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INORGANIC AND
BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chemical Elements and their Discovery
Determining the Name of Chemical
Elements
Abundance of Elements on
Earth
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends of Groups
and Periods
The Inorganic Chemical Industry
Sources of Inorganic Raw
Materials
The Beginnings
Sulfuric Acid
Nitrogen Compounds
Phosphoric Acid
Chlor-alkali Compounds
Oxygen Compounds
FROM
SIMPLE TO COMPLEX COMPOUNDS
Metal amine complexes: bonding and geometry
Metal complexes of multidentate ligands: deviations from
regular geometries
Linkage isomerism: the nitro-nitrito interconversion
Multidentate ligands with more sophisticated shapes: rings
and cages
The metal template synthesis of macrocycles
The metal template synthesis of catenanes
Self-assembling driven by metal centres: helicates and grids
Coordination assemblies made on PdII building blocks
The coordination chemistry of anions
CHEMISTRY OF METALS
Structural and physical properties of metals
General aspects of extracting metallurgy
Historical background
Extracting metallurgy
Alloying behavior
Introduction
Phase
diagrams
Real
phase diagrams
Qualitative
prediction of alloying behaviour
Intermetallic phases
Introduction
Identification of intermetallic phases
Terminal
(or primary) solid solutions
Superlattices
Metastable
solid solutions
Intermetallic compounds
Synthesis of intermetallic phases
Uses of intermetallic phases
INORGANIC
SYNTHESIS
Coordination
compounds: generality
Werner complexes
Organometallic complexes
Metal carbonyls
Binary cyclopentadienyl derivatives
Metal arene derivatives
Coordination
compounds: reactivity
Substitution
reactions
Redox reactions
Oxidative addition / Reductive elimination.
Insertion
reactions
RADICAL
REACTIONS WITH METAL COMPLEXES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Radicals and their role in chemical processes with emphasis
on biological systems
The chemistry of radicals
Initiation, Propagation, Termination
Formation of Radicals
Redox Properties of Radicals
Detection of Radicals
Important types of Radicals
Inorganic Radicals
Hydroxyl Radicals
Superoxide Radicals
Dihalogen Radicals
Sulfur Oxide Radicals
Organic Radicals
Aliphatic Carbon Centered Radicals
Aliphatic Peroxyl Radicals
Thyil Radicals
Stable Radicals
Dioxygen
Nitrogen Oxide , Nitrogen Dioxide
Organic Radicals, e.g. Antioxidants, Nitroxides,
Methylviologen, DPPH
The Role of transition metal complexes in radical chemistry
Reactions with Aliphatic and
Aliphatic Peroxyl Radicals
Reactions with Aliphatic Radicals
Redox Reactions of Radicals with
Transition Metal Complexes
Formation of Transition Metal
Complexes with Metal-carbon σ-bonds.
Reactions with Aliphatic Peroxyl Radicals
Fenton-like
Reactions
Transition Metal Complexes with Ligand Radicals
MAGNETIC
AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Electronic structure of Transition
Metal ions
Free
ion
Coordination
complexes
The ligand field approach
Principles of optical spectroscopy
Rationalization of Uv-Vis spectra
Optical properties of polynuclear species
The spin Hamiltonian formalism
Magnetic properties of metal
complexes
First transition row
Second-third transition row
Magnetism of rare earth ions
Magnetism of polynuclear systems
Highlights of recent research
breakthroughs
INORGANOMETALLIC
CHEMISTRY
Definition of inorganometallic vs. organometallic chemistry
Inorganometallic compounds containing transition metal (TM)-
main group metal (E) bond - synthesis, structure and reactivity
Inorganometallic complexes of TM with group 13 elements
Inorganometallic complexes of TM with boron
Inorganometallic complexes of TM with heavier elements of group 13
Inorganometallic complexes of TM with group 14 elements
Inorganometallic complexes of TM with group 15 elements
Inorganometallic complexes of TM with group 16 elements
Inorganometallic clusters
Inorganometallics and catalysis
Special applications of TM-E compounds
Inorganometallics as precursors of
optoelectronic materials
Inorganometallic ceramics
HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS AND SOLID STATE
CHEMISTRY
Importance of solids
Crystalline solids
Chemical classification of solids
Covalent solids
Ionic solids
Metallic solids
Molecule-based solids
Bonding in solids
Introduction
Band theory
Metals, semiconductors and insulators
Electrical behavior of metal depending on temperature
Optical Properties of Solids
Superconductors
Properties and technological applications
Defects in solids
Selected classes of inorganic solids
Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Layered
perovskite halides
Inorganic materials for lithium-ion
batteries
Inorganic and molecular
superconductors
Multifunctional organic-inorganic
hybrid solids
High Temperature Materials
Method of synthesis
INORGANIC
BIOCHEMISTRY
Historical background
The philosophy of model chemistry
The role of metal cofactors
The
metals of biology
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Molybdenum
and tungsten
Nickel
Vanadium
Alkali
and alkaline earth cations
The role of special metal cofactors
Tetrapyrroles
Hemes
Chlorophylls
Corrins
Coenzyme
F430
Metalloclusters
Iron-sulfur
clusters
Complex
metalloclusters
Metalloclusters
in nitrogenases
Metalloclusters
in hydrogenases
Metalloclusters
in nitrous oxide reductase
The
metallocluster of the oxygen-evolving center of photosystem II
Metalloclusters
in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl coenzyme A synthase
INORGANIC
REACTION MECHANISMS
Introduction
Historical
background.
Planning a mechanistic study
Kinetic
techniques.
Probing
a reaction mechanism.
A classification of inorganic reactions
Ligand substitution reactions
Langford
-Gray classification of mechanisms.
Ligand substitution at square planar-complexes.
The
kinetics and mechanism of substitution.
The
stereochemistry of the substitution.
Nucleophilicity
scale for platinum (II).
The trans – effect
The
dissociative mechanism for substitution.
Ligand substitution at octahedral complexes.
Ligand
replacement on hexaaqua ions.
Complex
formation. The Eigen-Wilkins mechanism.
Solvolysis
Reactions on Co(III) Amine Complexes.
Stereochemistry
of Octahedral Substitution.
Base
hydrolysis and the SN1CB mechanism on CoIII
amine complexes.
Stereochemical nonrigidity of ligands.
Geometrical
Isomerization of Square-Planar Complexes.
Redox reactions.
Inner-sphere
mechanism.
Outer-sphere
Reactions.
CLUSTERS
AND POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS
Introduction: The ubiquity of cage compounds in the Periodic
Table and the relationships between molecular compounds and condensed
phases.
Clusters of the p-block elements
Clusters of p-block elements in a ligand shell: Boron
hydrides
Clusters in a ligand
shell of the heavier elements of group 13 and 14
Bare clusters of p-block elements
Clusters of d-block elements
Low-valent Metal Clusters
Metal Carbonyl Clusters
Homometallic Metal
Carbonyl Clusters
Metal carbonyl clusters containing interstitial main group
heteroatoms
Mixed-metal carbonyl clusters
Phosphine-substituted
Carbonyl Metal Clusters
Bonding in Metal Carbonyl Clusters
Properties and Applications of Metal Carbonyl Clusters
Low valent metal clusters stabilized by other σ−π ligands
Clusters of late
transition metals stabilized by phosphines: The thin border between
clusters and colloids
High-valent Metal
Clusters
Halide Clusters of Early
Transition Metals
Polynuclear Compounds
Polyoxometallates and
related compounds
Polynuclear compounds of
transition and post-transition metals with bridging and polydentate ligands
STRUCTURE AND BONDING IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Ligand-field Theory for
Octahedral Complexes
d–d
Transitions
Factors
that influence the value of D o
Ligand-field Theory for
Square Planar Complexes
Ligand-field Theory for
Tetrahedral Complexes
Charge-Transfer Absorption Bands
Stabilities of Complexes
Current Work and Further Reading
SYNTHESIS
AND SPECTROSCOPY OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES
Synthesis of Transition Metal Complexes
Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes
Synthesis by
Substitution Reactions
Synthesis
by Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
Synthesis by
Addition Reactions
Synthesis by
Dissociation Reactions
Synthesis by Reaction of Coordinated Ligands
Synthesis by Self-assembly
Synthesis by Second Sphere Coordination
Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes
Electronic
Absorption Spectroscopy
Intensity
of the Electronic Transitions
Polarized
Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy
Charge
Transfer Transitions
Selected Examples of d-d Electronic Absorption Spectra
Electronic
Absorption Spectra of Complexes of d1, d4, d6,
and d9 ions
Electronic
Absorption Spectra of d2, d3, d7, and d8
ions
Electronic
Absorption Spectra of Complexes of d5 ions
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR,ESR)
Basic Principles
CW-EPR
Multiple Resonance Spectra
Pulsed EPR
Spin-Hamiltonian and the Interpretation of the Spectra
Zeeman Interaction
Electron-Electron (Fine) Interaction
Electron-Nucleus (Hyperfine) Interaction
Selected Examples of EPR Spectra
Mössbauer Spectroscopy (MB)
Basic Principles and Applications
NANOSYSTEMS
Introduction
Distinctive
features of nanosystems
General
aspects of synthesis
Top-down
approach
Bottom-up
approach
Zero-dimensional
nanosystems
Transition
metal nanoparticles
Supported
metal nanoparticles
Magnetic
nanoparticles
Nanopowders
One-dimensional
nanosystems
Nanowires
and nanorods
Nanotubes
Two-dimensional
nanosystems
Two-dimensional
nanocrystals
Nanofilms
Nanomembranes
Two-dimensional
arrays of 1-D and 0-D systems
Three-dimensional
nanosystems
Three-dimensional
nanocrystals
Three-dimensional
superstructures
Nanoporous
materials
Inorganic-organic
hybrid nanosystems
Nanosystems
in biochemistry
COMPUTATIONAL
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
General Considerations
The Fundamental Relation between Structure
and Energy
Basic Computational Tools
The Molecular Mechanics Approach
Applications of the MM Method and
Problems with Transition Metal Complexes
Foundations of the Quantum Mechanical
Approach
The Hartree-Fock Method
Basis Sets
Methods of the Electron Correlation
Density Functional Theory (DFT)
QM Approach to Inorganic and
Transition Metal Compounds
QM/MM Methods
Most Popular Software Packages
Goals and Strategies of Computational Methods
Selection of the Starting Model
SCF and Structure Optimization
Procedures
Calculation of the Frequencies
Finding Transition Structures
Derivation of Molecular Properties
Chemical Bonding
Mulliken Population Analysis
Other Population Analysis Schemes
Electrostatic Charges
Electric Multipole Moments
Electron Affinity and Ionization Potential
Non Linear Optical Properties (NLO)
ESR Hyperfine Coupling Constants
NMR spectral Properties
Magnetic Properties
Types of Chemical Information from MO Calculations
Characterization of New Chemical
Species
Characterization of Species in
Solution
Analysis of Fluxionality
Chemical Reactivity
MO Architectures
The Role of Symmetry
Concepts of Perturbation Theory
Correlation or Walsh Diagrams
Interaction Diagrams and Electron Counting Principles
Derivation of Fragment Molecular
Orbitals and Isolobal Analogy Concept
Electron Counting and Metal-Metal
Bonding in Transition Metal Clusters
Bonding between Metals and Organic
Polyenes
MO Undepinnings of Oxidative Addition
and Reductive Elimination Processes
Energy Partitioning Analysis and Bond Dissociation Energy
Molecular Dynamics
The Car-Parrinello Method
Solids and Surfaces
Cluster Calculations
Band Structures
Surfaces and Chemisorption
Computer Programs for Extended
Structures
Analysis of the Electron Density (QTAIM Methods)
ENERGY AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
General background
Electronic excited states
Classification of excited states in
coordination complexes
Electron transfer processes
Energy transfer processes
Semiconductor materials
Molecular level energy conversion devices
Functions from natural photosynthesis
Photoinduced charge separation
Antenna effect
Supramolecular systems as photochemical molecular devices
Multielectron
redox catalysts
Inorganic photovoltaics
Silicon solar cells
Thin film solar cells
Multijunction and tandem cells
Solar
concentrators
Photoelectrochemical solar cells
Sensitization of wide band-gap semiconductors.
Solar cell efficiency
Inorganic molecular sensitizers
Inorganic
supramolecular sensitizers
Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production
Photoassisted electrolysis
Tandem solar cells
Conclusion
ORGANIC
AND BIO-MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY
The
Carbon atom
The
carbon atom building blocks: hybridizations
Single
and multiple bonds
Structure
of organic compounds
Graphical
representation of the structures of organic compounds
Different
shapes that a molecule can assume: conformations
Asymmetry
of some organic molecules: chirality and stereoisomers
Classification
of organic compounds, the functional groups
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatic
hydrocarbons
Haloalkanes
Alcohols
Thiols
Ethers
Thioethers,
disulfides and trisulfides
Amines
Aldehydes
and ketones
Carboxylic
acids, esters and amides
Attractive
interactions and molecular recognition
Reactivity
of organic compounds
Molecules
of life
Carbohydrates
Amino
acids, peptides and proteins
Nucleic
acids
Lipids
Fats,
oils and waxes
Phospholipids
and glycolipids
Terpenoids
Fat-soluble
vitamins
Steroids
Organic
compounds in the market
Dyes
Compounds
for health care
Compounds
for food industry
Polymers
Isolation,
purification and analysis of organic compounds
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND STRUCTURES NOMENCLATURE OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Type(s) of Nomenclature Operations
Substitutive Operation
Replacement Operation
Additive Operation
Conjunctive Operation
Subtractive Operation
Ring Formation or Cleavage
General Rules
Capitalized and Italic
Numbers of Position
Punctuation
Parent Name
Alkanes
Unsaturated Alkanes
Substituent Prefix Names Derived from
Parent Hydrides
Functional Groups
Specific Classes of Compounds
Organometallic Compounds
Halogen Compounds
Nitrogen Compounds
Amines and Imines
Amides and Imides
Nitrile, Isocyanide and their
Derivatives
Nitro and Nitroso Compounds
Azo, azoxy, diazo, and related
compounds
Azides
Hydroxy Compounds and Analogues
Alcohols and Phenols
Substituent Prefixes Derived from
Alcohols, Phenols, and their Analogues
Salts
Ethers
Cyclic Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Ketenes
Acetals, Hemiacetals, Acylals, and
their Analogues
Nitrogenous Derivatives of Carbonyl
Compounds
Acids and Derivatives
Numbering of some Heterocyclic Rings
Numbering of Multiple Ring Systems
Name Construction
Rules
Examples
STEREOCHEMISTRY
Symmetry
Molecular
models and symmetry evaluation
Symmetry
elements and symmetry operations
Point
groups
Chirality
Pairwise
relationships between isomeric molecules
Topicity
relationships among atoms and groups of atoms in molecules
Chirotopicity
Stereogenicity
On
the distinction between chirality and stereogenicity
Conformation
and configuration
Conformation
Configuration
Some
considerations on the use of the terms conformation and configuration
Configurational
descriptors
Dependence
of the properties of chiral molecules on the enantiomeric composition
Racemic
forms and enantiomerically pure compounds
Optical
activity
Racemization
How
to obtain stereoisomerically pure compounds
Separations
Stereoselective
transformations
Reactions
involving chiral non-racemic substrates and achiral reagents
Reactions
involving chiral non-racemic reagents and achiral substrates
Reactions
involving chiral substrates and reagents
Kinetic
resolution
Multiple
stereoselection
SYNTHETIC
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Definition
and story of Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Target
oriented synthesis
Method
oriented synthesis
Synthetic
strategy
Retrosynthetic
analysis
Disconnections
One
functional group disconnections
Two
functional group disconnections
Disconnections
of 1,2 dioxygenated structures
Disconnections
of 1,3 dioxygenated structures
Disconnections
of 1,4 dioxygenated structures
Disconnections
of 1,5 dioxygenated structures
Disconnections
of 1,6 dioxygenated structures
Protection
and deprotection
Temporary
and permanent protective groups
Protection
of alcohols
Esters
Ethers
Silyl
ethers
Acetals
Protection
of diols
Protection
of Amines
Carbamates
Amides
Azides
Protection
of Aldehydes and Ketones
Protection
of Carboxylic acids
Control
of stereochemistry
The
chiral pool approach
Stereoselective
transformation
Chiral
auxiliary
Chiral
catalyst
Enzymes
as chiral catalysts
The
convergent strategy
Solid
phase synthesis
Solid
supports
Linkers
and spacers
Acid-labile
linkers
Base-labile
linkers
Linkers
cleaved by oxidation
Photo
cleavable linkers
Silicon
linkers
Metal-Assisted
cleavages
Combinatorial
synthesis
Environmental
friendly synthetic procedures
Reaction
media
Excess
of reagents
Atomic
economy
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -BIOCHEMISTRY
From
molecules to living systems: complexity is obtained from simple building
blocks
Amino
acids and proteins
Proteogenic
amino acids
Non
proteinogenic amino acids
Amino
acid polymers: proteins. Their structure and function
Proteins
folding and structure
Proteins
function and regulation
Nucleotides
and nucleic acids: information, energy transport, catalysis
Chemical
structures of nucleotides
Nucleotide
polymers: RNA and DNA
The
flow of genetic information
DNA:
storage and transmission of information
RNA:
expression of information and catalysis
Nucleotides
derivatives and coenzymes
Sugars
: energy, structures, modulation of proteins properties
Monosaccharides
and polysaccharides
Structural
support and intracellular storage of fuel for cell metabolism
Effects
of glycans on glycoproteins properties
Sugars
as sources of energy and metabolic intermediates
Lipids:
energy, membranes, protein targeting and signal transduction
Structures
of lipids common in biochemistry
Lipids
in cell metabolism
Lipids
as the constituents of cell membranes
Lipid
tails target proteins to membranes
CHEMISTRY
OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS
Chemistry
of natural products: a general perspective
Alkylation
reactions
Nucleophilic
substitution
Electrophilic
addition
Wagner-Meerwein
rearrangements
Aldol
and Claisen reactions
Imine
formation and the Mannich reaction
Transamination
reactions
Decarboxylation
reactions
Decarboxylation
of a-amino acids
Decarboxylation
of b-keto acids
Decarboxylation
of a-keto acids
Oxidations
and reductions
Dehydrogenases
Oxidases
Oxygenases
Amine
oxidases
Carbohydrate
processing enzymes: glycosidases and glycosyl transferases
Lipids
Hydrolizable
lipids
Waxes
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Non-hydrolizable
lipids
Fat-soluble
vitamins
Eicosanoids
Terpenoids
Steroids
Amino
acids, peptides and proteins
Amino
acids: structural features and acid-base behaviour
Amino
acid biosynthesis
Peptides
and proteins
Ribosomal
biosynthesis of peptides and proteins
Nonribosomal
biosynthesis of peptides and proteins
Relevant
peptides and proteins
Hormones
Interferons
Opioid
peptides
Enzymes
Nucleosides,
nucleotides and nucleic acids
Purine
nucleotides biosynthesis
Pirimidine
nucleotides biosynthesis
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides,
oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and carbohydrate processing enzymes
Glycoconjugates
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
CHEMISTRY
OF NUTRACEUTICS, FLAVOURS, DYES AND ADDITIVES
Flavors
Natural flavors
Flavors derived from lipid catabolism
Flavors of the terpene family
Flavors derived from amino acids catabolism
Artificial flavors
Dyes
Natural
colorings
Carotenoids
Anthocyanins
Chlorophyll
Betalaines
Carminic
acid and Curcumin
Synthetic
dyes
Additives
Sweeteners or edulcorants
Nutritive sweeteners
Non-nutritive sweeteners
Preservatives
Main food spoilage
Antioxidants
Antimicrobials
Emulsifiers and stabilizers
Nutraceutics
Flavonoids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
Amino acids
Vitamins
Organic Photochemistry
Photophysics: interaction
of light with matter and photostimulated processes.
Interaction with atoms
Interaction with molecules
Photophysical
processes
Photochemistry
Photochemical processes
Organic
photostimulated reactions.
Dissociation into radicals
Dissociation
into ions or “internal” electron transfer
Intramolecular rearrangement
Photoisomerization
Hydrogen
atom abstraction
Photodimerization or photoaddition
Photosensitized reactions
Photoionisation reactions
Miscellaneous
Photoreactivity
of aromatic compounds
Photochemistry
of diazo- and azido compounds
Photocleavable protecting groups
Photopolimerization
Chemoluminescence
Technical and
experimental aspects.
ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
Organometallic compounds of the
groups IA, IIA, and IIB
Organolithium compounds
Preparation of organolithium
compounds
Reactions of organolithium compounds
Reactions with carbon acids
Reactions with alkylating agents
Reactions with carbonyl compounds
Organomagnesium compounds
Preparation of organomagnesium compounds
Reactions of organomagnesium
compounds
Formation of carbon-carbon bonds
Formation of carbon-hydrogen bonds
Formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds
Formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds
Formation of carbon-phosphorus bonds
Formation of carbon-oxygen bonds
Formation of carbon-sulfur bonds
Formation of carbon-halogen bonds
Organozinc compounds
Preparation of organozinc compounds
Reactions of organozinc compounds
Reactions with carbonyl compounds
Reactions with alkenes
Transition metal-based organometallic
compounds
Organocopper compounds
Preparation of organocuprate reagents
Reactions of organocuprate reagents
Reactions with alkylating agents
Reactions with carbonyl compounds
Reactions with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds
Copper-Catalyzed reactions
Palladium-catalyzed reactions
Pd(II) and Pd(0)
Pd(II)-catalyzed reactions
Pd(II)-catalyzed reaction of alkenes
Pd(II)-catalyzed reaction of alkynes
Pd(II)-catalyzed reaction of arenes
Pd(0)-catalyzed reactions
The Heck reaction
The Tsuji-Trost reaction
Carbonylation reactions
The cross-coupling reactions
The Negishi cross-coupling
The Stille cross-coupling
The Suzuki cross-coupling
The Sonogashira cross-coupling
The reaction of aryl halides (or
pseudo halides) with non-organometallic nucleophiles
Organoboranes
Substitution of the C-B bond with a
C-O bond
Substitution of the C-B bond with a
C-N bond
Substitution of the C-B bond with a
C-halogen bond
Substitution of the C-B bond with a
C-C bond
Substitution of the C-B bond with a
C-H bond
POLYMER
CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE POLYMERS
General
structure of polymers.
Basic definitions
Molecular weights and molecular
weight distributions
Regioisomery and stereoregularity
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
structure
Crystalline and amorphous polymers
Synthesis
of polymers
Step-wise
polymerization
Crosslinking
by step-wise polymerization
Chain polymerization
Radical polymerization
Ionic polymerization
Cationic polymerization
Anionic
polymerization
Co-ordination polymerization
Ring opening polymerization
Environmentally
degradable polymers
Environmental
problems related to the use of plastics
Definition
of biodegradability and compostability
Environmentally
degradable polymers
Production
of plastics from renewable sources
Biodegradable
oxidizable polymers
ORGANIC
SPECTROSCOPY
Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance
The Resonance Phenomenon
Chemical Shift
Chemical Equivalence and Signal
Intensity
A Simple 1H-NMR Spectrum
Coupling Constant
Dependence of the Proton Coupling
Constant on the Molecular Structure
More Complex Spectra
A Real Life 1H-NMR
Spectrum
2D Homonuclear Spectra
13C Spectra
2D Heteronuclear Spectra
Mass
Spectrometry
Brief Outline of the Technique
Common Ionization Techniques
Sensitivity and Resolution
Ion analysis
Mass Spectrum
Isotope
Content
Fragmentation
pattern
Isotope effects, Isotope separation and isotope
fractionation
Isotope Effects
Mechanical Effects
Isotope Effects in Spectroscopy
Isotope Effects in Chemical Equilibria
Isotope Exchange Equilibria
Isotope Effects on Phase Equilibria
Vapor Pressure Isotope Effects
Isotope Effects on other Phase Equilibria
Isotope Effects on some Physicochemical Properties
Kinetic Isotope Effects
Classification and Determination of Kinetic Isotope
Effects
Theory of Kinetic Isotope Effects
Mass-independent Isotope Effects
Biochemical and Biological Isotope Effects
Physiological Effects of Heavy Water
Isotope Fractionation in Biological Processes
Isotope Separation
Isotope Separation Processes
Isotopic Fractionation in Nature
Variations in the Isotope Ratio of some Light Elements
in Nature
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Stable Isotopes in Food and Drink Authentication
Radiometric Dating and Tracing
Major concerns
Limitations
Radioactive decay
Chemical separation techniques
Mass spectrometry
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry
(TIMS)
Inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
Sensitive high resolution ion
microprobe (SHRIMP)
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
Gas-source mass spectrometry
Methods and applications
Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd
Evolution of the crust-mantle system
Past human and animal migration
K-Ar, Ar-Ar
U-Pb
Lu-Hf
Re-Os
Thermochronometry
Cosmogenic nuclides
Sediment recycling
Geomorphological processes
Paleo-erosion rates
Disequilibrium dating
U-Th disequilibrium in young volcanic
rocks
U-Th disequilibrium in carbonates
Extinct radionuclides
Radiation-damage dating methods
Fission-track dating
The luminescence method
Radiochemical techniques
Characterization of the radioactive
targets and sources
Separation techniques of radioactive
elements
Activity measurements
Main aspects in sample preparation for
activity measurements
Useful sample-mounting techniques
Choice of counting conditions
Methods for determining absolute decay
rates
Decontamination
Measuring the extent of contamination-decontamination
An overview of the experimental decontamination techniques
Physical decontamination methods
Chemical decontamination
Electrochemical decontamination
Other decontamination techniques
Selection criteria for the decontamination method
Contamination, decontamination in
nuclear power plants
Sources and significance of the radioactive contamination at
nuclear reactors
Radioactive contamination-decontamination: general
consideration
Decontamination technologies used in nuclear power plants
Surface chemical effects of chemical decontamination
technologies      a
case study
Radionuclides in CHEMICAL RESEARCH
Neutron Activation Analysis
Radiotracers
The Tracer Principle
Selection of Radioactive Tracers
Preparation and Acquisition of Radiotracers
Application of Radiotracers
Determination of the Mass of Mercury in Mercury Cathode Tanks
Determination of Distribution Ratio
Solubility
Reaction rates and Mechanisms
Surface and Phase Boundary Reactions
Diffusion
Isotope Dilution Analysis
Volume of Water in the Human Body
Radioimmunoassay
Radiometric Titrations
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Miscellaneous Industrial Applications
Gamma Spectroscopy
Basic Principles of Gamma Spectroscopy
The Natural Line Width
Other Modes for De-excitation
The Spectrometer
Detectors
The Electronics
Practical Aspects of Gamma Spectroscopy
Energy Calibration of the Spectrometer
Identification of Nuclides
Efficiency
Resolution
Compton Background
Applications
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
Principles
The Primary Source of Radiation
Spectrometers
Wavelength-dispersive Spectrometers
Energy-dispersive Spectrometers
Detectors
Total Reflection Geometry
XRF in Practice
Calibration and Identification of X-ray Lines
Attenuation of X-rays
Matrix Effects
Standards
Applications
RADIATION
BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION
Dosimetry
Radiation Types
Ionizing Radiation
Nonionizing Radiation
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Molecules, Cells, Tissues
and Organs of Living Systems
Dose Quantities and Units
Absorbed Dose (symbol: D)
Equivalent Dose (symbol: HT)
Effective Dose (symbol: E)
Exposure Dose (symbol: X)
External and Internal Dose
Individual and Collective Doses (symbol: S)
Determination of Dose
Dose and Dose Rate Meters
ICRU Sphere Phantom
Detectors
Radiation Biology
Effects on Cells
Health Effects of Radiation Exposures
Stochastic Effects
Deterministic Effects
Irradiation in Pregnancy
Radiation Sickness and Tissue Sensitivities
Low Dose Dilemma
Effects of Factors Modifying the Radiation Response
Genomic Instability
Bystander Effect
Adaptive Response
Gene Regulation
Biological Dosimetry
Lymphocyte Metaphase Chromosomes
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) Technique
Lymphocyte Micronuclei
Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC)
Radiation Protection
Objectives of Protection
International Institutes Involved in Regulatory Aspects
Principles of Protection
Reference Levels
Dose Limits
Dose Constraint
Changes in Dose Limitation
Optimization and the ALARA Principle
Infrastructure of Radiation Protection
Practice
Exemption
Intervention and Action
Factors to Reduce Exposure from External Sources
Categories of Exposures
Occupational Radiation Protection
Personnel Monitoring
Film Badge
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Radon Dosimeter
Personal Portable Dosimeter
Pocket Dosimeter
Whole Body Counter
Exposure of Workers
Caution Signs
Hand-Foot Contamination Monitor
Monitoring at Workplaces
Transportation of Radioactive Material
Medical Radiation Protection
Medical X-ray Imaging
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Release of Patients Administered a Radiopharmaceutical
Guidance Level of Medical Exposure
Environmental Radiation Protection
Natural Sources
Artificial Sources
Risk Assessment
RADIATION
CHEMISTRY
Absorption of radiation energy
Energy absorption
Formation and decay of ion pairs
Radiation sources, dosimeters
Radiation sources
Dosimetric
quantities
Dosimeters
Techniques in radiation chemistry, pulsed
radiolysis
Steady-state techniques
Pulse radiolysis
Radiation chemistry of some classes of compounds
Water and aqueous solutions
Radiolysis mechanism
Reactions of intermediates
Water as reactor coolant
Gases
Oxygen and nitrogen-oxygen mixtures
Methane
Inorganic solids
Ice
Metals, semiconductors
Organic materials
Alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons
Other organic molecules
Polymerization and irradiation of polymers
Polymerization kinetics
Polymer decomposition
Biopolymers
DNA and its constituents
Polysaccharides
Amino acids, peptides
Lipids
Radiation technology
Characteristics of radiation technologies
Synthesis
Industrial radiation technologies
Flue gas treatment
Food irradiation
Sterilization
Drinking and wastewater treatment
Hot atom chemistry
Radiochemistry and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
FOR MEDICINE
Production of Medical
Radionuclides
Productions Using Nuclear Reactors
Neutron
Radiative Capture
Neutron Capture Followed by Particle Emission
Neutron-induced Fission
Yield
Examples
Productions Using Cyclotrons
Types of Cyclotrons
Targetry
Cyclotron-produced Positron Emitters for PET Imaging
Cyclotron-produced Photon Emitters for SPECT Imaging
Cyclotron-produced Therapeutic Radionuclides
Productions Using Radionuclide Generator System
Equations of Radioactive Decay and Growth
Generator-produced Positron Emitters for PET
Generator-produced Photon Emitters for SPECT
Generator-produced Particle Emitters for ERT
In vivo Generators
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry for
Non-invasive Molecular Imaging
Carbon-11 Labeled Molecules
Synthetic Pathways of 11C-labeling
11C-compounds for Drug Development
11C-radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging
Fluorine-18 Labeled
Molecules
Synthetic Pathways of 18F-labeling
Application of 18F-compounds
Technetium-99m Labeled Molecules
Synthetic Pathways of 99mTc-labeling
Application of 99mTc-compounds
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry for
Endoradiotherapy
Therapeutic Radionuclides
β--particle Emitting Radionuclides
α-particle Emitting Radionuclides
Low-energy Electron Emitters
Examples of Radiotherapeutics
Microspheres, Particles, Radiocolloids
Me3+ Ligand Complexes
Peptides and Proteins Labeled via Bifunctional Chelating
Agents
CHEMISTRY
OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS
Sources of Actinide Elements
Natural Sources
Artificial Production of
Actinides
Electronic Structure and Oxidation States
Electronic Structure of
Actinide Atoms and Ions
Oxidation States
The Metallic
State
Preparation of Actinide Metals
Crystal
Structures and Properties
Electronic Structures
Superconductivity
Actinide Compounds
Oxides (Stoichiometric and
Non-Stoichiometric)
Other Inorganic Compounds
Crystal
Structures and Ionic Radii
Coordination Complexes and
Coordination Compounds
Organoactinide Compounds
Actinide chemistry in solution
Stable and Unstable Ions in Aqueous Solution
Reduction Potentials
Hydrolysis and Polymerization
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Other Separations Technologies
Environmental Actinide
Chemistry
Actinide Elements of Natural
Origin
Artificial Actinides
Actinides in the Hydrosphere
Actinide Sorption and Mobility
Hazards
Biological Behavior of Actinides
General Considerations
State of Actinide
Elements in Body Fluids
Uptake of Actinide Elements in the Liver
Uptake of Actinides by Bone
Bioremediation of Actinides from the Environment
Toxicology
Ingestion and Inhalation
Acute Toxicity of Plutonium
Long-Term Effects of Ingested Plutonium
Removal of Actinide Elements from the Body
PRODUCTION
AND CHEMISTRY OF TRANSACTINIDE ELEMENTS
Brief History of Discovery
Production and Nuclear Decay Studies of Transactinides
Heavy-ion Fusion Reaction
Production and Identification of Transactinide
Production of Transactinides with 48Ca Ions
Nuclear Structure of the Heaviest Nuclei
Chemical Properties of Transactinides Element
Atom-at-a-Time Chemistry
Relativistic Effects in Heavy Element Chemistry
Atomic Properties
Experimental Techniques
Production of Transactinides Nuclides
State of the Art in Experiments of Transactinides Chemistry
Experimental Studies of Chemical Properties
Element 104, Rutherfordium (Rf)
Element 105, Dubnium (Db)
Element 106, Seaborgium (Sg)
Element 107, Bohrium (Bh)
Element 108, Hassium (Hs)
Elements 109, Meitnerium (Mt), through Element 112
Future Prospects
NUCLEAR
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
Classification of Radioactive Wastes
High-level Waste (HLW)
Intermediate-level Waste (ILW)
Low-level Waste (LLW)
Who is Responsible for Radioactive Wastes?
Pertinent Legislation in the US Regarding Radioactive
Wastes: An Example
Splitting the Atom for Energy
Status of Nuclear Power World-wide
Commercial Nuclear Power Generation
Nature of HLW as a Function of Time
Fast Reactors
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Options in the Fuel Cycle that Impact Waste Management
Once-Through Fuel Option
The Reprocessing Fuel Cycle (RFC)
Advanced Fuel Cycle (AFC)
Important Characteristics of Actinides
Separations Technologies for the Nuclear Fuel
Cycle
PUREX Process
DIAMEX Process
TRUEX Process
TRAMEX Process
TALSPEAK Process
Stereospecific Extractants
Non-aqueous Processes
Volatility Processes
Molten Salt Processes
Electrochemical Separations using
Non-Aqueous Processes
Advanced Fuel Cycle Concepts and Partitioning and
Transmutation (P&T)
Transmutation of Minor Actinides
Transmutation of the Long-lived Fission Products
Partitioning Schemes for the Minor Actinides and Long-lived
Fission Products
Aqueous Chemical Processing
Improved PUREX Process -Removal of Np, I, and Tc
UREX and UREX+ Processes
Non-Aqueous Chemical Processing
Transmutation Devices for the Advanced Fuel Cycle
Strategies for Implementation of an Advanced Fuel Cycle
Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
Advanced Fuel Cycle Development to Support Generation IV
Energy Systems
The Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI)
Areas of Scientific Concerns in the AFCI
Future of P&T
HIGH
-INTENSITY LASERS IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE
Laser induced Photo-Reactions and Photo-Fission
Laser induced heavy ion fusion
Sample preparation
Laser generation of protons and neutrons
Laser generation of positrons
NUCLEAR FORENSICS
General Approach
Analytical Methodology
Classical Forensic Investigations
Nuclear Forensic Investigations
Radiometric Methods
Mass Spectrometric Methods
Microstructural Techniques
Specific Developments
Data
Interpretation
Reference
Data
Reactor
Type Determination (Pu Production)
Geolocation
International
Cooperation
NUCLEAR PROCESSES IN
NATURE
Terrestrial
Nuclear Processes
Geoneutrinos
The
Oklo Phenomenon
Living
on Radioactivity
Celestial
Nuclear processes
The
Gamma-sky
Gamma-ray
Bursts
Gamma
Rays from Cosmic Nuclei
Nuclear
Fingerprints of a Near-Earth Supernova
Heavy-element
Nucleosynthesis
Neutron
Capture Reactions
Gamma
Induced Reactions
Subatomic Particles, Nuclear
Structure and Stability
Particles and Forces - the Standard Model in a Nutshell
The Origin of Nuclear Force
Classification of Particles and Forces
The Color Charge
Characterization of the Atomic Nucleus
Nuclear Radius and Mass Density
Nuclear Spin, Electric and Magnetic Properties of Nuclei
The One-nucleon Shell Model of the Nucleus
Systematics of Stable Elements, Nuclides and Nuclei
Mass and Energy
Criterion for Spontaneity: Q-value and Mass Excess
-Application for Beta and Alpha decay
The Average Binding Energy Per Nucleon
The Weizsäcker Formula -Liquid-drop Explanation for SF
Towards Greater Stability - Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay and the Chart of Nuclides
Decay Modes Revisited
More on Gamma Decay
More on Spontaneous Fission
Exotic and Rare Decay Modes
THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY
Centrality of Chemistry in Human Activities, Life, and
Culture
The Impact of Chemistry on Technological Development
Peculiarities of Chemical Processes
Relevance of the Molecular Approach
Molecular Dynamics
Engineering of Industrial Processes
Polymeric Materials
Advanced Materials, Nanostructures, and Molecular Electronics
A
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
The Birth of Chemistry as a Science
From Alchemy to Chemistry
The Skeptical Chemist
Pneumatic Chemistry
The Chemical Revolution
Definition of the Building Blocks of Chemistry
Atoms
Molecules
The Elements
Discovery of the Elements
The Periodic Law of the Elements
Thermodynamics
The Laws of Thermodynamics
The Development of Thermochemistry
Chemical Affinity
Chemical Dynamics
Reaction Kinetics
Catalysis
The States of Matter
The Gaseous State
The Liquid
State
The Solid
State
Valence Theory
Spectroscopic Analysis
Spectral Analysis
Color Analysis
X-ray Diffraction Analysis
Stereochemistry
Electrochemistry
Organic Chemistry
From Vital Forces to Synthesis
Importance of Accurate Quantitative Analysis
Problem of the Representation of Organic Molecules
New Synthetic Routes
Discoveries of New Products and Less Expensive Processes
Synthetic Dyes
Explosives
Plastics and Fibers
The Alkali Industry
Nitrogen Fixation
Oxidation of SO2
Evolution of the Cracking of Petroleum
Tetraethyl Lead
CHEMICAL
MATTER: ELEMENTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION THROUGH THE PERIODIC SYSTEM
The Building Up of the Periodic Table
The Periodical Trends of Some Physical Properties
Ionization Energies
Size of Atoms
Electron Affinities
Some Periodical Trends of the Chemical Behavior
From Metals to Nonmetals
The Binding Energies
Electronegativity
The Electrochemical Properties of the Metallic Elements
THE
CONTRIBUTION OF NOBEL LAUREATES TO CHEMISTRY
The Discovery of New Elements
The Filling and Expansion of the Periodic Table
The Isotopes
The Properties of Atoms
The Birth of Nuclear Chemistry
The Development of Quantum Mechanics
The Properties of Molecules
The Discovery of Coordination and Metallorganic Compounds
The Discovery of New Organic Molecules
The Emergence of Quantum Chemistry
The Expansion of Thermodynamics
Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics
The Dynamics of Chemical Reactions
Kinetics of Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Processes
The Identification of the Activated State
New Synthetic Routes for Useful Products
Via Catalysis
Via Synthesis in Extreme Experimental Conditions
Natural Products via Multistep Synthesis
Via New Synthetic Strategies
Via New Reactants or Reagents
The Understanding of Natural Processes
From Ferments to Enzymes
Understanding the Mechanism of Action of Enzymes
Mechanisms of Important Natural Processes
Characterization of Biologically Important Molecules
The Development of DNA-Based Chemistry
The Identification of Chemical Entities
Analytical Methods
New Separation Techniques
The Development of New Instrumentation for Structure Analysis
CHEMICAL
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
Common Laboratory Apparatus
Glassware
Heating of the Reaction Mixture
Burners
Heating Baths
Electric Hot Plates and Electric Heating Mantles
Cooling of the Reaction Mixtures
Stirring
The Reaction
Batch Reactors
Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors
Tubular Reactors
Pulse Reactors
Isolation and Purification Techniques
Filtration
Extraction
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Liquid-Solid Extraction
Crystallization
Distillation
Theoretical Aspects
Simple Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Distillation under Reduced Pressure
Steam Distillation
GAS AND LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Evolution and Classification of Chromatography
Adsorption Chromatography
Partition Chromatography
Ion-Exchange and Size-Exclusion Chromatography
Affinity Chromatography
Chromatographic Theory
Distribution of Analytes Between Phases
Separation Efficiency
Gas Ch | 
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