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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Composition
of the Hydrosphere
Distribution of Water
Water in Oceans and Seas
Subsurface Water
Ice, Glaciers, Permanent Snow
Cover
Subsurface Ice in Permafrost
Zone
Water in Lakes and Reservoirs
Water in River Channels
Water in Swamps
Soil Moisture
Water in the Atmosphere
Biological Water
Schematic
Diagram of the Hydrological
Cycle
Water
Exchange in Nature
Water Exchange between Ocean and
Atmosphere: Precipitation and
Evaporation from Water Surface
Water Exchange between Land and
Atmosphere; Precipitation and
Evaporation from Land
Water Exchange between Land and
Ocean; River Runoff
Surface and Subsurface Water
Interaction
On Man’s
Activity Effects on the
Hydrological Cycle
Transformation of Vegetation
Cover and Earth's Surface
Forest and Forestry Effects
Land Plowing, Agricultural
Practices, Use of Meadows as
Pastures
Urbanization
Reservoirs and Hydromelioration
Practices
Freshwater Use
Man's Impact on Climate by
Changing Atmospheric
Characteristics
Possible Climate Change due to
Evaporation Increase
Climate Change Resulted from
Changes in the Composition of
the Atmosphere
World Water
Balance
EXCHANGES OF WATER IN THE
HYDROSPHERE
General information and
classification of waters of
hydrosphere
The notion of hydrosphere
Model of global hydrosphere
reserves
General classification of
hydrosphere waters
Water exchange and water balance
of ocean
Circulation of ocean waters
Ocean water balance and its
interconnection with salt
balance
Moisture exchange in the
ocean-atmosphere system
General circulation of
atmosphere and horizontal
moisture transfer
Water exchange between reserves
Level of
World Ocean as an integral
indicator of global water
exchange
Variations of water storage in
individual reserves
Modern variations of sea level
and climate
Prospects for further
investigations
TRANSFER OF ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
Methodology for determination of
horizontal moisture transfer
components
On interpreting advective and
eddy flows of moisture
Factors for water vapor flow
formation
Circulation factors for moisture
transfer formation
Atmospheric moisture content
Distribution of moisture flows
over the earth globe
Geographical features of
distribution of moisture flows
Regularities of distribution of
zone average water vapor flows
Peculiarities of global-scale
moisture transfer
Atmospheric moisture transfer
over equator
Peculiarities of atmospheric
moisture transfer in polar areas
Moisture transfer in the
northern polar area
Moisture transfer in the
southern polar area
Prospects for further
investigations
WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN LAND AND
ATMOSPHERE
Interrelation of moisture
exchange processes in the
atmosphere – land system
Equation of relation between
atmospheric water balances and
land surface
General information about
moisture rotation in the
atmosphere
The basics of the semi-empirical
theory of moisture circulation
Moisture rotation over
continents
Land surface humidification
Evaporating capacity as a factor
of humidification
Humidification characteristics
of various territories of the
terrestrial globe
Prospects for further
investigations
WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN LAND AND
OCEANS
Global water exchange
Fresh water balance of the ocean
and assessment of its accuracy
Efficient evaporation
Fresh water inflow and its role
in water balance of oceans
Meridional fresh water flow in
the
World Ocean
Regional aspects of water
exchange
Caspian Sea level as an integral
indicator of moisture exchange
in the system ocean-land
Influence of fresh water inflow
on the range of ice cover of the
Arctic Ocean
Prospects for further
investigations
SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
INTERACTION
Typical schemes of surface and
ground water interaction
Schemes of forming recharge of
ground water
Scheme of groundwater discharge
formation
Function of the river bed
resistance to surface and ground
water interaction
Groundwater flow under a river
bed
Surface and groundwater
interaction in areas with
different natural conditions
Plains and other relatively flat
land
Mountain-folded areas
Permafrost zone
The role of groundwater function
in the water balance of the land
Groundwater interaction with
seas and big lakes
The impact of human activities
on surface and ground water
formation
HYDROSPHERE STRUCTURE AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP TO THE GLOBAL
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Components of the hydrosphere
Oceans and seas
Subsurface water
Snow and ice storage
"Minor" components of the hydrosphere
Lakes
Swamps
Soil moisture
Rivers
Water vapor in the atmosphere
Role of individual components of
the hydrosphere in the global
hydrological cycle
ENERGY BALANCE AND THE ROLES OF
THE SUN EARTH OCEANS AND
ATMOSPHERE
Solar radiation
Solar constant
Direct and scattered radiation
Outgoing (long-wave) radiation
The radiation balance
The heat balance
The heat balance at the Earths
surface
Heat balance of the
earth-atmosphere system
Distribution of the energy
(heat) balance components
Heat balance of the Earth and
climate change
HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS AND WATER
BALANCE
World Ocean and Continents of
the Earth
Principles of hydrological
regionalisation
General
Physiographic zones; Water
balance
Basin and zonal principles
Principle of the leading factor
Other methodological approaches
to regionalisation of
territories
Multipurpose hydrological
regionalization
ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
On possible Change in
Hydrological Cycle Components
Classification of Mans Activity
Factors
Transformation of the Plant
Cover and Earths Surface
Forest and Forestry Effects
Land Ploughing, Agricultural
Practices, Use of Meadows as
Pastures
Urbanization
Reservoirs and Hydromelioration
Practices
Brief Conclusions on the Effect
of the Earths Surface Change on
the Hydrological Cycle
Freshwater Use
Mans Impact on Climate by
Changing Atmospheric
Characteristics
Possible Climate Change due to
Evaporation Increase
Climate Change Resulted from
Changes in the Composition of
the Atmosphere
Anthropogenic Changes in the
Composition of the Atmosphere
On Changes in Global Air
Temperature and Precipitation
Expected Future Change in
Climate Characteristics and
Possible Results
OCEAN-LAND INTERACTION IN
COASTAL ZONES AND EFFECT OF
OCEAN-LEVEL CHANGE
Classification of the
interaction processes between
sea and river water
Classification of ocean-level
oscillations
Short-term level oscillations
Level oscillations induced by
astronomical forces: tides
Level oscillations induced by
atmospheric effects: storm
surges
Level oscillations induced by
tectonic factors: tsunamis
Local level oscillations related
to vertical movements of coastal
areas
Principal directions of further
research
WORLD WATER BALANCE
Water Balance Equations
Methods for Water Balance
Components Computation
Water Balance of Land
Fresh Water Balance of Oceans
Global Water Balance
ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION OF THE
EARTH
Atmospheric precipitation over
oceans
Atmospheric precipitation distribution over the World Ocean
aquatory
Seasonal distribution of atmospheric precipitation
Atmospheric precipitation on the
continents and islands
Atmospheric precipitation distribution on the territory
Europe
Asia
Africa
North America
South America
Australia and Oceania
Antarctica
Annual distribution of atmospheric precipitation
Europe
Asia
Africa
North America
South America
Australia and Oceania
Antarctica
EVAPORATION FROM THE SURFACE OF
THE GLOBE
Evaporation from the surface of
the World Ocean.
Method for evaporation calculation
Distribution of evaporation from the water area of the World Ocean
Distribution of evaporation from the surface of the World Ocean
during a year
Evaporation from land.
Method for evaporation calculation
Distribution of evaporation from continents
Europe
Asia
Africa
North America
South America
Australia and Oceamia
Antarctica
Distribution of evaporation from land during a year
Europe
Asia
Africa
North America
South America
Australia and Oceania
Antarctica
RIVER RUNOFF TO OCEANS AND LAKES
Basic Data and Methodological
Approaches
Dynamics of River Water
Inflow to Oceans from Continents
Europe
North and Central America
Africa
Asia
South America
Australia and Oceania
Antarctica
Dynamics of Freshwater Inflow to
the World Ocean
Fresh Water Inflow to Endorheic
Seas and Lakes
Caspian Sea
Aral Sea
GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE INTO THE
WORLD OCEAN
Present-day concept of
groundwater discharge into seas
and oceans
Main notions and definitions
Methods for studying and
assessing groundwater discharge
into the sea
Quantitative assessing of
groundwater discharge into the
World Ocean
EVAPORATION
Background
Instruments and Methods to
estimate natural evaporation
Instruments for evaporation measurements
Design methods for evaporation measurements based on the account
of heat exchange in the
lower air layer and turbulent
diffusion of water vapour
Water balance method
Empirical methods for estimation of evaporation from natural
surfaces
Complex schemes for evaporation computation
Transpiration
EVAPORATION FROM LAND,
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Experimental methods for
determining evaporation from
land
Comparative assessment of
contemporary experimental
Methods for determining
evaporation from land
Design methods for determining
evaporation from land
Comparative assessment of design
Methods for computation of
evaporation from land
EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER
SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER
Evaporation from free water
surface
Brief historical survey
Instruments to study evaporation from water surface
Methods for evaporation measurements from open water surface
Method of pans
Energy balance method
Aerodynamic method
Computation of evaporation from empirical formulas
Evaporation from water surface in different physiographic features
Ground water evaporation
TRANSPIRATION
Cuticular transpiration
Stoma opening and transpiration
Transpiration measurements
Transpiration rate
Seasonal variability
Daily variations
Transpiration control
Evapotranspiration
PRECIPITATION
Spatial distribution of
precipitation field
Measurement of precipitation
Precipitation process
Precipitation types
Snowfall and snow cover
Precipitation in changing
climate
Artificial Precipitation
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
Basic information about
precipitation
Relationship between
precipitation and clouds
Dynamic factors of precipitation
formation
Equations vapour and heat fluxes
of water
Role of vertical motions in
precipitation formation
Thermal stability in the cloud
and the type of precipitation
The role of the entrainment of
the ambient air into the cloud
Comparison of observations and
theory
Formation of precipitation in
cyclones and troughs
Spatial and temporary variations
in the cloud and precipitation
amount
Synoptic vortexes and
precipitation
Role of baroclinicity in vortex
formation
Seasonal and annual
precipitation variations
The relationship between
precipitation and the
temperature and pressure fields
Microphysical processes of
precipitation formation
Condensation and sublimation of
water vapour
Coagulation of cloud particles
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRECIPITATION
Precipitation forms
Liquid Precipitation
Rain, Drizzle and Freezing rain
Ground Liquid Precipitation (Dew
and Liquid Deposit)
Solid Precipitation
Snow
Hail, Snow Pellet, Ice Pellet,
Snow Corns, Ice Needles
Solid ground precipitation
(ground hydrometeors)
Characteristics of precipitation
regime
Total Precipitation Variability
Duration and Rate of
Precipitation.
Classification of precipitation
types by annual and daily
variations
Classification of Precipitation
by the Type of Annual Course
The equatorial type of annual
precipitation course
Tropical type
Mediterranean type
Continental type of the middle
latitudes
Marine type of the middle
latitudes
Monsoon type
The polar type
Classification of precipitation
by the type of daily variations
Continental type
Coastal type
Classification of precipitation
by genesis
Frontal (cyclones) precipitation
Orographic precipitation
Convective precipitation
Monsoon precipitation
THE EXTREME PRECIPITATION
Statistic characteristics
Absolute maximum of intensity
and amount of precipitation
Maximum duration of
precipitation
Precipitation of extreme
intensity
Hurricanes
Basic information
Inflows of heat and water vapour
into a hurricane from the ocean
Advective inflow of cold air
into a hurricane
Amount of precipitation in a
hurricane
Spouts
Dust storms
Monsoons precipitation
Frontal precipitation
SNOW AND ITS DISTRIBUTION
Methods of the snow survey
Global scale distribution
Mountainous area
Landscape zones
Spatial distribution at a local
scale
The informative-mapping analysis
Snow under forest canopy
Metamorphism of the snow
crystals
Snow melting
Impact on business areas
Snow management
Purposes of the future
investigations
ARTIFICIAL RAINFALL
History
Scientific Basis
Hygroscopic Seeding
Glaciogenic Seeding
Operational precipitation
enhancement projects
Seeding modes
SURFACE WATER RUNOFF
The Nature of the Phenomenon
Hydrological cycle
Runoff Generation process
River basin
River Feeding Kinds
Soil waters and evaporation
Underground waters and
underground inflow to rivers
Indestructibility laws and water
balance
Regime, hydrographs and
characteristics of runoff
Spatial aspects of Runoff
Generation
Water movement in channel system
The accompanying phenomena
Surface Runoff on the Earth
Runoff and Human Being
System of observations
Using of runoff and the problem
of water resources
Anthropogenic Effects on Runoff
Surface Runoff Science
The Basic Conceptions of
Hydrology and Runoff Study
The basic research aspects in
the Field of Study of Runoff
The Future of Study of Runoff
RUNOFF GENERATION AND STORAGE IN
WATERSHED
Processes and Phenomena on the
Watershed Surface
Precipitation
Thermal Energy Exchange of the
Basin Surface with the
Atmosphere and Outer Space
Precipitation Interception by
Vegetation Cover
Snow Cover Formation
Snowmelt and Snow Cover
Destruction
Water Yield from Snow
Infiltration and Surface Runoff
Generation
Depression Storage
Processes and Phenomena in Soil
or Near-Surface Rock Layer
Thermaland Water-Physical
Properties of Soils and Rocks
Thermal Energy Dynamics
Dynamics of Soil Waters
Evaporation
Runoff Transformation in Runoff
Elements
Channel Runoff Transformation
The Relationship of Runoff and
Storage in Watershed
The Runoff Generation Problem
and Experimental Hydrology
Landscape is a Runoff Producing
Complex and the Intersection of
Science
The Peculiarities of Runoff
Generation Conditions in Various
Geographical Zones
SPACE CHARACTERS OF RUNOFF
FORMATION
Principal classifications of
river runoff formation and their
space presentation
Methods for description of space
runoff features and factors
Basic Methods for Runoff
Characteristics and Factors
Presentation in the Geographic
Space
Basic Types of Models for a
Description of Space Fields of
Runoff Characteristics and
Factors
Methods for Deterministic Space
Models Preparation
Polynomial Interpolation
Linear Interpolation
Cubic and Bi-cubic Interpolation
Pointwise Interpolation and
Windows
Methods for
Deterministic-Stochastic Space
Models Preparation
Validation
Space Correlation Functions
Space-Time Models of Runoff
Fields and Factors
Plotting of Regional Dependences
in Homogeneous Regions
Principal Types of Dependences
Dependences of Runoff Formation
for Each Watershed
Common Areal Dependences of
Parameters of Mean Annual Runoff
Distribution
New information types as a
perspective for estimating space
specific features of runoff
formation.
Remote Sensing Data and
Electronic Maps
Basic
Space River Runoff
Characteristics and Factors
Determined on the Basis of
Remote Sensing Data
GIS as a perspective system to
study space specific features of
runoff characteristics.
HYDROLOGY OF SLOPING TERRAIN
The Peculiarities of Runoff
Formation in Mountain Conditions
Spatial Interpolation of
Meteorological Elements
The Influence of Altitude,
Inclination and Slope Aspect on
Runoff Formation
Mountain Erosion
Outburst Floods
Outbursts of Mountain Debris
Dams
Outbursts of Ice Dammed Lakes
Outbursts of Intraglacial
Reservoirs
Outbursts of
Moraine Lakes
Debris Flows
Transport Debris Flow Process (α
< α2)
Shear Debris Flow Process (α > α1)
Transport-Shear Debris Flow
Process (α1 ≥α ≥ α2)
Movement of Debris Flows of High
Density
Geography of Debris Flows
Catastrophic Debris Avalanches
Lahars
Slushflows
Landslides
Snow Avalanches
RIVER RUNOFF MODELING
Discrepancy of the term
"Mathematical Model"
Two Essentially Various Classes
of Mathematical Models
Deterministic Modeling
The Purposes of Modeling
Lumped and Distributed Models.
Some Usually Distinguished Types
of Models
A System of Models or a United
Universal Model?
Designing Principles of
Mathematical Models of Runoff
Formation
Creation of Complex Modeling
System
Models of River Basin
Content of Runoff Formation
Models
Modeling Regimes
Problems and Impasses of
Modeling
The Basic Equations of Water
Dynamics in a Basin
Calibration and Validation of
Models
Spatial Inhomogeneity of
Parameters
The Problem of Scale
Systematization of Model
Parameters
The Problem of Generalization
Stochastic Modeling
Runoff Characteristics and
Stochastic Hydrology
Remarks
Empirical Distribution Function
The Analytical Distribution
Function
Estimation of the Analytical
Distribution Function Parameters
Test of Goodness of Fit
Stochastic Model of Weather
Deterministic-Stochastic
Modeling
River runoff Modeling Prospects
URBAN HYDROLOGY
Urbanized Landscape
Growth of Urban Population and
Urbanized Territories
Water Use
Communal Water Use
Industrial Water Use
Transformation of the Surface
and Water Bodies
Climatic Features of Urbanized
Landscape
Factors Determining Climate
Change
Air Temperature
Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff
Regime Features
Spring Flood Runoff
Rain Flood Runoff
Water Balance
Quality of Surface and
Underground Water
Pollution Sources
Household-Domestic Wastes
Surface Runoff from the Urban
Territory
Discharge of Industrial Waste
Quality of Underground Water
Research Development
GROUNDWATER HYDROGEOLOGY
Groundwater classification
Main hydrological and physical
properties of rocks
Porosity
Moisture capacity.
Water yield and saturation
deficiency.
Permeability.
Groundwater origin
Main law of groundwater
filtration
Groundwater reserves
Groundwater use.
INFILTRATION AND GROUNDWATER
FORMATION
Main notion and definitions.
Methods for determining
groundwater infiltration
recharge
Peculiarities of groundwater
formation.
Regime-forming factors
GROUNDWATER OF LOOSE
(UNCONSOLIDATED) ROCKS.
Groundwater of alluvial and
lake-alluvial deposits.
Groundwater of
alluvial-proluvial deposits
Groundwater of glacial deposits
Groundwater of Quaternary marine
deposits.
Groundwater of eolian deposits.
GROUNDWATER IN SEDIMENTARY,
METAMORPHIC AND VOLCANIC ROCKS.
Groundwater of sedimentary
mountain rocks
Groundwater of Sedimentary
Deposits
Groundwater of Lithified Rocks
in Mountain-folded areas.
Groundwater of volcanic rocks
Groundwater of Intrusive Rocks
Groundwater of Intrusive Sheets.
Groundwater of Effusive Volcanic
and Volcanic-sedimentary Rocks
Groundwater of Volcanic Rocks of
Areas of Recent Volcanism.
Groundwater of metamorphic rocks
KARSTIC AQUIFERS
Peculiarities of groundwater in
the open karst
Extremely High Filtration
Heterogeneity of Karst Rocks
both in a Plane and along a
Vertical
Vertical Filtration Zoning of
Karst Massif
Low Capacity Characteristics of
Carbonate Deposits
Intensive Relations Between
Surface and Groundwater
Nonconformity of Surface and
Underground Watersheds
Decrease of Karst Development,
Filtration Properties and Water
Abundance of Karst Aquifers with
Depth
Occurrence of "Hanging"
Aquifers, Formed over a Perched
Water Type in Separate Either
Less Permeable Not-karstified
Interlayers, or in Clogged
Earlier Karstified Sites of the
Massif
Groundwater peculiarities in
covered karst
Effect of technogenic conditions
on karst and karst aquifers
Peculiarities of karst water
regime and resources
GLACIERS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
FOR THE EARTH NATURE
Development of glaciology
Ice as a natural substance
Snow and ice in the Nature
system of the Earth
Snow line and glaciers
Regime of surface processes
Regime of internal processes
Runoff from glaciers
Potentialities for the glacier
resource use
Interaction between glaciation
and climate
Glacier oscillations
Past glaciation of the Earth
GENESIS AND GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS
OF GLACIERS
Properties of natural ice
Cryosphere, glaciosphere,
chionosphere
Snow-patches and glaciers
Basic boundary levels of snow
and ice
Measures of glacierization
Occurrence of glaciers
Present-day glacierization of
the Arctic
CLASSIFICATION OF GLACIERS
Geophysical classifications of
glaciers
Morphological classification of
glaciers. Mountain
glacierization
Polar glacierization
Interaction between glaciers and
the ocean
Processes at a glacier bed
ACCUMULATION, ABLATION, MASS
BALANCE, AND RUNOFF FROM
GLACIERS
Regime of glaciers and energy of
glacierization
Accumulation processes
Ablation processes
Liquid water on glaciers
Runoff from glaciers
Internal accumulation of
glaciers
Glacier mass balance
FLOW AND FLUCTUATIONS OF
GLACIERS
Mechanism of flow
Stresses and deformations in
glaciers
Thermal state of ice and glacier
flows
Viscous-plastic flow and block
sliding
Equations of the ice flow. Law
of Glen
Glaciers of flow and spreading
Velocities of glacial motion
Field of ice velocities
Fluctuations in ice velocities
Kinematic waves
Glacier tectonics
Glacier crevasses
Damming, merging and falls of
glaciers
Glacial erosion and accumulation
Glacial erosion (exaration)
Exaration forms of relief
Glacial deposits
Fluctuations of glaciers
Forced fluctuations of glaciers
Fluctuations of glaciers during
the last millenniums
MANIPULATION, USES AND BENEFITS
OF GLACIERS, ICE AND SNOW
Engineering-glaciology problems
Mechanical principle of the
effect
Thermal physical principle of
the effects
Artificial intensification of
melting of mountain glaciers
Experiments on blackening of
glaciers
Possibilities to preserve
glaciers
Use of polar glaciers
Utilization of icebergs
Water electric power from the
ice sheets
INTERACTION BETWEEN GLACIATION
AND CLIMATE
Global climatic role of the snow
cover
Sea ice as a part of the global
glaciation
Snow and ice influence on
climate
Thermal non-equilibrium of the
nival-glacial system
Glaciological forecast
Forthcoming warming and the fate
of glaciers
WATER HAZARDS CAUSED BY
NATURALLY-OCCURRING HYDROLOGIC
EXTREMES
Definition of
Hazard and Disaster
Hydrological
Hazards or Water Hazards
Types of
Water Hazards
Weather and Climate
Climate Change, Global Warming,
and the Greenhouse Effect
Change
of Precipitation with Global
Warming and Urbanization
Mechanism of Heavy Rainfall
Mechanism of Localized Heavy
Rainfall
The
Record of Heavy Rainfall and
Frequency Analysis
Soil
Erosion at the Watershed Scale
Soil
Erosion
Technical Methods to Prevent
Soil Loss
Natural Factors Contributing to
Soil Erosion
Forecasting of Erosion Losses
Impacts of Soil Erosion
Floods
Flood
Disasters in a City
Flood
Discharge
Landslides and Debris Flows
Definition of Landslides and
Debris Flows
Initiation Mechanisms of
Landslides and Debris Flows
Geotechnical Classification of
Landslides and Post-Failure
Motion
Droughts
Characteristics of Droughts
Reliability of Water Supply
Coastal Erosion and Remedial
Measures
Disaster
Management as a Risk Management
Disaster Risk Management
Measures for Preventing Water
Disasters
Preparedness and Risk Awareness
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Growing Insights
Water Management in Ancient
Civilizations
Recent Developments
Water Resources Management at
the Beginning of the
Twenty-First Century
The Working Field of Water
Resources Management
Definition of the Field
Key Issues in Water Resources
Management
Management Instruments
The Context of Water Resources
Management
The Process of Water Resources
Management
The Management Cycle
The Planning Phase
The Phase of Implementation and
Control
Involvement of Stakeholders
The Organization of Water
Resources Management
The Role of Government
Spatial Levels of Management
Local Level
Intermediate Level
National Level
International Level
Water
Sector Capacity Building
Current Issues of Debate
Availability of Water
Water Demand and Scarcity
The Value of Water
Virtual Water Trade
Privatization
TRANS-BOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
Integrated Water Resources
Management as the Foundation
The Physical Dimension
The Non-physical Dimension
Sustainability: Incorporating
the Time Perspective
The Political Pillar: Creating
an Enabling Environment
Two Dimensions in Sharing
International Rivers
Sectoral Integration
Cross-border Integration
International Collaboration
Good Neighborliness
Recognition of Riparian
Interests
Developing Joint Activities
Turning a Crisis into an
Opportunity
The LegalInstitutional Pillar
Legal Principles
International Aspects
Operationalizing the Principles
National Legal Frameworks
Institutional Aspects
Decentralizing Institutions
River Basin Institutions: Joint
Commissions and River Basin
Organizations
Privatization: PublicPrivate
Partnerships
Economic Issues
The TechnicalOperational Pillar
Operational Issues: The Case of
Flood Management
Operational Conditions for
Artificial Floods
Technical Cooperation
Towards a Strategy for the
Integrated Management of Shared
River Basins
Integrated Demand and Supply
Management
Reducing the Losses
Increasing the Water Yield
Decreasing Water Demand
Public Participation
Exploiting Interdependencies
WATER LAW AND INSTITUTIONS
Institutions, Policies and the
Law
Management and Property Regimes
of Water Resources
Institutions
Property Rights
The Law
Policies
A Legal Framework for Integrated
Water Resources Management
National Water Legislation
Sources of Water Law
Roman Law
Civil Law: Roman-Dutch Law
Anglo-American Common Law: the
Riparian Doctrine
The Prior Appropriation Doctrine
Recent Trends in Water
Legislation
The System of Public Allocation
The System of Tradable Water
Rights
The System of Proportional Water
Rights
Water Allocation under Water
Scarcity
Water Quality and Environmental
Law
Natural Law
Roman Law
Roman-Dutch Law
Water Related Environmental
Regulation
Environmental Water Requirements
Sanitation
Water Pollution
Legal Approaches to Water
Related Environmental Issues
Principles Related to Water
Quality
Water Quality Standards
Environmental Impact Assessments
Some Limitations of Regulating
Water Quality
Managing Water Resources
Institutions Managing a Water
Resources System
Water Management Activities
Financial Resources
Private Utilities in Operational
Water Management
Improving Water Resources
Management
The Role of the State in Water
Resources Management
Public versus Private: The
Nature of the Goods and Services
Institutional Aspects of
Integrated Water Resources
Management
WATER CONSERVATION IN ARID AND
SEMI-ARID REGIONS
Understanding an Arid Water
Resource Base
Institutional Framework
Water Legislation
Improving Water Legislation
Water Policy
Long Term Sector Policy
Water and Sanitation Objectives
Allocation of Responsibilities
Water Allocation Priorities
The First Priority
The Second Priority
Financial Sustainability
Urban Water Supply
Rural Water Supply
Irrigation Water Supply
Water Sector Management
Drought Management
Combating Desertification
Water Resource Development
Planning
Food Supply Policy
Water Awareness Campaigns
Sector Coordination
Water Conservation Measures
Farm Dams
Sand Storage Dams
Large Dams
Groundwater
Conjunctive Use of Groundwater
and Surface Water
Integrated Use of Surface Waters
A Systems Approach
Wastewater Utilization
Recycling
Re-use
Reclamation
Artificial Recharge Enhancement
Desalination
Water Quality
Cost Recovery
Water Demand Management
Policy Issues
Legal Issues
Technical Issues
Public Campaign
Water Cost
Environment
International Water Issues
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF WATER
Estimation of the cost and value
of water
Values and costs in user
sectors: some illustrative
estimates
NON-WATERBORNE SANITATION AND
WATER CONSERVATION
Paradigm shift, water
conservation and sanitation
History of waterborne sanitation
Ecological sanitation and
nutrient recycling
Vision for the future
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
Planning and Management Issues:
Some Case Studies
Kurds Seek Land, Turks Want
Water
Sharing the Water of the
Jordan River Basin
Mending the 'Mighty and Muddy'
Missouri
The Salmon Wars
Wetland Preservation: A
Groundswell of Support and
Criticism
Lake
Source Cooling: Aid to
Environment, or Threat to Lake?
Managing Water in the
Florida Everglades
Restoration of
Europes Rivers and Seas
The
Rhine
The
Danube
North and
Baltic Seas
Flood Management on the
Senegal River
Why Plan, Why Manage?
Too Little Water
Too Much Water
Navigation
Too Much Contamination
Degradation of Aquatic and
Riparian Ecosystems
River Bank Erosion
Reservoir Related Issues
System Components and Planning
Scales
Spatial Scales for Planning and
Management
Temporal Scales for Planning and
Management
Planning and Management
Processes
Top Down Planning and Management
Bottom Up Planning and
Management
Technical Planning and
Management Aspects
Financial Planning Aspects
Models for Impact Prediction and
Evaluation
Planning and Management Products
Adaptive Integrated Policies
Sustainability
Post-Planning and Management
Issues
Meeting the Planning and
Management Challenges A Summary
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Classification of Decision and
Planning Problems
Space-time Aspects of Problems
Multipurpose versus Multi-goal
Problems
Uncertainties
Basic Approaches
Benefit-cost and Benefit-risk
Analysis
Bayesian Decision Theory (BDT)
Sequential Multiobjective
Problem Solving (SEMOPS)
Cost-Effectiveness (CE)
Operations Research
Modern System Theoretic and
Artificial Intelligence Methods
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WATER
RESOURCES SYSTEMS
System Framework
System Elements
System Simulation or Experiment
Performance Indices
Figures of Merit
RELIABILITY OF OPERATION OF
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS
Levels of Water Resources System
Design
The Four Levels of Design
The Classical Approach (level I)
Reliability-based Procedure
(levels II and III)
Consequence or Loss Function
Based Procedure (level IV)
Examples
Bridge Pier Design
Concrete Foundation Design
MULTI-CRITERION ANALYSIS IN
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Concepts and Terminology in
Multi-criterion Decision Making
Objectives
Attributes
Criteria
Decision Variables, Alternative
Schemes and Parameters
Constraints
Decision Space and Objective
Space
The Roles of the Decision Maker
and Analyst
The Decision Maker’s Preference
Structure
Goals, Aspiration Levels and
Ideal Point
Possible Solution Types of
Multi-criterion Decision
Problems
Non-dominated Points and
Efficient Solutions
Satisfactum Solutions
Equilibrium Points
Solution Procedures and Typology
of MCA Techniques
A Paradigm for Multi-criterion
Decision Making
Step 1
Step 2
Steps 3 and 4
Step 5
Step 6
Steps 7 and 8
Steps 9 and 10
Step 11
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND HUMAN
IMPACT ON IT
The Terrestrial Hydrological
Cycle
Precipitation
Snow Cover and Ice
Interception and Depression
Storage
Infiltration of Water into the
Soil and Vertical Movement of
Soil Moisture
Evapotranspiration
Groundwater and Groundwater Flow
River Runoff and Generation
Mechanisms
The River Network and Movement
of Water in River Channels
Modeling the Hydrological Cycle
of a River Basin
Human Influence on the
Terrestrial Hydrological Cycle
The Global Hydrological Cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff from the Continents
The Role of the Terrestrial
Hydrological Cycle in the Global
Climate System and Global Change
WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS
Health-related Water Quality
Microbial aspects
Chemical aspects
Radiological aspects
Acceptability aspects
Water contaminants
Microbial aspects
Bacterial pathogens of fecal
origin
Viral pathogens of fecal origin
Protozoan pathogens of faecal
origin
Helminths
Chemical aspects
Naturally occurring Chemicals
Chemicals from Industrial
Sources and Human Dwellings
Inorganics
Organics
Chemicals from Agricultural
Activities
Non-Pesticides
Insecticides
Herbicides and Fungicides
Radiological aspects
Units of radioactivity and
radiation dose
Dose conversion factors
Radon in the water
Standards
microbial aspects
DALYs
microbial hazards in
drinking-water
The
specific indicator for microvial
aspects
Chemical aspects
Threshold chemicals
Non-threshold chemicals
Radiological aspects
Water quality for different sector and use
Water quality and standards for
agriculture
Rainfall
Irrigation
Water quality and standards for
aquaculture
Aquaculture
Fisheries
Water quality and standards for
industrial water
Cooling water
Ultra-pure water
Water quality and standards for
emergency and disaster use
Practical strategy in
emergencies
Monitoring the water quality
Microbial guidelines
Guidelines for chemicals and
radiation
Water quality standards for aquatic environment
Environmental quality standards
for human health
Environmental quality standards
for the conservation of the
living environment
Effluent standard
GROUNDWATER
Basic concepts on groundwater
Evolution of the hydrological
cycle concept
Hydrogeology as science
Underground reservoirs
Natural chemistry of groundwater
and contamination
Groundwater characterization and
management
Hydrogeological process
simulation
ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, FORMATION,
AND EFFECTS
The Hydrologic Cycle
Concept and Characteristics
Component Processes and Systems
Structure
The Water Balance, or Water
Budget
The Storage and Flow of
Groundwater
Basic Hydraulic Properties and
Terminology
Darcy’s Law and the Hydraulic
Head
Groundwater Terminology
Fluid-Driving Force Types and
Regional Flow Patterns
Groundwater as a Geological
Agent
Basic Causes of Groundwater’s
Geological Agency
Interaction between Groundwater
and its Environment: In Situ
Effects
Flow: A Systematic Transport and
Distribution Mechanism
Ubiquity and Simultaneity
The Main Processes
Chemical Processes
Physical Processes
Kinetic or Transport Processes
Effects and Manifestations
Hydraulics and Hydrology
Chemistry and Mineralogy
Vegetation
Soil and Rock Mechanics
Geomorphology
Transport and Accumulation
GROUNDWATER IN IGNEOUS,
METAMORPHIC, AND SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Rocks as Receptacles for Water
Porosity in Natural Rocks
Classification of Porosity
Factors Controlling Porosity in
Natural Rocks
Agencies Producing and/or
Modifying Porosity in Natural
Rocks
The Rock Framework as Regional
Flow Medium: Hydraulic
Continuity
Groundwater in Different Rock
Types
Groundwater in Igneous and
Metamorphic Rocks
Genesis, Types, and Basic
Properties of Igneous and
Metamorphic Rocks
Storage, Yield, and Transmission
Chemical Quality
Groundwater in Sedimentary Rocks
Classification of Sedimentary
Rocks
Clastic Sediments
(Unconsolidated Material)
Consolidated (Indurated,
Lithified) Sedimentary Rocks
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER
INTERACTIONS
General Approach
Groundwater and Surface Water
Interactions
Rain and the Feeding of
Groundwater
Interactions between Rivers and
Groundwater
Exchanges between Surface Water
Accumulations and Groundwater
Interactions between Glaciers,
Snowy Mantle, and Groundwater
Artificial Aquifer Recharge
Interactions between Seawater
and Groundwater
Localized Points of Exchange
between Groundwater and Surface
Water
The Contributions of Deep
Groundwater
Tracing Surface Water and
Groundwater
CATCHMENT WATER BALANCE, CLIMATE
AND GROUNDWATER
Catchment water balance a brief
consideration
Vegetation water use theory and
observations
Radiation balance and
evaporation
Sources of water used by
vegetation
Patterns of water use
Groundwater dependency of
vegetation
Obligate and opportunistic
groundwater use
Groundwater attributes of
importance to ecosystems
Threats to groundwater and
groundwater dependent ecosystems
Climate and catchment water
balances
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Groundwater Flow Systems
System Extensions
Sources and Mechanisms of
Recharge
Conceptual Models of Recharge
Methodologies for Recharge
Estimation
Physical Methods for Recharge
Estimation
Indirect Physical Methods
Direct Physical Methods
Tracers for Recharge Estimation
Accuracy of Recharge Estimates
Factors Influencing Recharge,
Predictive Relationships, and
Recharge Regionalization
Factors Influencing Recharge
Predictive Relations and
Recharge Regionalization
Difficulties and Challenges in
Recharge Estimation
TYPICAL HYDROGEOLOGICAL
SCENARIOS
Unconsolidated sediments
Fluvial deposits
Tectonic valley-filling deposits
Eolian deposits
Coastal plain deposits
Glacial deposits
Hard rocks
Igneous (plutonic) and
metamorphic rocks
Igneous (volcanic) rocks
Consolidated sediments
Karst
Regions of climatic extremes
Arid regions
Perennialy frozen ground regions
GROUNDWATER IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS
Conceptual Model for Groundwater
Flow in Mountains
Conceptual Model for Groundwater
Flow and Heat Transport
The Conceptual Model at
Yucca Mountain, Nevada
Heat Transport in Mountainous
Regions
Groundwater and Surface Water
Interactions in Mountainous
Regions
Groundwater Resources of the
Mountainous Regions of British
Columbia in Canada
Groundwater Resources
Groundwater Use
Environmental Considerations
GROUNDWATER IN KARST REGIONS
Karst Geology and Hydrogeology
Karstification Process
Depth of Karstification
Karst Porosity
Development of Joints, Faults,
and Openings in Limestones
Joints Due to Elevation
Joints Due to Compression
Conjugate Joints Associated with
Folding
Tension Joints (Gashes) in Folds
Faults: Open and Closed
Openings Due to Chemical Changes
Carbonate Rocks
Karst Springs
Ponors (Swallow Holes)
Estavelles
Submarine Springs
Basic Theories on Karst
Groundwater Circulation
Karst Aquifers
Evolution of Karst Aquifers
Fluctuation of the Water Table
Average Velocity of Water Flow
in Karst
Hydraulic Characteristics of
Karst Aquifers
Methods of Karst Hydrogeological
Research
Natural Tracers
Artificial Tracers
Coastal Aquifers in Karst
Regions
Discharge of Coastal Aquifers
Relationship Between Fresh and
Saline Water
Proposed Criteria for
Groundwater Protection Zoning in
Karst Regions
Actual Zoning Concept Applied in
Non-Karstic Areas
Basic Hydrogeological Parameters
for Zoning Criteria in Karst
Criteria for Zoning
Restrictions in Protection Zones
Particularities of Zoning
Procedures in Karst
Water Quality Monitoring
Protection Planning
GROUNDWATER IN ARID AND SEMIARID
REGIONS
Groundwater Recharge
Hydrogeological Domains
Hard Rocks Domain
Alluvial Valleys and
Intermontane Basins Domain
Alluvial Plains Domain
Regional Sedimentary Basins
Domain
Groundwater resources
understanding
Hard Rocks
Alluvial Valleys and
Intermontane Basins
Alluvial Plains
Regional Sedimentary Basins
Current and future groundwater
supplies
Groundwater Use and Future
Demands
Hard Rocks
Alluvial Valleys and
Intermontane Basins
Alluvial Plains
Regional Sedimentary Basins
HYDROGEOLOGY OF LARGE PLAINS
Hydrological Features of Large
Plains
Surface Drainage Network
The Drainage Basin and Water
Divides
The Water Budget
The Central Role of the
Unsaturated Zone
Deep Infiltration or Recharge to
Aquifers
Human-Linked Impacts on Water
Resources
Summary of the Distinct
Characteristics of Large Plains
The Southern Hemispheres Largest
Plain: The Argentine Pampas
Generalities
Ecological Regionalization
Rainfall: Spatial Distribution
and Interception
The Role of Topographical
Depressions
Groundwater Recharge: The
Unsaturated Zone
Water Quality and Quantity:
Management Issues
THERMAL SPRINGS
Conceptual Models of Water
Circulation
A Special Spring: The Geyser
Origin of Thermal Waters
Chemical Composition of Thermal
Waters
Dissolution versus Deposition
Processes
Chemical Features of Spring
Waters in High-Temperature
Environments
The Source of Chemical Species
in Thermal Solutions
Estimation of Reservoir
Temperature
Recognition of Mixed Waters
Age Dating of Hydrothermal
Waters
Historical Aspects of
Utilization of Thermal Springs
GROUNDWATER FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA
The porous medium. Water
reservoirs
Basic principles of groundwater
flow in porous media
Dynamics of fluids in porous
media
Darcy’s law. Permeability
Darcy’s law limitations
Total and effective porosity
Water velocity
Recharge
Storativity
Flow equation
Continuity equation
Transient equation
Examples
Recent advances
GROUNDWATER FLOW THROUGH
FRACTURED ROCKS
Barenblatt’s et al. mathematical
model
Warren and Root solution to
Barenblatt’s equations
Determination of the Parameters
of Homogeneous Behavior
Inhomogeneous Fractured
Formations of Double Porosity
Radial Flow through
Inhomogeneous Formations
WATER BASIC CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
Properties and structure of
water
Expression of concentration
units
Groundwater chemical composition
Principles and processes
controlling water composition
Chemical equilibrium. The law of
mass action
Acid-base equilibria
Redox processes
Ion exchange and adsorption
Sampling and analysis of
groundwater samples
Groundwater and vadose zone
sampling
Analysis of groundwater samples
Presentation of water quality
data
Graphical methods
Statistical methods
Hydrochemical models
ADVECTION, DISPERSION, SORPTION,
DEGRADATION, ATTENUATION
Advection
Concept of Macroscopic
Groundwater Velocity
Advective Transport
Dispersion and Diffusion
Mechanical Dispersion
Molecular Diffusion
Hydrodynamic Dispersion
The Peclet Number
Experimental Determination of
Dispersion Parameters
Dispersion in a Non-Ideal
Geological Medium
Advection and Diffusion in
Fractured Geological Media
Sorption
The Retardation Effect of
Sorption
Experimental Determination of
Sorption
Degradation and Attenuation
Basics of Degradation and
Natural Attenuation
Biochemical Pathways for
Degradation of Organic Compounds
ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN
GROUNDWATER STUDIES
Environmental Isotopes
Stable Isotopes
Radioactive Isotopes
Tritium
Radiocarbon (14C)
Applications in Groundwater
Studies
Groundwater Recharge
Recharge from Precipitation
Recharge from Surface Water
Palaeorecharge
Groundwater Transit Time
Interconnections between
Aquifers
Groundwater Salinization
Groundwater Pollution
General Remarks on Environmental
Isotopes
SUBSURFACE HYDROBIOLOGY
Subsurface Environment
Microbiology
SedimentMicrobial Interactions
Flow Systems
Local Groundwater Flow Systems
Intermediate Groundwater Flow
Systems
Regional Groundwater Flow
Systems
Groundwater Contamination
Routes of Contamination
Factors Influencing Microbial
Transport into the Subsurface
Microbial Pathogens in
Groundwater
Technological Hurdles in
Studying Subsurface Hydrobiology
REVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF
FLOW AND CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT
IN SATURATED POROUS MEDIA
Modeling Flow in a
Three-Dimensional Domain
Conceptual Model
Mass Balance Equation
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Modeling Two-Dimensional Flow in
Aquifer Domains
Aquifers and Essentially
Horizontal Flow
Averaging over the Vertical
Averaged Aquifer Flow Equations
Conceptual Model
Flow equations
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Transport of a Single
Contaminant
Fluxes
Advective Flux
Diffusive Flux
Hydrodynamic Dispersion
Dispersive Flux
Total Flux
Mass Balance Equation for a
Contaminant
The General Equation
Pumping and Injection
Decay and other Degradation
Phenomena
Adsorption
Mass Balance of a Component with
Two-site Adsorption
Retardation
Mass Balance for a Volatile
Component
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Modeling Flow and Solute
Transport with Variable density
Constitutive Relations
Motion Equation
Mass Balance Equation for the
Fluid
Fluxes and Mass Balance of
Dissolved Matter
Initial and Boundary Conditions
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AND
VULNERABILITY OF THE UNSATURATED
ZONE
Transport Processes
Soils and Geologic Porous Media
Describing Soils
Classifying Soils
Clays
Liquid Transport
Soil Moisture Characteristics
Darcy’s Law and Unsaturated
Hydraulic Conductivity
Gas Transport
Heat Transport
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction of Heat in Soil
Solute Transport
Advection
Diffusion
Mechanical Dispersion
Total Mass Flux
Dominant Solute Transport
Processes
Coupled Processes
Biogeochemical Processes
Impacts of Geologic
Heterogeneity on Processes
Hydrologic Processes
Infiltration and Redistribution
RainfallRunoff
Groundwater Recharge
Contaminant Transport
Nutrient Cycling
Into the Twenty-First Century
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID AND
FLUID MATRICES
Solid Phase
Soil Composition
Soil Structure
Volume and Mass Relationships
Soil Water Interactions
Soil Mechanical Properties
Transport Properties
Solute Transport
Thermal Transport
Opportunities and Challenges
VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT MATRIC
POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Concept of Capillarity
Matric Potential
Relations between Potentials on
a Mass, Volume, and Weight Basis
Distribution of Potentials in
the Liquid Phase for a Convex
Gas Liquid Interface
Experimental Determinations
Methods
Parametric Models
Property-Transfer Models
Inverse Procedures
WATER AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN
THE VADOSE ZONE
Obstacles to a Sustainable
Future
Need for Interdisciplinarity
Analysis and Modeling Techniques
Understanding Multidimensional
Variability Patterns
Arid and Semiarid Areas
Pollutant Transport
Scale Relationships
Global Change
Paths towards a Sustainable
Future
Observational Facilities and
Prediction Techniques
Research and Education
Managerial Aspects
BIODEGRADATION IN THE VADOSE
ZONE
Vadose Zone
Definitions
Environmental Interest
Soil
Inorganic Components of Soil
Organic Matter in Soil
Role of Organic Matter
Humus
Composition of Soil Humic
Substances
Biochemistry of Soil Humic
Substances
Organic Matter Transformations
and Cycles of Principal Elements
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
Soil as Habitat for Microbial
Life
Location of Biota in Soil
Fractions and within the Soil
Profile
Subsurface Microbial Ecology
Organisms
Actinomycetes and Fungi
Protozoa
Bacterial Metabolism
Function of Subsurface Organisms
Response to Environmental
Changes
Metabolic Status of Subsurface
Microorganisms
Enzyme Activity in Soil
Enzyme Classification
Hydrolases
Oxidoreductases
Factors Affecting Enzyme
Activity
Biological Processes
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Biodegradation Processes
Biodegradability
Enzymatic Degradation
Microbial Degradation
Degradation Kinetics
Impact of Agricultural Practices
on Subsurface Habitat
Changes in the Subsurface
Environment
Wastes and Pollutants in Soil
HumusPollutant Relationship
Adsorption and Degradation of
Pesticides
Biodegradation and the
Rizosphere
Biodegradation of Organic
Residues
Comparative Overview of
Processes in Aerobic and
Anaerobic Environments
Aerobic Environment: Groups and
Functions of Biodegradation
Enzymes
Hydrolases
Oxygen-Dependent Transformations
Anaerobic Environment
Cellulose and Lignin Degradation
Aromatics
Aliphatics
Biodegradation and
Bioremediation
PROCESSES CAUSING ATTENUATION IN
THE UNSATURATED AND SATURATED
ZONE
Principles of the Vadose Zone’s
Functioning
The Vadose Zone as a Natural
Filter
Soil Components
Main Functions of the Soil
Structural Aspects of a
Soil–Water–Plant System
Soil Water Characteristics
Matric and Osmotic Potentials
The Unsaturated Zone
Physical Aspects
Biological Aspects
The Saturated Zone
The Vulnerability of an Aquifer
Soil Filter
Attenuation Processes
Natural Attenuation
Assisted Attenuation
Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)
Soil Factors Operating at the
Vadose Zone
Soil Biotic Components Affecting
Attenuation
Rhizosphere
Soil Macrofauna
Earthworms and Soil Physical
Properties
Ants and Termites
Faunal Indicators of Soil
Quality
Bacteria
Subsurface Biobarriers
Bacterial Sedimentation Through
Porous Medium
Humic Substances
Humic–Enzyme Complexes
Humification Process and
Attenuation
Microbia-Mediated Redox
Processes
General Electron Acceptors
Iron and Manganese Redox Couples
Redox Conditions and Metal
Toxicity Attenuation
Selenium
Chromium
Mercury
Microbial Reduction of Other
Metals
Mobile Subsurface Colloids
Definition
Sources
In situ Mobilization
Colloidal Particle Precipitation
Biocolloids
Colloid Transport at Gas–Water
Interface Unsaturated Porous
Media
Organic Contaminants
Mobility of Organic Pollutants
in the Subsurface
Volatilization from Soil to the
Atmosphere
Surface-Applied Chemicals
Movement of Chemical Vapor
Through Soil
Pesticides
Chlorinated Solvents
Biological Degradation of
Chlorinated Solvents
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids
(NAPLs)
Organic Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)
Reactivation of Pollutants
Stabilized at the Vadose
Agriculture and Nutrients
Engineering Practices
GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN
DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES
Concept of Groundwater Pollution
Vulnerability
Aquifer Pollution Vulnerability
in a Groundwater Protection
Program
Groundwater Pollution
Vulnerability in Different
Climatic Conditions
Hydraulic Access to the Aquifer
Saturated Zone
Contaminant Attenuation
Processes
Methods for Groundwater
Vulnerability Cartography
The Future of Groundwater
Pollution Vulnerability Methods
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE VADOSE
ZONE
Sources of Organic Pollutants
Rainwater and Stormwater
Infiltration
Land Disposal of Organic Wastes
Abandoned Wells
Holding Ponds and Lagoons
Agricultural Activities
Underground Storage Tanks
Accidents and Illegal Dumping
Septic Systems
Major Categories of Organic
Pollutants
Pesticides
The Most Frequently Detected
Herbicides
Nitro Aromatic Munitions
Polychlorinated n-Alkanes (PCAs)
Chlorinated Solvents
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Transport of Organic Pollutants
in the Subsurface
Mobility of Immiscible Organic
Compounds
Testing Groundwater Quality
Through Volatile Organic
Compounds
Tracers for Age-Dating of
Groundwater
Tracers of Pollutant Attenuation
at Vadose
Measures for Minimization of
Pollutants
Indirect Measures
Buffer Zones
Sanitary Waste Management
Direct Measures
Dry Detention Basins
Rainwater Infiltration in Soil
Natural Organic Compounds in
Soil
Source of Terrestrial Detritus
Composition and Role
Plant Cell Structure
Peats
Humus
Interactions between Natural
Organic Compounds and
Xenobiotics
Plant Residues as a Source of
Organic Carbon
Co-metabolic Processes Leading
to the Accumulation of
Intermediate Products
Soil Composting
Ecotoxicological Approach to
Evaluate the Effects of Organic
Pollutants
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
Surveying
Factors Controlling Groundwater
Occurrence
Productivity Indexes
Geologic indexes
Geomorphologic indexes
Climatic indexes
Hydrodynamic indexes
Geochemical indexes
Geologic and Geomorphologic
Exploration
Types of aquifers
Karst aquifers
Hard rocks aquifers
Intergranular aquifers
Landscapes
Mountains
Plains and Flatlands
Small islands
Coastal zones, deltaic areas and
wetlands
Hydrodynamic types of aquifers
Geophysical Methods
Tracer Hydrology
Geochemical Exploration
Pumping Tests
Speleological Exploration
Water demand assessment
Water offer
Water demand
Water quality
Wells and Trenches
Wells
Penetration depth
Drilling method
Casing or tubing
Well diameter
Well screen and filter pack
Well development
Yield capacity and well
efficiency
Protection perimeters
Maintenance
Planning well drilling
Trenches and infiltration
galleries
Design, operation and
optimisation of groundwater
monitoring networks
Geomathematical techniques
Methodology for the design of
Hydrogeological Monitoring
Networks
Optimization of Hydrogeological
Monitoring Networks
Mathematical modeling
Prediction models
Identification models
Management models
Stages in mathematical modeling
Mathematical formulation
Flow models
Transport models
Special scenarios and
forthcoming groundwater
development
SURVEY METHODS
Surveying guidelines
Geology
Lithology
Tectonic structure
Stratigraphy and rock age
Geomorphology
Climate
Extreme climates
Tropical climates
Temperate climates
Hydrodynamics
Geochemistry
Geologic and geomorphologic
exploration
Types of aquifers
Karst aquifers
Hard rocks aquifers
Intergranular aquifers
Landscapes
Mountains
Plains and Flatlands
Hydrodynamic types of aquifers
Geophysical methods
Tracer hydrology
Types of tracers
Suspended solids
Soluble chemicals
Dyes
Environmental isotopes
Geochemical exploration
Pumping tests
Planning
Well hydraulics
Steady state equations
Unsteady, transient, conditions
Recovery tests
Leaky aquifers
Time
Steady state drawdown
Hantush solution
Delayed yield solutions
Double porosity models
Solutions for turbulent,
non-linear flows
GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORKS
Types of Groundwater Monitoring
Networks
Diffuse-source Water Quality
Networks
Point-Source (Contaminated Site)
Water Quality Networks
Groundwater Resource
(Groundwater Level) Networks
Scale of Monitoring Networks
Local-Scale Networks
Regional-Scale Networks
National-Scale Networks
Planning and Design of Networks
Minimum Requirements for Well
Construction
Density of Wells in a Network
Sampling Frequency of Networks
Sustainability of Groundwater
Monitoring Networks
COASTAL AQUIFER DEVELOPMENT
Land Subsidence
Seawater Intrusion
Nature of the Problem
Geochemical Analysis of Saline
Water in an Aquifer
Quantitative Evaluation of
Saltwater Behavior
Experimental Observation of
Saltwater Movement
Ghyben-Herzberg’s Law
Mathematical Tools for
Predicting Seawater Intrusion
Groundwater Development in
Coastal Aquifers
Subsurface Dams and an
Extraction Well with Radial
Collecting Pipes to Increase the
Use of Coastal Groundwater
A Desalination Plant for
Salt-Contaminated Groundwater
Utilization of Saline Water in
Coastal Aquifers
Desalination of Saline Water
Taken From Coastal Aquifers
Fish Breeding
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN HARD
ROCKS
Occurrence of Groundwater
Groundwater Development
Types of Well
Drinking Water Supply
Exploration
Recharge Augmentation
Sustainability and Pumpage
Control
GROUNDWATER USE AS POTABLE WATER
SUPPLY
Water for Drinkable Use
Water Supply Withdraw and
Conveyance in the Centuries
Water Requirements for Drinkable
Use
Planning and Management of
Groundwater Allocated for Human
Use
Quality and Vulnerability of
Groundwater Designed for
Drinkable Use
Quality of Drinking Waters
Pollution Processes of Drinkable
Waters
Vulnerability of Groundwater for
Drinkable Use
Withdrawal Works of Groundwater
for Drinkable Use
Withdrawal Works
Springs Withdrawal
Wells Withdrawal
Infiltration Galleries
Withdrawal
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION,
PROTECTION AND REMEDIATION.
The concept of groundwater
quality.
Contamination of the
subterranean waters.
Contamination classification
systems.
Principal groundwater
contaminant types and processes.
The role of the unsaturated zone
in the behaviour of the
polluting agents.
Groundwater prevention and
protection.
Quality and Quantity Protection
Measures.
The Concept Of Vulnerability Of
The Aquifers.
The Protection of Groundwater
Wells.
The development of protection
perimeters around wells.
Protection of Recharge and
Unsaturated Zone of the
Aquifers.
The Establishment Of Systems Of
Prevention And Control Of
Groundwater Quality.
The remediation aquifer
technologies
ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Artificial Groundwater Recharge
(AGR)
Influence of Recharge Factors
Geological Factors
Hydrogeologic Factors
PhysicalChemical Factors
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Groundwater Recharge Precautions
Methods of Artificial Recharge
Choice of Recharge Method
Treatment of Water for Recharge
Indirect Artificial Recharge
(IAR)
Basins
Channels
Ditches
Holes
Floods
Direct Artificial Recharge (DAR)
Water Recharge Wells
Mixed Systems of Water Recharge
Evaluation of Aquifer Recharge
Area by Piezometric Map Analysis
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Artificial Groundwater Recharge
Advantages
Disadvantages
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND
DISCHARGE
Overview of Groundwater Recharge
and Discharge
Recharge, Discharge, and the
Hydrological Cycle
Recharge and Discharge in
Unconfined and Confined Aquifers
Unconfined (Surficial) Aquifers
Confined Aquifers
Effects of Climate on Recharge
Paleorecharge
Summary of Principal Factors
Affecting Recharge
Artificial Recharge
Overview
Summary of Methods
Geological and Hydrological
Considerations
Physical Methods for Quantifying
Recharge Rates
Water-Balance Methods
Physical and Geophysical Methods
of Measuring Recharge
Chemical and Isotopic Methods
for Quantifying Recharge Rates
and Identifying Recharge Areas
Chloride-Mass Balance Method
Stable Isotopes
Radioactive Isotopes
Tritium and Chloride-36
TritiumHelium Method
Carbon-14
Calculating Recharge and
Discharge Rates Using Analytical
Expressions, Groundwater Flow
Models, and Flow Nets
Natural Discharge
Discharge to Springs
Types of Springs
Groundwater Discharge to Lakes
or Playas
Discharge to Streams
Groundwater Discharge to Wells
and Galleries
Wells
Galleries
Groundwater Overdraft
Future Concerns and Directions
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT: AN
OVERVIEW OF HYDRO-GEOLOGY,
ECONOMIC VALUES AND PRINCIPLES
OF MANAGEMENT
Groundwater: Hydro-Geology
Unconfined and confined aquifers
Conjoined surface and
groundwater
Composition and Physical
Characteristics
The value | 
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