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BIOTECHNOLOGY
Historical Development
Present Development
Fundamentals in Biotechnology
Agriculture
Medicine
Industry
Environment
Social aspects
Future Development
FUNDAMENTALS
IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Cell Characteristics
Cell Cultivation
Chemical Functions
Mutation and Gene Technology
Biosafety
MICROBIAL
CELL CULTURE
Nutrition
Macronutrients
Carbon Source
Nitrogen Source
Sulfur Source
Phosphorous Source
Others
Micronutrients
Tracer elements
Iron
Growth Factors
Medium Composition
Growth
Measurement
Dry Weight
Optical Measurement
Cell Count
Cell Constituents
Optimization
Cultivation Systems
Batch Cultivation
Continuous Cultivation
Fed-Batch Cultivation
Recycling Cultivation
Inoculum Cascading
Solid-state and Solid-substrate Cultivation
Principles
Inoculum
Bioreactor Design
Application
ALGAL
CELL CULTURE
Cell culture characteristics
General considerations
Morphology
Physiology
Reproduction
Habitats
Isolation
Culture
purification
Sampling and counting algal cells
Aseptic culture transfers
Growth and nutrition
General remarks
Artificial media
Enriched natural waters
Water supply and processing
Illumination
Preparation and use of glassware and other materials
Cultivation techniques
General considerations
Stock cultures
Batch cultivation
Lag phase
Exponential phase
Declining growth
Stationary phase.
Death phase
Semicontinuous cultivation
Continuous cultivation
Chemostats
Turbidostats
Cyclostats
Selected organisms
Cyanobacteria
Dunaliella salina
Some other aquaculture species
Scale-up considerations
Light
Nutrient inputs
Waste products
Contamination
Other algal species
Pests
Predators
Production system classified by product type
High value, low volume, intensive culture
Lower value, greater volume
Live feeds
Scale-up technology
Harvesting
Drying
Molecular algal biotechnology
PLANT
CELL CULTURE
The Basics of Plant Cell Culture
Propagation of Plant Material
Micropropagation
Somatic Embryogenesis
Plant Improvement
Callus and Suspension Cultures
Protoplast Fusion
Haploid Culture
Embryo Rescue
Conservation
Embryo Culture
Germplasm Storage In Vitro
Utilization of Plant Germplasm
Germplasm Exchange
Production of Secondary Metabolites
MAMMALIAN
CELL CULTURE
A brief history of mammalian cell culture
Primary and continuous cultures
Primary Cultures
Continuous Cell Lines
Organ culture
Some useful cell lines
CHO Cells
VERO cells
Sp2/0 myelomas
Methods in mammalian cell culture
Media and environment
Media
Environment
Bioreactor design
Anchorage-dependence
Surfaces for tissue culture growth
Bioreactor Types
Applications of cell culture in virus production
Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
Key areas for future development of cell culture related to
gene therapy
Application of cell culture in biopharmaceutical production
Antibodies for human therapy
Tissue engineering and cell culture
Bone and Cartilage
Hepatic cell culture
Haematopoietic stem cell culture
CELL
THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY METABOLISM
Concepts of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Free Energy
Concepts of Energy Production and Conservation
Principles of Electron Transfer and Transport
Proton-translocating Electron
Transport Chain
Proton-translocating ATPase Complex
Concepts of Membrane and Solute Transport
Passive
Diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active Transport
Group Translocation
Concepts of Energy Metabolism
Photosynthesis
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
Concept of Enzyme Catalysis
BASIC
STRATEGIES OF CELL METABOLISM
Polymer hydrolysis
Starch hydrolysis to glucose
Cellulose.
Proteins
Fats
Aerobic catabolism
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Hydrocarbon
Single Carbon Compounds
Anaerobic catabolism
Carbohydrates
Ethanol formation
Acetate, Butyrate, Acetone and butanol
formation
Organic acid formation
Propionic and succinic
acid formation
Malo-lactic fermentation
Diacetyl, acetoin
and butanediol formation
Proteins and amino acids
Single Amino Acids
Pairs of amino acids
Single amino acids in combination with keto
acids.
Fatty acids
Methane formation
Anabolism (biosynthesis) of cellular components
Autotrophic carbon assimilation
Protein biosynthesis
Ribonucleic acid [RNA] and Deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]
Lipid formation
Cell Wall Formation
Metabolic Regulation
Enzyme Activity Regulation
Substrate availability.
Cofactor availability.
Product removal and Feedback inhibition.
Enzyme Synthesis Regulation
Repression of enzyme synthesis.
Induction of enzyme synthesis.
Constitutive enzymes
Catabolite repression
GENETIC
MANIPULATION OF BACTERIA
Genetic manipulation in bacteria
Vectors
Plasmid vectors
Phage vectors
In vitro recombination
Introduction of DNA into bacteria
Library screening
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Expression and protein purification
Site directed mutagenesis
Genetic manipulation of bacteria
Cloning specific genes
DNA shuffling
Examples of genetic manipulation
Producing antibodies in bacteria
Manipulation of bacterial metabolism
Manipulation of biodegradative
capacity
Bacteria as biosensors
Manipulation of antibiotic biosynthesis
Biosafety
GENETIC ENGINEERING
OF ALGAL SPECIES
Classification of Algae
Principles of Microalga Culture
Gene Technology
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Cloning
Hybridization
Genetical Identification and Phylogeny
Origin of Chloroplasts
Use of Conserved Genes
Molecular Identification of Algae
Molecular Identification of Algal Populations
Genetic Engineering as a Tool to understand the Physiology,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Algae
Model Organisms
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii
The "Green Yeast"
Cyanobacteria
Genetic Studies of Photosynthesis
Genetic Studies of Photoprotection
Genetic Studies on the Function of Flagellae
Genetic Studies on Transport of Proteins into Plastids
Markers used for Growth Studies
Processes Regulated by the Circadian Clock
Genetic Engineering of Algae: Examples of Environmental and
Industrial Applications
Cyanophyceae as N-fertilizers and Bioremediators
Commercially Attractive Compounds from Algae
Cultivation of Marine Macro Algae
GENETIC
ENGINEERING OF PLANTS
Transformation of Dicotyledonous Plants
Transformation using Agrobacterium Tumefaciens
The Role of A. Tumefaciens
Chromosomally Encoded Proteins and the Vir
Proteins
Other Transformation Methods
Transformation of Monocotyledonous Plants
Biolistic Transformation
Gene silencing
Agrobacterium transformation
Transformation of Algae
Promoter Efficiency and Tissue Specificity
Targeting Genes to Organelles
Integration and Stability of Transgenes
GENETIC
ENGINEERING OF MAMMALIAN CELLS
Expression and Regulation of Eukaryotic Genes
Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes
DNA Vectors
DNA Libraries
Genetic Maps
Genetic Linkage Maps
Physical Maps
Chromosomal Map
cDNA Map
High-Resolution Physical Mapping
Sequencing Technologies and the Human Genome Project
Gene Function and Expression in Mammals
Use of Genomic Information in Animal Improvement
Cloning Adult Mammals
Cloning Methods
Problems
Use of Cloning in Animal Breeding
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic Methods
Transgenesis in the Improvement of Production Traits
Growth
Wool Production
Milk Composition
Disease Resistance and Genetic Immunisation
Animal Models for Human Diseases
Synthesis of Biomedical Products (Bioreactors)
Commercial Transgenic Products
Organs for Transplant
Future Perspectives
Gene Therapy
Ethical and social issues
THE
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIAL CULTURE COLLECTIONS AND GENE BANKS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Microbial Resources
Establishment of Culture Collections
Kinds of Culture Collections
Current Status of Culture Collections in the World
Plant Genetic Resources
Culture Collections and Gene Banks
Repository of Strains and/or Genetic Materials
Provider of Materials/Information and Services
Patent Depository
Information Center
Future Programs
BIOSAFETY
IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
General Principles of Risk Assessment
Classification of Natural Organisms on the Basis of Hazard
Assessing the potential risks of genetically modified
organisms
Contained Use
Deliberate Release of Transgenic Plants
Food and Feed as or Derived from Transgenic Crops
Safety Assessment of GM food for Humans
Safety Assessment of GM Feed for Animals
Novel Food/Feed Acceptance
Medicinal Products
Framing Biosafety in an International Context
METHODS
IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Methods in Biotechnology: A Topic in its Own Right
What is a Method?
When Methods are used in Biotechnology
Use of Methods during Operation of a Fermentation Process
Methods used during the Upstream Processing Steps
Methods used during the Fermentation Step Itself
Methods used in Downstream Processing and Waste Disposal
Use of Methods during Development of a New Fermentation
Process
Identifying the Need for a Method, Finding, Choosing, using
and Reporting Methods in Biotechnology
Identifying the need for a Method
Finding Methods
Selecting Methods, Modifying Methods and Developing New
Methods
Using Methods
Reporting Methods in Biotechnology for Use by Others
Methods in Biotechnology - Current State
and Future Prospects
INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL OF BIOPROCESSES
Common Instruments for Process Automation
Temperature
Gas Flowrate
Liquid Flowrate
Off-Gas Analysis
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Pressure
Foam
Level
Stirring
Redox Potential
Advanced Instrumentation for Bioprocess Control and
Automation
Flow Injection Analysis
Sequential Injection Analysis
Fluorescence
Mass Spectrometry
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Softsensors
Biomass
Biosensors
Bioreactor Automation
Control Strategies
Control Algorithms
CHEMICAL
METHODS APPLIED TO BIOTECNOLOGY
Methods for Protein Determination
Determination of Protein Mass and Structure
Electrophoretic Methods
Determination of Protein Sequences
Methods for the Determination of Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Starch
Methods for Determination of Lipids
Determination of the Iodine Number
Determination of the Saponification
Number
Titrimetric and Colorimetric Determination of
Free Fatty Acids
Methods for Determination of Other Cell Components
DNA
ATP
Analysis of Other Low Molecular Weight Molecules
Antibiotics and other Biologically Active Metabolites
Citric Acid and other Organic Compounds
PHYSICAL
METHODS APPLIED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
The Characterization of Potential Feedstocks
in Sugar Cane
Physical Methods used for the Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials
Light-absorption Spectroscopy
Chromatography
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Bioprocesses Based on Sucrose Consumption such as in Sugar
Cane Juice
Bioprocesses Based on Lignocellulosics
such as Sugar Cane Bagasse
Final Considerations
MATHEMATICAL
MODELING IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
What can Mathematical Models do for Biotechnological
Processes?
Overview and General Principles of Mathematical Modeling
Biotechnological Processes
Elements of a Mathematical Model
Case Study 1: Illustrating Development of a Mathematical
Model
Types of Models
Empirical Models versus Mechanistic Models
Distributed Models versus Lumped Models
Structured Models versus Unstructured Models
Segregated versus Unsegregated
Models
Deterministic versus Stochastic Models
Dynamic versus Non-dynamic Models
Linear versus Non-linear Models
Summary of Model Types
Steps in the Modeling Process
Knowing what you Want to Achieve and why Modeling will help
you to Achieve it
Expressing Qualitatively your Understanding of the System
Constructing a System of Equations
Estimating the Parameters and Deciding on Appropriate Values
for Operating Variables
Solution of the Model
Validating the Model against Experimental Results and
Analyzing its Sensitivity to Parameters and Operating Conditions
Using the Model as a Tool
Case Study 2: Mathematical Model of a Differential Reactor
for Estimating Kinetic Constants
Introduction
The Experimental Device
The Mathematical Model of the System
Kinetic Model Assumptions: Zero Order Model (Activity
Determinations)
First Order Kinetic Model
Resolution of the Model
Michaelis-Menten Kinetic Model
Spreadsheet Resolution of the Mathematical Model
Constant Fitting with the Spreadsheet
Diffusional Limitations: Enlarging the Model
Case Study 3: A Metabolic Structured Model for
Glucose-limited Growth of a Single Cell of Escherichia Coli
State-of-the-art and Future Prospects
UPSTREAM
PROCESSING STERILIZATION IN BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Sterilization of Gases
Absolute Filters
Fibrous Filters
Sterilizatiom of Gas Filters
Sizing of the Fibrous Filter
Filter Cartridges
Ceramic Filters
Stainless Steel Filters
Membrane Filters
Membrane Cartridge Filter for Air Sterilization
Sterilization of Liquids
Sterilization of Liquids by Filtration
Sterilization by Heat
Sterilization in the Instantaneous Heater
Heat Sterilization of Liquids
Batch Sterilization Principle
Continuous Sterilization Principle
Sterilization of Small Equipment
Microbicidal Gases and Chemical Agents
Ionizing Radiation
Dry Heat Sterilization
Sterilization of Large Equipment
Valves and Piping
Elimination of Condensate
Validation of Sterilization
DOWNSTREAM
PROCESSING OF PROTEINS USING FOAM FRACTIONATION
General Aspects of Foam Fractionation
Foam Fractionation of Proteins
Single-Protein
Multi-components of Proteins
Protein Adsorption at a Gas-liquid Interface
Single Proteins
Multi-Components of Proteins
Foam Models
Description of Foam Column
Theoretical Foam Models
Separation of Bovine Serum Albumin and Cytochrome
c from Binary Mixtures Using Gas-Liquid -Interface Adsorption
PROCESS
OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS: FROM DISCOVERY TO
PRODUCTION
The Drug Discovery and Development Process
Optimization of Chemical Structure
The Search for the Best Chemical Structure Starts with
Discovery
Fine Tuning the Chemical Structure
Optimization of the Microbe
Bioprospecting
Screening Methods
Direct Visualization
Challenge Organisms
Higher Cell Culture Screens
In vivo Screens
Enzyme Assays
High Throughput Screens
Gene Probes
Culture Purchase
Enhancing Producer Strains
Normal Distribution of Isolate Performance
Anti-metabolite Selection
Nutrient Source Deregulation
Classic Mutagenesis
The Use of Reporter Genes
Targeted Genetic Manipulation
Overexpression through Genetic Techniques
Transfer of Production Genes between Microbes
Optimization of the Growth Medium
Medium Design Processes
Target Variable
The Effect of Medium Design on Strain Selection and
Development
The Scalability of Shake Flask Results
Two Different Types of Improvement Strategy: Open and Closed
Improvement Strategies and Techniques
Borrowing
Component Swapping
Biological Mimicry
One at a Time
Experimental Design
Artificial Neural Networks
Fuzzy Logic
Genetic Algorithms
Summary of Strategies and Techniques
An Integrated Medium Design Process
Optimization of the Operating Environment using Process
Control
What to Control?
How to Measure the Control Parameter
How to Execute the Control Strategy
MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS IN LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS
Molecular
Biotechnology Approaches Applied to Livestock Systems
Genetics
and breeding
Reproductive
technologies
Molecular
approaches to breeding
Molecular
diagnostics and animal health
Improved
immunoassays/Immunosensors
Nucleic
acid (DNA or RNA based) diagnostics
Animal
vaccines
Vaccine
types
Vaccine
delivery
Future
Trends
PROTEIN
ENGINEERING
Strategies for Protein Engineering
Rational Methods
Rational Design
De Novo Protein Design
Directed Evolution
DNA Shuffling
Screening and Selection
Commercial Applications of Protein Engineering
The Cleaning Products Industry
The Starch Processing Industry
Other Enzymes
Other Proteins
Future Possibilities
Economics and Production
Future Directions
Bioremediation
Chemical Processing
Pharmaceuticals
Emerging Technologies
Perspectives on Directed Evolution and Biodiversity
METHODS
IN GENE ENGINEERING
Gene Engineering with Polymerase Chain Reaction
Principles and Limitations of PCR
Applications of PCR
Gene Fusion via Splicing by Overlap Extension
In Vitro Mutagenesis via Amplification of Entire Plasmid
Dideoxy-Based Directed DNA Sequencing
Gene Expression Strategies
High-Level of Protein Expression in Escherichia coli
Expression of Cloned Genes as Fusion Proteins
Detection of Expressed Gene Products
INDUSTRIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Definition
History
The Best Biological Agent
Microorganisms
Recombinant Microorganisms
Communities versus
Pure Cultures
Other Biocatalysts
The Best Possible Environment
Selecting the Fermentation System
Growth Rate and Production Rate
Separation and Purification
Pilot Plants
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
Large Scale Fermentation
Biopesticide Production
ENZYME
PRODUCTION
Enzyme Source
Microbial Strain Selection
Strain Development
Mutation and Selection
Hybridization
Recombinant DNA Technology
Engineering the Enzyme
Growth Requirements of Microorganisms
Fermentation
Submerged Fermentation
Solid State Fermentation
Isolation and Purification of Enzymes
Disruption of Cells and Tissues
Disruption of Microbial Cells
Homogenisation of Animal/Plant Tissue
Clarification of Culture Broths/Homogenates
Filtration
Centrifugation
Pretreatment of Broth to Facilitate Clarification
Flotation
Concentration and Initial Fractionation
Evaporation
Ultrafiltration
Precipitation
Adsorption
Integrated Technologies for Downstream Processing
Extraction in Aqueous Two-phase Systems
Expanded Bed Adsorption
High Resolution Purification by Chromatography
Adsorption Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
Affinity Chromatography
Size-exclusion Chromatography
Crystallization for Enzyme Purification
Product Formulation
Regulations during Enzyme Production
PRODUCTION
OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
Alcoholic Beverages from Cereals
Barley Beers
Bottom-fermented Beers
Top Fermented Beers
Raw Materials for Brewing
Brewery Processes
Malting
Milling of Malt
Mashing
Mash Operations
Wort Boiling Treatment
Fermentation
Storage or Lagering
Packaging
Improvements in the Quality of the Raw Materials for Beer
using Modern Methods Including Genetic Engineering
Sorghum Beers
Malting
Mashing
Fermentation
Burukutu and Pito
Talla
Merissa
Maize and Wheat Beers
Bouza
Busaa
Tesguino
Rice Wines
Grape Wines
Processes in Wine Making
Crushing of Grapes
Fermentation
Control of Fermentation
Flavor Development
Ageing and Storage
Clarification
Packaging
Wine Defects
Wine Preservation
Classification of Wines
Palm Wines
Obtaining the Sap
Composition of Palm Sap
Microorganisms in Palm Wine
Biochemistry of the Conversion of Palm Sap to Palm Wine
Alcoholic Beverages from Miscellaneous Substrates
Honey Wines
Wines from Bananas/Plantains
Wines from Plant and Fruit Juices
Cactus Fruit, Opuntia Spp
Sap of Agave
Spirit Beverages
Measurement of the Alcoholic Strength of Spirit Beverages
General Principles in the Production of Spirit Beverages
Various Spirit Beverages
PRODUCTION
OF ORGANIC ACIDS
Citric Acid
Historical Development
Fermentation Basics
Fermentation Processes
Production with A. Niger
Production with Yeasts
Product Recovery
Lactic Acid
Historical Development
Fermentation Basics
Fermentation Processes
Raw Materials
Process Parameters
Process Configurations
Product Recovery
Acetic Acid
Overview
Aerobic Production of Vinegar
Process Configurations
Anaerobic Production of Acetic Acid
Gluconic Acid
Overview
Production Process
Itaconic Acid
Overview
Production Process
Other Acids
Propionic Acid
Succinic Acid
Pyruvic Acid
PRODUCTION
OF ALCOHOL FOR FUEL AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Production of Fuel Ethanol
Background
Producers and Regulation of Metabolism of Ethanol Synthesis
Raw Materials Renewable Resources
Industrial Technologies
Medium Preparation
Fermentation
Distillation and Waste Utilisation
Laboratory and Pilot Scale Technologies
Ethanol Production by the Bacterium Zymomonas
Mobilis
Immobilised, Flocculating and Recycling Systems
Vacuum and Extractive Fermentation
CASH Process and the Fermentation of Cellulosic
Hydrolysates
Production of Organic Solvents
Background
Producers and Metabolism
Technology
Batch Process
Semicontinuous Process
Continuous Process
Improvements of Technology
Utilisation of Stillage
PRODUCTION
OF ANTIBIOTICS
b-lactam Antibiotics as a Model
System
Penicillin, Cephalosporin and Cephamycin
Biosynthesis: An Overview
Common Reactions to the Penicillins,
Cephalosporins and Cephamycins
Biosynthesis
Formation of the ACV Tripeptide
Cyclization of the ACV Tripeptide
and Formation of the Isopenicillin N
The Last Step in the Penicillin Biosynthesis: Conversion of Isopenicillin N into Penicillin G
Specific Reactions for the Cephalosporin and Cephamycin Biosynthesis
The Late Reactions in Cephamycin
Biosynthesis
Alternative Pathway for the Cephamycin
C Biosynthesis
Regulation of Penicillin Biosynthesis
Carbon Source Regulation of Penicillin Formation
Nitrogen Source Regulation
Regulation by Lysine
Regulation by Glutamate and Glutamine
Regulation by pH
Clustering of Genes for the Biosynthesis of b-lactam
Antibiotics
Strain and Process Improvements
Application of the DNA Recombinant Technology to Increase the
Antibiotic Production in Filamentous Fungi: Engineering of the b lactam
Antibiotic Pathways
Increase of the Gene Copy Number
Increase of the Gene Copy Number of the pcbC
and penDE Genes of Penicillium
chrysogenum
Increase in the Copy Number of the cefEF
Gene of Acremonium chrysogenum
Increase of the pcbC Copies on Penicillium chrysogenum Industrial
Strains
Increasing the Expression of One or More Genes of the Pathway
and Changing their Promoter Regions in Order to Elude the Usual Regulation
of These Genes
Over-expression of the pcbAB Gene
of Aspergillus Nidulans
under the Promoter of the alcA Gene
Overexpression of the Genes IPNS (ipnA) and AAT (acyA) in A. Nidulans under the alcA
Promoter (alcAp)
Production of Penicillins in Acremonium chrysogenum
Increasing the Efficiency of the Pathway by Overexpression of Genes that could Improve the Flux of
Nutrients or Metabolites to the Pathway
Intracellular Expression of the Vitreoscilla
Hemoglobin
Production of Cephalosporin Intermediates by Recombinant P. chrysogenum strains
Increasing the Flux of Phenylacetic
Acid to the Penicillin Biosynthesis by Disruption of the phacA Gene
Increasing the Pool of a-aminoadipic Acid by
Disruption of the lys2 Gene
BIOPLASTIC
AND BIOPOLYMER PRODUCTION
Bioplastics
Occurrence & Composition
Biosynthesis
Products
Production and recovery
Biopolymers (Polysaccharides)
Occurrence and Composition
Polysaccharide biosynthesis
Biosynthetic mechanisms
Genetics and regulation of exopolysaccharides
synthesis
Commercial products
b -D-Glucans
a -D-Glucans
Bacterial Alginates
Gellan and Related Polymers
Hyaluronic Acid and Heparin
Succinoglycan and galactoglucans
Xanthan
Production of exopolysaccharides
Future
Developments
Bioplastics
Biopolymers
PRODUCTION
OF BIOSURFACTANTS
Evaluation
Structural Types and Producers
Biosynthesis and Regulation
Rhamnolipids
Surfactin
Other Biosurfactants
Genetics
Production
Screening of Producers
Factors affecting production.
Generic Factors
Precursors
Batch Cultivation
Glycolipids
Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins
Polymeric Surfactants
Semicontinuous Cultivation
Continuous Cultivation
Processing, Purification, Economy
Chemical Synthesis and Modifications
Properties
Biophysical Properties
Biological Activities
Potential Applications
Environmental Control
Food
Cosmetics
Medicine and Plant Protection
INDUSTRIAL
RECOMBINANT PROTEIN PRODUCTION
Markets and products
The first step: Selection of an expression system.
The importance of the vector and the promoter
The importance of the host
Prokaryotes
Yeast
Filamentous fungi
Animal cells
Transgenic animals or plants
Bioprocess engineering considerations.
Bioreactor design and operation
Operational strategies for recombinant protein production
Plasmid instability and copy number
Induction strategies
Production conditions
Special considerations for animal cells
Downstream Processing Considerations
Biosafety and Regulations
Containment regulations.
Facility design
Validation of facilities
Product characterization
New opportunities revealed by biotechnological
explorations of extremophiles
Extremophiles and biomolecules
Extremophile genomics exposing the
biotechnological potential
Tapping into the hidden biotechnological potential through metagenomics
Unexplored frontiers and future prospects
THE CHALLENGES OF GENETIC
INFORMATION
What is Genetic Information?
DNA Testing
Indirect Genetic Testing
Family History
Differentiation of Genetic Testing According to
its Health Care Purpose and its Timing
Identification Purposes: Forensic DNA and
Military DNA banks
Genetic Information Distinguished According
to the Way it is Stored
Which Definition?
Characteristics of Genetic
Information: The Claim of Genetic Exceptionalism
Genetic Prophecy
Lack of Control Over One's Genome
Family and Ethnic Community
How Genetics Highlights
Existing Problems
Family and Disclosure of Risk Information
Information, Longevity and Identification
Uses of Genetic Information
BIOPESTICIDE
PRODUCTION
Biological Control
Microbial Insecticides
Bacillus Thuringiensis
General Overview
Mode of Action
Bacillus Thuringiensis Var.kurstaki
Bacillus Popilliae and Bacillus Lentimorbus
Bacillus Thuringiensis H-14
Bacillus Sphaericus
Production of Bacillus Thuringiensis
and Bacillus Sphaericus
Culture Maintenance and Preservation
Fermentation
Recovery Process
Formulation and Storage
Bioassay Protocol for Bacillus Thuringiensis
and Bacillus Sphaericus Preparations
Standard Bacterial Preparation
Assay Species
Preparation and Reading
of the Bioassay
Calculation of Potency in International Units (IU)
Bioassay Protocol for Bacillus thuringiensis
H-14 Preparations
Standard Bacterial Preparation
Assay Species
Calculation of Potency in International Units (IU)
Safety and Quality Control
Chemical Contamination
Microbial Contamination
Packaging and Distribution
Entomopathogenic Viruses
General Overview
Baculoviruses (Baculoviridae)
Life Cycle
Relative Effectiveness
Appearance
Habitat
Current use of Baculoviruses as
Insecticides
Entomopathogenic Fungi
Formation of an Infection Structure
Penetration of the Cuticle
Production of Toxins
Mode of Action
Lagenidium Giganteum
Verticillium Lecanii
Biopesticide
Production
Use of New Genetic-Engineering Technology
Engineering Biological Control Agents
Engineering Crop Plants
Entomopathogenic
Protozoa and Microsporidia
Entomopathogenic
Nematodes
Integrated Pest Management
BIOSENSORS
Transducers
Electrochemical
Optical
Thermal
Piezoelectric
Biological elements
Construction of biosensors
General working principles
Response characteristics
Response time
Range of measurement
Reproducibility
Interferences
Operational stability and shelf life
Examples of biosensors
Enzyme electrodes
Immunoelectrodes
Microbial electrodes
BOD sensor
Penicillin biosensor
Tissue-based biosensors
DNA biosensors
Receptor biosensors
Scientific and technological status
Future trends and perspectives
Automatic control
Protein engineering
SECONDARY
PRODUCTS FROM PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Diversity and Potential of Plant Cell Culture
Regulation of Production through Elicitation and Induction
glucans
Ethylene
Methyl Jasmonate
Interactions between Elicitors and Signals
Preliminary Economics of using Plant Cell Culture for
Secondary Metabolite Production
Limitations/Opportunities for Marketing Plant Cell Culture
Products
The Future for Secondary Products from Plant Tissue Culture
Bioprocess Engineering - Bioprocess Analysis
through Calorimetry and Biothermodynamics
Roots of Modern Biocalorimetry
Information Content of Calorimetric Signals
Stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial growth and
product formation
Analysis of the Metabolic Carbon Fluxes
Localization of Calorimetric Sensors
Calorimeter embracing natural or technical systems
Sensors inside natural or technical systems
Sensors in measuring loops
Recent Developments of Calorimetry
Megacalorimetry
Miniaturized calorimetry
High-throughput calorimetry
Ultra-sensitive calorimetry
Photocalorimetry
Future Prospect of Biocalorimetry
AGRICULTURAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Microbial inoculation of plants
Recycling of organic wastes
Plant cell and tissue culture
Fermentation and enzyme technology
Transformation of plants and animals
Crop protection through pest resistance genes
Livestock-based biotechnologies
The economics of agro-biotechnology
The way forward
FERMENTED
FOODS AND THEIR PROCESSING
Fermented Food from Cereals
Wheat
Ingredients for Modern Bread-making
Processes of Bread Making
Systems of Baking
Role of Yeasts in Bread Making
Maize and/or Sorghum
Ogi, Koko, Mahewu
Koko
Mahewu
Fermented Foods from Cassava
Garri
Preparation of Garri
Microbiology of the Fermentation of Garri
Improvements in Garri
Foo-foo, Chikwuangue,
Lafun, Kokonte and Cinguada
Fermented Foods from Legumes
Soybeans
Soy sauce
Soy Sauce Manufacture
Flavor of Soy sauce
Miso
Manufacture of Miso
Natto (Fermented whole Soybean)
Sufu (Chinese Soybean Cheeses)
Preparation of Soy Milk Curd
Molding Process
Brining and Aging
Tempeh
Beans
Idli
Production of Idli
Production of Ugba
Production of Iru (Dawadawa)
Oncom (Ontjom)
Condiments from the Fermentation of Miscellaneous oil-seeds
Fermented Foods from Vegetables
Sauerkraut
Cucumbers (pickling)
Fermentations for the Production of Coffee, Tea and Cocoa
Tea Production
Coffee Fermentation
Processing of Coffee
Cocoa Fermentation
Fermented Foods made from Milk
Composition of Milk
Starter Cultures
Fermented Milks Including Yoghurt
Acidophilus Milk
Koumis
Kefir
Yoghurt
Cheese
Stages in the Manufacture of Cheese
Standardization of Milk
Inoculation of pure Cultures of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Problems of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Cheese-making
Adding of Rennet for Coagulum Formation
Shrinkage of the Curd
Salting of the Curd and Pressing into Shape
Cheese Ripening
Types of Cheeses
Fermented Food from Alcohol
Historic Development
Types of Vinegar
Vinegar Production Processes
The Orleans
(or slow) Method
The Trickling Generators (quick) Method
Submerged Generators
Advantages of the Acetator over
Trickling Generator
Disadvantages
Food Condiments made from Fish
Fish Sauce
Fish Paste
NITROGEN
FIXATION BIOTECHNOLOGY
Crop Requirements for Nitrogen
Potential for BNF Systems
Diversity of Rhizobia
Factors Influencing BNF
The Biochemistry of Biological Nitrogen Fixation: The Nitrogenase System
The Molybdenum Nitrogenase System
The Iron Protein (Fe protein)
The MoFe Protein
Vanadium Nitrogenase
Nitrogenase-3
The Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation
The Mo-nitrogenase Structural Genes
(nif H,D,K)
Genes for nitrogenase-2 (vnf H,D,G,K,vnfA,vnfE,N,X)
Regulation of Nif Gene Expression
The Potential for BNF with Non-legumes
Frankia
Associative Nitrogen Fixation
Application of BNF Technology
Experiences of the BNF-MIRCENs
Priorities for Action
CROP
PROTECTION THROUGH PEST-RESISTANT GENES
Mechanisms of Plant Defense
Insect resistance
Bt d -endotoxins
Other insecticidal proteins
Nematode resistance
Fungal and bacterial resistance
Single component control strategies
Thionins and Defensins
Antimicrobial enzymes
(PR proteins)
Phytoalexins
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs)
Toxin degradation compounds
Multiple component control strategies
Disease resistance via R-genes
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
Virus resistance
Protein-mediated pathogen-derived resistance (PDR)
Gene silencing
Nonviral gene expression
Weed resistance
COMPOSTING
AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Defining Composting
What is Composting?
Compostable Materials
An Outline of the Composting Operation
Process Considerations
System Configuration
Operating Conditions
Temperature
Pile Aeration
Moisture
Substrate
Compost Mixture pH
Odor and Its Control
Process Additives
The Mature Compost
Metabolic Processes in Aerobic Composting
Ecology of Compost Systems
Microbial Populations
Bacteria
Fungi in the Maturing Compost
Pathogens and Risks to Human Health
Sources of Pathogens and their Inactivation
Kinds of Primary Pathogens Present
Opportunistic Pathogens and Allergens in Compost
Environmental Concerns
SILAGE
FOR ANIMAL FEED
History of Silage Making
The Ensiling Process
The Harvesting and Storage Phase
The Aerobic Phase
The Fermentation Phase
The Stable Phase
The Feed-out Phase
Silage Microflora
Silage Additives
Silage Quality
Properties of Common Forages and Crops for Ensilage
Grasses
Maize
Legumes
Whole Plant Silage
Sorghum
Silage from Crop Residues and By-products
TRANSGENIC
PLANTS
Transformation of Plants
Herbicide and Disease-Resistant Crops
Plant Virus-Resistant Crops
Coat protein-mediated resistance
Resistance conferred by other gene products.
Resistance Against Other Pathogens
Resistance Against Insect Pathogens
Transgenic crops expressing Bt toxin
Transgenic crops expressing other insecticidal protein toxins
Manufacturing Proteins in Plants
Vaccines in Plants
LT-B and CT-B
Hepatitis B
Norwalk Virus
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
The Use of Antibodies in Plants as Immunotherapeutic Agents
Biopharmaceuticals
Nutritional Enhancement of Plants (Nutriceuticals)
Golden rice
Other Nutritionally Enhanced Transgenic Plants
TRANSGENIC
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ANIMALS AS BIOREACTORS
Methods for Producing Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors
Producing Transgenic Animals by Direct DNA Microinjection
into Zygote Pronuclei
Characteristics of Transgene Integration and the Mechanism of
Mosaicism
Methods to Improve Transgene Integration via Pronuclear DNA
Microinjection
Producing Transgenic Animals Through Nuclear Transfer of
Somatic Cells
Retrovirus Mediated Gene Transfer
Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer
Control of Transgene Expression in Transgenic Animal
Bioreactors
Protein Production in the Mammary Gland
Foreign Protein Expression in Urine
Foreign Protein Production in Semen
Considerations of Transgene Structure and Expression
PLANT
BREEDING AND MOLECULAR FARMING
Traditional Plant Breeding
Biotechnology in Plant Breeding
Products of Crop Genetic Engineering
Improved Productivity
Herbicide
Resistance
Insect
Resistance
Virus Resistance
Fungus Resistance
Bacterial Resistance
Plant Physiological Traits
Seed Sterilization Technology
New and Modified Crop Products
Modified Proteins and Amino Acids
Modified Oils
Post-harvest Quality
Modified Flower Color and Patterns
Industrial Polymers
Medical Products
Potential Consequences of Crop Biotechnology and Genetic
Engineering
Effectiveness in Agriculture
Gene Escape to Other Plants and Species
Effect on Non-target Organisms
Impact on Biodiversity
Impact on Human Health
Impact on Plant Breeding Strategies
Socioeconomic Impact
Risk Assessment
Biotechnological Applications of Acetic Acid
Bacteria in Food Production
Traditional and current bio/technology using acetic acid
bacteria
Vinegar and acetic acid production
Fruit substrate vinegars
Starch substrate vinegars
Spirit vinegar
Special vinegars
Cocoa production
Kombucha beverage production
Cellulose production
L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) production
D-Tagatose production
Acetic acid bacteria as spoilers
Ecology
Taxonomy
Methods for cultivation and identification
Physiology
Technological solutions in bio/technology using acetic acid
bacteria
Technological solutions in vinegar production
Traditional slow Orleans
process
The quick process (German process)
Submerged process
Technological solutions in cocoa production
Technological solutions in cellulose production
BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND AGROBIODIVERSITY
Technical Aspects of Agricultural Biotechnology at the
Interface with Agrobiodiversity
In Vitro Technologies
Genetic Modification and the Sourcing of Genes
Molecular Marker Technology
Genomics and Beyond
The Context of Agricultural Biotechnology
Agro-biodiversity as a Source for Biotechnological
Applications
Biotechnological Tools in Genetic Resources Management
Conservation
Utilization
Impact of Biotechnology on Agrobiodiversity
Biological Effects
Socio-economic Effects
Nutritional and Cultural Effects
THE
ECONOMICS OF AGROBIOTECHNOLOGY
Important Economic Aspects of Agrobiotechnology
Research and Development Level
Agriculture Sector Level
Consumer Level
Methodological Approaches to Assess the Benefits and Costs of
Agrobiotechnology
Deterministic Models
Stochastic Models
Models with Stationary Stochastic Variables
Models with Non-Stationary Stochastic Variables
Empirical Evidence
Costs and Benefits of Agrobiotechnology
Distribution of Benefits and Costs
CONVENTIONAL
PLANT BREEDING FOR HIGHER YIELDS AND PEST
RESISTANCE
Macro-Evolution and Micro-Evolution
Domestication
The Worldwide Redistribution of Plants
Stable and Unstable Protection Mechanisms
Quantitative and Qualitative Genetics
Quantitative (Horizontal) and Qualitative (Vertical)
Resistance
The Gene-for-Gene Relationship
A System of Locking
The Natural Function of the Gene-For-Gene Relationship
The Break Down of Resistance and the Boom and Bust Cycle of
Plant Breeding
Vertical Resistance and Horizontal Resistance Compared
Stability
Space
Profile
Time
Cultivars
Special Aspects of Horizontal Resistance
A Second Line of Defense
Horizontal Resistance is Useful
Horizontal Resistance is Universal
Horizontal Resistance is Durable
The Erosion of Horizontal Resistance
Breeding for Horizontal Resistance
Transgressive Segregation
On-Site Screening
Cumulative Progress
Plant Breeding Clubs
Successes in Horizontal Resistance Breeding
Yield Versus Resistance
The Nature of Plant Breeding
Crop Uniformity
The Methods of Conventional Plant Breeding
Conventional Plant Breeding for Higher Yields, Quality, and
Resistance
Conventional Plant Breeding and Genetic Engineering
The Future of Conventional Plant Breeding
Complexity Theory
BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN THE ENVIRONMENT: POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY
Defining ecological risk
Framework for ecological risk assessment
Ecological risks from transgenic crops
Defining ecological harm
The Precautionary Principle
Post release monitoring
Direct risks of transgenic crops
Ecological interactions
The agricultural ecosystem
Non-agricultural ecosystems
Risks to biodiversity
Altered toxicity
Impacts on non-target organisms
Target pest resurgence following development of resistant
populations
Gene flow
Behavior of transgenes in plants
Behavior of transgenes in other
organisms
Management of direct risks
Indirect risks of GM crops
Impacts of changed agricultural practice on biodiversity
Links between crops and wildlifethe
natural warning system
Other indirect impacts on biodiversity
Management of indirect risks
Ecological risks and sustainability
GMO-TECHNOLOGY
AND MALNUTRITION – PUBLIC SECTOR RESPONSIBILITY AND FAILURE
Micronutrient malnutrition
Cost-effective and sustained production of nutritious food
Why do we have GMO regulation
Traditional Breeding
The Paradox of GMO Regulation
What is the ‘status quo’ of GMO regulation?
What are the consequences of the ‘status quo’?
What does the author consider ‘rational regulation?
Is GMO over-regulating costing lives ?
BIOINFORMATICS
ON POST GENOMIC ERA: KNOWLEDGE FROM SEQUENCES
Bioinformatics and the Internet
Genomics
Databases
Annotation
Data Mining
Sequence Alignment
Common Sequence Analysis Methods
Gene Finding
Mapping
DNA/RNA Secondary Structure
Primer Selection
Translation
Protein Analysis
Pattern Searches
Functional Genomics
Gene and Protein Expression
Protein Structure Prediction
Trends and Prospects
GENE THERAPY
Vectors for Gene Transfer
Non-viral Vectors
Viral Vectors
Adenoviral Vectors
Retroviral and Lentiviral Vectors
Adeno-associated Viral Vectors
Other Viral Vectors
Replicating Viral Vectors
Gene Delivery
Ex Vivo Delivery
In Vivo Delivery
Pre-clinical Gene Therapy Experiments
Clinical Applications of Gene Therapy
TISSUE
ENGINEERING: ADVANCES IN ORGAN REPLACEMENT
The Skin
Liver
Kidney
The Bioartificial Kidney
Tissue Engineering a Kidney
Bone
Blood Vessels
Skeletal Muscle
Bladder
Nerve
Articular Cartilage
Cornea
the nanostructure of the nervous system and the
impact of Nanotechnology on neuroscience
The Micro- and Nanoscale of the
Central Nervous System [CNS]
The organization of the CNS
The cellular and molecular structure of the CNS
Membrane proteins and receptors
Example of the nanoengineered CNS:
Self-assembly of the presynaptic particle web
Synthetic and engineering Methods in Nanotechnology
Applications of Nanoengineering and
Nanotechnology to the CNS
Applications to Basic Neuroscience
Applications to Clinical Neuroscience
Challenges associated with Nanotechnology Applications to the
CNS
TP53
GENE AND P53 PROTEIN AS TARGETS IN CANCER MANAGEMENT AND THERAPY
TP53 Mutations and Human Cancer
The p53 ProteinA Sensor of Genotoxic Stress
Gene Therapy Using TP53
Replacement Gene Therapy
Viral Delivery
Non-viral Delivery
E1B-defective Adenoviruses
The p53 Pathway as a Target for Pharmacological Intervention
Restoration of Wild-type p53 Functions
Modulation of Wild-type p53
Use of Mdm2 Peptides to Stabilize Wild-type p53
Biochemical Modulation of p53 Protein Activity
Inhibiting Wild-type p53: Pifithrin
AmifostineA Drug that Targets the p53 Pathway
TP53 in Cancer Detection and Monitoring
Auto Antibodies to p53
Plasmatic Free TP53 DNA
Perspectives and Future Challenges
TRANSGENIC
MICE IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY
Strategies to Generate Transgenic Mice
Gene targeting with homologous recombination
Cre/loxP System in Chromosomal Engineering
Inducible Gene Expression with Tetracycline Transactivator System
Gene Targeting by Inducible Activation System
Tissue Specific Control of Gene Expression
Transgenic Mice and the Immune System
RAG-Deficient Blastocyst
Complementation
Transgenic Mice in the Study of Immunological Diseases
X-Linked SCID
Type I Diabetes
Allergic asthma
Future Perspectives
NANOMEDICINE
AND MEDICAL NANOROBOTICS
Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
Medical Nanomaterials and Nanodevices
Nanopores
Artificial Binding Sites and Molecular Imprinting
Quantum Dots and Nanocrystals
Fullerenes and Nanotubes
Nanoshells and Magnetic Nanoprobes
Targeted Nanoparticles and Smart
Drugs
Dendrimers and Dendrimer-Based
Devices
Radio-Controlled Biomolecules
Microscale Biological Robots
Medical Nanorobotics
Early Thinking in Medical Nanorobotics
Nanorobot Parts and Components
Nanobearings and Nanogears
Nanomotors and Power Sources
Nanocomputers
Self-Assembly and Directed Parts Assembly
Self-Assembly of Mechanical Parts
DNA-Directed Assembly
Protein-Directed Assembly
Microbe- and Virus-Directed Assembly
Positional Assembly and Molecular Manufacturing
Diamond Mechanosynthesis
Massively Parallel Manufacturing
Medical Nanorobot Designs and
Scaling Studies
Respirocytes
Microbivores
ROLE OF
XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
General Aspects of Xenobiotic
Metabolism
Role of Metabolic Studies during Drug Development
Overview of Drug Metabolising
Enzymes
CYP Enzymes involved in Xenobiotic
Metabolism
CYP3A4
CYP Enzymes and Drug Development
Methods for Studying in vitro Metabolism
Human Liver Microsomes
Human Hepatocytes
Permanent Cell Lines and Liver Slices
DNA-expressed Enzymes
Determination of Metabolism in in
vitro Systems
Metabolic Stability of an NCE
Identification of Metabolites and Metabolic Routes
Identification of CYPs Metabolising an NCE
Utilisation of CYP-selective Chemical Inhibitors
Utilisation of CYP-specific Antibodies
cDNA-expressed CYPs
Correlation Analysis
Measures of Affinities of an NCE for CYPs
High-throughput Screening in Drug Metabolism
In vitro in vivo Scaling of an NCE
Apparent Enzyme Kinetic Parameters Km and Vmax
Prediction of the Intrinsic Clearance (Clint)
Extrapolation of Clint to in vivo clearance in the
whole organism
Apparent Ki and Type of
Inhibition
Prediction of Drug-drug Interactions
Induction of CYP Enzymes
Mechanisms of Induction for Major Drug-metabolising
CYPs
Species and Inter-individual Differences in Induction
Assay systems for Induction
Modelling of CYP Enzymes
In vitro versus
in vivo
FROM
GENE TO CLINICAL PRODUCT: AN OVERVIEW OF GMP REQUIREMENTS ASSOCIATED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BIOTHERAPEUTICS, IN A MULTIPROCESS / MULTIPRODUCT
FACILITY
Basic requirements for a State-of-the-Art Biopharmaceutical
Development Facility
The quality management concepts and the current Good
Manufacturing Practice (cGMP)
Design of building, facilities and equipment
Organisation and management of documentation for
pharmaceutical development and cGMP
Personnel training requirements
Validation contingencies in pharmaceutical production
General considerations for a multi-process/multi-product
biotech manufacturing facility
Design of a multi-process/multi-product facility and
prevention of cross-contamination
Personnel, material, product and waste flows
HVAC system requirements for biotech multi-product facilities
Bio safety requirements
Decontamination and cleaning
Requirements for manufacture and quality control of
investigational medicinal products derived by biotechnological processes
Control of starting materials
Seed lot and cell bank system
Fermentation, or cell culture, and harvesting
Extraction, purification and downstream processing
Filling/packaging operations, control of final product and
batch release
Stability considerations and storage
Pre-clinical safety evaluation
BIO-CULTURAL
DIVERSITY AND MEDICINE
Biocultural Diversity
Africa
Arab
States
Asia
Europe
Latin
America and the Caribbean
The
Pacific Region
Socio-economic Diversity
Africa
Arab
States
Asia
Europe
Latin
America and the Caribbean
The
Pacific Region
ENVIRONMENTAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Natures Cycles of Matter
General Description
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrification
Denitrification
The Sulfur Cycle
Oxidative sulfur transformations
Reductive Sulfur Transformation
Phosphorous Cycle
Interrelations between the cycling of individual elements
Socio-economic strategies
Community involvement and joint venture capital
Multiproduct formation from renewable resources
Grain
Sagopalm
Sugarcane
Agro-Industries
Bioconversion of wastes
Anaerobic Digestion - energy [biogas], biofertiliser
and food production
Gasification - energy [electricity] production
Ethanol - biofuel production
Composting - biofertiliser
production
Mushroom production - food and biofertiliser
production
Aquaculture
Microbial Biomass Protein and Silage - feed production
Benefits to the environment
RECYCLING
LIVESTOCK EXCRETA IN INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS
Livestock Excreta as Livestock Feed
Potential Benefits from the Recycling of Livestock Excreta
Methods of Processing (Recycling) of Livestock Excreta
The Biodigester Subsystem
Types of Biodigester
Factors Influencing the Cost and Performance of Plastic Biodigesters
The Plastic Tube
The Inlet and Outlet Pipes
Connecting the Tubular Film with the Inlet and Outlet Pipes
The Gas Line
The Reservoir
Management Factors that Govern Gas Production
Size of the Biodigester
The Loading Rate
Residence Time
Liquid Volume
Level or Inclined Biodigesters
Animal Species
Commonly Encountered Problems
Life-span of Tubular Polyethylene Biodigesters
Accumulation of Sludge and Scum
Water in the Pipeline
Excreta as Source of Nutrients for Water Plants, Terrestrial
Crops and Earthworms
Water Plants
Cultivating Duckweed
Construction of the Ponds
Nutritive Value of Duckweed
Fertilizing the Duckweed
Problems and Possible Solutions
Fish Ponds
Earthworms
Background
Species of Earthworm
Management
Production Coefficients
Manure and Biodigester Effluent as Fertilizer for Field Crops
Goat Manure as Fertilizer
Biodigester
Effluent
RECYCLING
OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES THROUGH CLEANER TECHNOLOGY
Sources and problems of agroindustrial
wastes
Waste management hierarchy
Waste minimization or waste reduction
Waste conservation.
Waste segregation.
Waste utilization (reuse, recovery / recycling)
Waste treatment
Waste disposal
Concept of Clean Technology
Clean Technology Techniques
Planning and organization:
Preassessment
Assessment
Feasibility study
Implementation
Waste minimization process
Inventory management and improved operations
Inventory and trace of all raw materials
Improve material receiving, storage and handling practices
Maintain strict preventive maintenance (PM) program
Implement employee training and management feedback
Equipment modifications
Install equipment that produces minimal or no waste
Redesign equipment or production lines to produce less waste
Improve operating efficiency of equipment
Modify equipment to enhance or permit recovery or recycling
options
Eliminate source of leaks and spills.
Production process modifications
Optimize reactions and raw material used
Modify process conditions or practices to reduce waste
generation
Waste recycling
Onsite recycling
Offsite recycling
Participation in waste exchanges (using one companys waste as anothers
feedstock)
Future prospect of clean technologies
URBAN
ROOFTOP MICROFARMS
Microfarming what is it?
Why organic hydroponics
Current Projects
The Silwood Suburban Microfarm
Mt Gravatt Project
Is there Profit?
BIOMASS AND
ORGANIC WASTE CONVERSION TO FOOD, FEED, FUEL, FERTILIZER, ENERGY AND
COMMODITY PRODUCTS
Planning Strategies
Historical Development of the Clean Bioprocess Technology
Concept
Future Planning Strategies for Urban and Rural Sustainability
The Concept of Bio-Refinery
Bio-refinery Management
Agricultural Production Unit
The Bioprocess Unit
Raw Material
Food, Feed, Fertilizer and Energy Production from Lignocellulosic Material
Food Production
Animal Feed Production
Fertilizer
Energy
Direct Combustion for Electricity and Heat Generation
Thermo-chemical Processes
Microbial Processes
Food, Feed, Fertilizer and Energy Production from Non-lignocellulosic Polymers
Polymer Conversion into Monomeric
Units for Microbial Processing
Microbial Process Development
Multiproducts from Sagopalm (Metroxylon
sagu)
Lignocellulosic Processing
Non-lignocellulosic Biomass Utilisation
Multiproduct Formation from Sugarcane
Food Processing Industries
Multiproducts from Palm oil industry
Waste Management Control Unit
HEALTH
AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF RECYCLED WATER
Why Recycle?
Economic Advantage
Resource Constraints
Equality of Access
Environmental Drivers
Intergenerational Equity
Recycled Watera Valuable Resource
Uses of Recycled Water
Water Quality to Fit the Purpose
Recycling in Agriculture
Recycling in Industry and Commerce
Recycling in Urban Areas
Issues and Options in the Use of Recycled Water
General Health Considerations
Risk Assessment
Epidemiological Studies
Defining an Acceptable Health Risk
Setting Appropriate Water Quality Criteria
Microbiological Contaminant Management
Indicator Organisms
Ingestion Pathways
Chemical Contaminant Management
Pesticides, Herbicides, Endocrine Disruptors and Artificial
Hormones
Cyanobacterial Toxins (Blue-Green Algal Toxins)
Stormwater Management
Quality Assurance
Research Needs
Treatment Technologies
General Treatment Processes
Physico-Chemical Treatment Processes
Biological Treatment Processes
Chemical Disinfection
Physical Disinfection
Domestic Scale Treatment Technologies
Local and Regional Treatment Technologies
Storage and Transport Technologies
Artificial Recharge Methods
Research Needs
Legal Issues
Regulation
Ownership of the Resource
Legal Liability
Economics
Community Involvement
MICROORGANISMS
AS CATALYSTS FOR THE DETOXIFICATION OF CHEMICALS
Key Reactions of Microbially Mediated Degradation of Organics
Modes of Microbially Mediated Detoxification of Organics
Detoxification by Productive Degradation (Detoxification of
Potential Growth Substrates)
Detoxification by Non-Productive Conversion (Detoxification
of Non-Growth Substrates)
Approaches to Increasing Efficiency and Velocity of
Detoxification of Organics
The Auxiliary Substrate Concept
The Principle of Start Assistance
Defined Mixed Cultures
BIOHYDROMETALLURGY
Microbiology of Biomining Processes
Leaching Bacteria
Leaching Mechanisms
Kinetics of Ferrous Ion Oxidation
Effect of Operation Variables
Nutrients and Inhibitors
Gaseous Nutrients
Effect of Temperature and pH
Mineral Composition and Particle Size
Operation Mode
Bioleaching of Copper
Copper Mining
Copper Bio-Mining
Bio-Oxidation of Gold Ores
Gold Mining
The Bio-Oxidation Process
BIODEGRADATION
OF XENOBIOTICS
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Haloaliphatic Compounds
Aerobic Biodegradation
Anaerobic Biodegradation
Haloaromatic Compounds
Aerobic Biodegradation
Anaerobic Biodegradation
Nitroaromatic Compounds
Aerobic Biodegradation
Anaerobic Biodegradation
Azo Compounds
s-Triazines
Organic Sulfonic Acids
Synthetic Polymers
SUSTAINABLE
AQUACULTURE: CONCEPT OR PRACTICE
Sustainability
The Origins and Evolution of Aquaculture
Green and Blue Revolutions
Sustainable Aquaculture Practice
Dynamics of Intensive Culture Ponds
Reduced Stocking and Feeding
Harvesting Plankton to Recycle Nutrients and Improve
Sustainability
Economic and Social Considerations
Managing Global Ecosystems
BIOGAS
AS RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM ORGANIC WASTE
Biomass Waste
Plant Waste
Animal Waste
Human Waste
Energy Production using Anaerobic Digestion Technology
Biogas Technology
Biogas Potential
Characteristic and Composition of Biogas
Designs of Anaerobic Reactors
Floating Drum Digester
Fixed Dome
Digester
Deenbandhu Model
Bag Digester
Plug Flow Digester
Anaerobic Filter
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Conditions for Anaerobic Fermentation
Temperature
pH
Dilution
Necessary Elements and C/N Ratio
Loading Rate
Detention Time
Process of Anaerobic Fermentation for Methane Generation
Hydrolysis
Acid Formation
Methane Formation
Use of Biogas
Lighting
Cooking
Other Uses of Biogas
Implications of Biogas Systems
Energy from Garbage and Municipal Solid Waste
Concept and Options for Treating the Municipal Solid Waste
Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste [MSW]
Demonstration of Biogas Plant for Treating MSW Experimented
at Knudmosevaerket in Denmark
Technical Data Regarding Proposed Banepa Municipality
Biogas Plant in Nepal
Energy from Human and/or Animal Waste: Case Studies
Latrine attached Biodigesters
Objectives
Installation, Operation and Use of Community Latrinescum Biodigester
Use of Gas and Digested Effluent
Sustainability of the Programme
Biodigester Fed with Latrine Waste and Elephant Dung at Machan Wildlife Resort Chitwan, Nepal
Background
Objectives and Scope
Raw Materials
Installations of latrinescumBiodigester
Operation of Biodigester
BIODIVERSITY:
THE IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
The Essence of Biodiversity
Native Biodiversity
Agricultural Biodiversity
Human Population Expansion
International Agreements
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety
Loss of Biodiversity and Conservation
Reduction of Biodiversity
Conservation Strategies
Applications of Biotechnology and its Effect on Biodiversity
Biotechnology for the Acquisition of Knowledge
Direct Gene Transfer to Crops and Farm Animals
Native Biodiversity and Biotechnology
Agricultural Biodiversity and Biotechnology
Social
Consequences
Economic
Considerations
Ethical
Considerations
SUGGESTIONS
FOR IMPROVING CELLULOSIC BIOMASS REFINING
Processing of cellulosic biomass
Typical Processes
Storage and Pretreatment
Conversion technologies
Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose
Dilution in Bioconversion
Description of a refinery
Other fermentations
BIOTRANSFORMATIONS
Screening of Biocatalysts
Classical Screening Approaches
Screening by Considering Biodiversity
Biodegradative Pathways for Biotransformations
Aromatic Compounds
Aliphatic Compounds
Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
Nitroaromatic Compounds
Biocatalyst Characterization and Design
Bioprocessing
Biocatalyst Production
Biotransformation Application
Whole Cell Biotransformations
Use of Isolated Enzymes
Downstream Processing
Technical Applications of Biotransformations
NUTRICEUTICALS
FROM MUSHROOMS
Nutritional Values of Mushrooms
Medicinal Properties of Mushrooms
Mushroom Nutriceuticals
A Protocol for Quality Mushroom Nutriceuticals
MUSHROOM
PRODUCTION
What are Mushrooms?
Mushroom Cultivation
Major Practical Phases
Selection of an Acceptable Mushroom Species
Securing a Good Quality of Fruiting Culture
Development of Spawn
Preparation of Substrate
Care of Mycelial (Spawn) Running
Management of Mushroom Development
Historical Records
Perspectives
Trends in Mushroom Production
Non-green Revolution
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS:
A NATURAL TREASURHOUSE OF BIORESOURCES AND ISLAND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
The Pacific Region and Medicinal Plants
Aboriginal and Maori Medicine
Pacific Island Medicinal Plants and Intellectual
Property Rights
Safety
Biodiversity trade in the contemporary Pacific
Trade Considerations – Green Pharmaceuticals
Gender
Kava and Nonu
Kava
Nonu
PHARMACEUTICALS
FROM ALGAE
Antibiotics
Antiviral Compounds
Cytotoxic, Antitumour
and Antineoplastic Metabolites
Anti-inflammatory Compounds
Algal Carotenoids
Other Activities
Symbiosis and Bioactive Metabolites
Production of Algal Metabolites
BIODIESEL
The Approaches
The Production Process
Biodiesel: An Evaluation of Properties
Biodiesel and the Environment
Test Programmes and Current
Development
Legislation and Incentives
The Alternatives
NATURAL FOOD
COLORANTS
Current Natural Colorants
Colorants Obtainable by Biotechnology Routes
Riboflavin
Carotenoids and Xanthophylls
Phycobiliproteins
Indigoids
Anthraquinones and Naphtaquinones
(shikonin)
Monascus Pigment
The Fungus Monascus
The Fungal Metabolites
Production in Various Cultures
Submerged Cultures
SolidState Cultures
Methods Developed to Avoid Mycotoxin
Production
Miscellaneous Colorants
Bio-Refinery - CONCEPT for Sustainability and
Human Development
Bio-Refinery Concept
Lignocellulosic biomass
Energy production
Direct combustion
Cofiring
Cogeneration
Gasification
Mushroom production
Composting
Silage
Multiproduct formation from biomass crops
Enzyme production
Grain
Sugarcane
Sagopalm
Palm Oil industry
Fish processing industry
Multiproduct formation from biomass, human and
animal wastes
Biogas
Aquaculture
Transgenic vegetable crops for managing insect
pests and fungal and viral diseases
Genetic Engineering Technologies
Tissue
culture selection
Gene
transfer technologies
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
Direct
methods for transformation
Particle
bombardment
Protoplast-mediated
transformation
Insect
resistant vegetable crops
Bacillus
thuringiensis toxins
Protease
and α-amylase inhibitors
Lectins
Chitinases
Virus-resistant vegetable crops
Fungal-resistant vegetable crops
Hydrolytic enzymes
Lysozymes
Peptides
Pathogenesis-related proteins
Phytoalexins
Hydrogen peroxide
Inhibition of pathogen virulence products
Alteration of structural components
Engineered cell death
Enhanced defense responses
Reduced ethylene production
Issues to consider
MARINE
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Scope of Marine Biotechnology
Industries Based on Marine Biotechnology
Biomedicals
Biopolymers
Enzymes and Biochemicals
Scientific Studies with a Commercial Potential
Biomedical Products
Biopolymers
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