90 Ma-Recent)
Atlas Mountains
Hot Spots and Sags: the Story of a Stagnant Continent: 30 Ma
to Recent
GEOLOGY
OF ASIA
First-order tectonic units of Asia
Continental Nuclei
North Tarim Craton
Orogenic systems
The Altaids
The Manchurides
Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogenic
system
Chukotka-North Alaska orogenic
system (Chukotkalaskides)
Asian part of the Circum-Pacific super orogenic
complex: the Nipponides
Scythides
Uralides
The Tethyside Supororogenic
Complex
The concept Tethysides
Basic architecture of the Tethysides
The Tethyan domain: Palaeoand Neo-Tethys and the
Cimmerian Continent
East Asia and the Tethysides
Neotectonics of Asia
Quaternary Geology of Asia
Economic geology
THE
GEOLOGY OF AUSTRALIA
Archaean
(>2500 Ma)
Proterozoic
Palaeoproterozoic
(2500 to 1600 Ma)
Mesoproterozoic
(1600 1000 Ma)
Neoproterozoic
(1000 to 540Ma)
Palaeozoic
Palaeozoic Basins West of the Tasman Line
Lachlan & Thomson Foldbelts
The New England Foldbelt
Sydney-Gunnedah-Bowen Basin
Mesozoic (251 to 65 Ma)
Cainozoic
(<65 Ma)
Mineral Resources
THE
GEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA
Archean
(>2500 Ma)
Proterozoic
Paleoproterozoic
(2500 to 1600 Ma)
MesoProterozoic
(1600 to 1000 Ma)
Neoproterozoic
(1000 to 540 Ma)
Paleozoic (540 to 251 Ma)
Breakup of Laurentia
Paleozoic Basins
Paleozoic Orogenic Belts
Mesozoic (251 to 65 Ma)
The Atlantic Passive Margin
The Northern Gulf of Mexico
North American Cordillera
Cenozoic (65 Ma to 1.6 Ma)
Alaska and Canadian Cordillera
Laramide Orogeny
Basin and Range Province and Rio
Grande Rift
San Andreas Fault and Triple Junction Interactions
Yellowstone Hot Spot
Hawaiian Islands
Quaternary (>1.6 Ma)
Geology
of Mexico, Central America, and Cuba
Mexico
Northern Central America
Cuba
Mineral Resources
THE
GEOLOGY OF SOUTH AMERICA
Cratonic Regions
The Amazonian Craton
The So Francisco Craton
The So Lus Craton
The Rio de La Plata Craton and the Cratonic Region around Buenos Aires
Neoproterozoic Orogenic
Systems
The Gurupi Fold Belt
The Borborema Province
The Tocantis Province
The Northern Mantiqueira Province
The Dom Feliciano Belt and Adjacent Terranes
Paleozoic Basement and Marginal Belts in Southwestern South America:
Patagonia
The Andes
The Proto-Andean Margin
The Northern Andes
The Central Andes
The Southern Andes
Tectonic Evolution of the Andes
Sedimentary Basins
THE
GEOLOGY OF ANTARCTICA
East Antarctic Shield
Archaean Terrains/ Domains with Limited or Negligible
Later Overprints
The Grunehogna Craton,
Dronning Maud Land
The Archaean Napier Complex, Enderby Land
The Archaean Vestfold
Block, Prydz
Bay
Archaean in the Denman Glacier / Obruchev Hills Area
The Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic
Mawson Block, Adelie
Land
Archaean or Mixed Archaean/Proterozoic
with Extensive Younger Overprints
The Ruker Terrane,
Southern | 
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