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OIL AND NATURAL GAS
History and Fundamentals of Oil
and Natural Gas
Chemistry of Organic Matter
Precursor to Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon Generation
Hydrocarbon Migration
Hydrocarbon Entrapment
Exploration for Oil and Natural
Gas
Localization of Prospects and
Leads
Drilling for Oil and Natural Gas
Reservoir Characterization and
Development
Petroleum Refining and Petroleum
Chemistry
Refinery Process
Refinery Products
Natural Gas
Production, Storage, and
Transport
Gas Processing
Natural Gas Hydrates
Environmental Aspects of the
Petroleum Industry
Environmental Challenges
Confronting the Oil Industry
Oil Industry Responses
Oil and Natural Gas Markets
Past and Future Markets
Structure of the Gas Industry
Gas Marketing
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Fundamental
Concepts
Atomic Components
Atomic Notation
Atomic Mass Scale
Mass-Energy
Equivalence
Avogadro's Number
Atomic Structure
Atomic Dimensions
Energy Levels
Nuclear Structure
Radioactivity
Radioactive
Processes
Alpha Decay
Negative Beta
Decay
Positive Beta
Decay
Electron Capture
Proton Emission
Neutron Emission
Neutron Decay
Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Chain
Radioactive
Build-up (Neutron Activation)
Build-up and
Decay
Binding Energy
Definition of
Binding Energy
Plot of Binding
Energy
NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS
Neutron Interactions
Neutron Production
Elastic Scattering (Elastic
Collision)
Inelastic Scattering (Inelastic
Collision)
Radiative Capture
Nuclear Transmutation (Charged
Particle Reaction)
Neutron Producing Reaction
Fission
Neutron Flux
Neutron Energy
Nuclear Cross Sections
Microscopic Cross Sections
Macroscopic Cross Sections
Number of Nuclei
Reaction Rate
Summary
Macroscopic cross-section
Neutron Flux
Reaction Rate
Neutron Scattering and Capture
Neutron Attenuation
Mean Free Path
Scattering Characteristics
Absorption Characteristics
Radiative Capture Model
Cross Sections
Neutron Moderation
Neutron Energy Changes
Logarithmic Mean Energy
Decrement
Definitions
Mean Logarithmic Energy
Decrement ξ
Macroscopic Scattering Cross
Section Σs
Slowing Down Power
Moderating Ratio
Fission and Fusion
Energy Release
Fission
Fission Characteristics
Fission Products
Neutron Energy Spectrum
Delayed Neutrons
Fission Process Summary
Charged Particles
NUCLEAR REACTOR THEORY
Neutron Diffusion
Characteristics
Basic Concepts
Fick's Law
Neutron Diffusion Equation
Neutron Balance
Boundary Conditions
Neutron Flux Variation
Infinite Planar Source
Point Source
Diffusion Length
One Group Reactor Equation
Development of Diffusion
Equation
One Group Critical Equation
Reactor Equation Applications
Basic Application of Equation
Infinite Slab Reactor
Reactor Equation Solutions
Rectangular Reactor
Cylindrical Reactor
Spherical Reactor
Neutron Flux and Power
Neutron Flux Variation
Spherical Reactor
Maximum to Average Flux
Rectangular Reactor
Cylindrical Reactor
Spherical Reactor
NUCLEAR REACTOR DESIGN
Basic Principles
Fission Chain Reaction
Neutron Absorption
Characteristics
Heat Removal
Basic Reactor Core Design
Basic Theory
Neutron Diffusion Equation
One Group Reactor Equation
Reactor Design Considerations
Neutron Energy Production
Group Diffusion Method
Two Group Calculations
Fast Fission and Resonance
Absorption
Neutron Multiplication Factor
The Four Factor Formula
The Six Factor Formula
Neutron Cycle
Neutron Leakage
Reactor Shapes
Surface Effects
Reactor Reflectors
Neutron Flux
Output Enhancement
Reactor Power
Flux Flattening
Flux Flattening in PWRs
Reflector
Fuel Loading and Management
Flux Flattening in CANDU
reactors
Reflector
Adjuster Rods
Bi-directional Fuelling
Differential Fuel Burnup
Reactor Configuration
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Arrangements
Effect of Fuel Rods
Effect of Control Rods
Chemical Shim
NUCLEAR REACTOR KINETICS
Reactor Kinetics
Introduction
Neutron Lifetime
Reactor Power
Basic Reactor Kinetics
Reactor Period
Doubling Time
Reactor Kinetics with Delayed
Neutrons
Reactor Kinetics Numerical Model
Negative Reactivity
Reactor Operation
Shutdown Conditions
Spontaneous Fission
Decay of Delayed Neutron
Precursors
Photo-neutron Emission
Source Multiplication
Rate Log Power
Power Transients
Decay Heat
Critical Conditions
General Considerations
First Chain Reaction
Atomic Bombs
Power Producing Reactors
Approach to Critical
Nuclear Reactor Startup
Reactivity Changes and Power
Measurement
Approach to Criticality
REACTIVITY CHANGES
Fission Product Effects
Magnitude of Effects
Xenon Transients
Xenon Reactivity Transients
Xenon Oscillations
Samarium Build-Up
Fuel Effects
Fuel Burnup
Temperature Effects
Coefficients of Reactivity
Doppler Broadening
Neutron Spectrum Hardening
Density Change
Void Formation
Reactivity Changes
Power Coefficient
EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS,
AND OPTIMIZATION
Historical Evolution of Exergy
Analysis
The Early Years (1824 - 1900)
The Period of Development (1930
- 1980)
The Concepts of Exergy and
Irreversibility
Thermoeconomics in the Design
and Operation of Energy Systems
Optimization in Energy Systems
Definition of Optimization
The Need for Optimization
A Brief Historical Overview
Development of Optimization
Techniques
Introduction of Optimization to
Energy Systems
Formulation of the Optimization
Problem
Mathematical Statement of the
Optimization Problem
Objective Functions
Independent Variables
Equality and Inequality
Constraints
Levels of Optimization of Energy
Systems
Methods for Solution of the
Optimization Problem
Application of Artificial
Intelligence and Expert Systems
in Energy Systems Design
Design, Knowledge, and
Artificial Intelligence
Definition of Artificial
Intelligence
Expert Systems
Energy Systems and
Sustainability
The General Social Framework
Sustainability Considerations in
Energy Systems Analysis
Global Implications of the
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Future Work
EXERGY AND THERMODYNAMIC
ANALYSIS
Exergy
Performance Evaluation with the Aid of Exergetic Variables
Exergy Destruction
Exergy Loss
Exergetic Efficiency
Exergy Destruction Ratio and
Exergy Loss Ratio
Comprehensive Thermodynamic Analysis
Closure
BASIC EXERGY CONCEPTS
Energy and Exergy
Reference Environment and Exergy
Components
Reference States and Chemical
Exergy
Calculation of Chemical Exergy
Values
EXERGY BALANCE AND EXERGETIC
EFFICIENCY
Exergy Balance and Exergy
Destruction
Closed System Exergy Balance
Control Volume Exergy Balance
Thermodynamic Inefficiencies
Exergy Destruction Associated
With Heat Transfer
Exergy Destruction Associated
With Friction
Avoidable and Unavoidable Exergy
Destruction
Endogenous and Exogenous Exergy
Destruction
Guidelines for improving the Use
of Energy Resources
Exergetic Variables
Exergetic Efficiency
Exergy Destruction and Exergy
Loss
Exergy Destruction Ratio
EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE
PROCESSES
Thermodynamic Analysis of Single
Components
Chemical Reactors
Combustion Chamber
Gasifier
Steam Reformer
Heat Exchangers
Turbomachines
Compressor, Pump, or Fan
Turbine (Expander)
Dissipative Components
Evaluation
Thermodynamic Analysis of Simple
Processes
Steam Generator
Simple Cogeneration System
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF
EXERGY ANALYSIS
Evaluation
Exergetic variables
Interpretation of the results of
an exergy analysis
Optimization
Process development
ENERGETIC AND EXERGETIC ANALYSIS
OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Steam Power Plant
Process Description
Energy Analysis
Exergy Analysis
Discussion and Conclusions
Combined-Cycle Power Plant
Process Description
Energy Analysis
Exergy Analysis
Discussion and Conclusions
Externally-Fired Combined-Cycle
Power Plant
Process description
Exergy Analysis
Results and Discussion
GRAPHIC EXERGY ANALYSIS
A New Approach to Thermodynamics
The Hierarchical Nature of
Thermodynamics
Three Kinds of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics of a Substance
Thermodynamics of a Process
Thermodynamics of a System
Characteristic Features of
Intermediary Energy
Graphic Applications of
Thermodynamic Compass
Introduction to Thermodynamic
Compass
Classification of Processes on
the Compass
Representation of Exergy Loss on
Thermodynamic Compass
Application to Thermodynamics of
Processes
Application of an
Energy-Utilization Diagram (EUD)
Model System
The Second Law and Exergy Loss
Analysis
The Second Law and Energy-Loss
Analysis from the Viewpoint of
the Energy-Utilization Diagram
Presentation of the Whole System
PINCH ANALYSIS
Energy-Capital
Trade-off for Heat Recovery by a
Heat Exchanger
Defining the
Minimum Energy Requirement of a
Process
The Composite
Curves
The Pinch Point
The Heat Cascade
The Problem
Table Method
The Grand
Composite Curve
Consequences of
the Pinch Point Location
Heat Sink and
Heat Source
The More In, The
More Out
Penalizing Heat
Exchangers
Exchangers using
Hot Utility below the Pinch
Point
Exchangers using
Cold Utility above the Pinch
Point
Exchangers that
do exchange heat across the
pinch point
Utility
Integration
Targeting the
Investment
The Minimum
Number of Connections Target
Total Area Target
Capital Cost
Estimation
Optimal
DTmin
Value
Physical Meaning
of the
DTmin
Summary of the
Targeting Method
Heat Exchanger
Network (HEN) Design
Representing a
Heat Exchanger Network
The HEN Design
Target
The Pinch Design
Method
Feasibility Rules
Number of Streams
Rule
The cp
Rule
Heuristic Rules
Tick-off Rule
Remaining Problem
Analysis
Driving Force
Plot and Splitting Factors
Other Heuristics
A Synthesis
Method.
Mathematical
Programming Approach
Heat Load
Distribution
Optimizing the
Heat Exchanger Network Design
Loops and Path
for Reducing the Number of Heat
Exchangers
Using Mixed
Integer Non Linear Programming
Methods
Final Remarks
Concerning the Heat Exchanger
Network Design
Process Integration and
Improvement
Pinch Analysis and Process Improvement
Integration of Heat Pumps
Mechanical Compression Cycle
Heat Pumps
Other Types of Heat Pumps
Utility Integration
Using the Grand Composite Curve
Combining Pinch Analysis and
Exergy Concepts
Methodology for Designing Integrated Utility Systems
Using the Exergy Depletion as the Objective Function
Representing the Integration of the Utility System
Final Remarks Concerning the
Process Optimization and the
Utility System Integration
THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS
An historical overview
What is the Exergy Cost?
Cost Accounting
The process of cost formation
The principle of non equivalence of the irreversibilities
Thermoeconomic Diagnosis
Thermoeconomic Optimization
Final reflections and
conclusions
THE THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS OF
COST FORMATION
Definitions and concepts
Cost accounting and the exergy
cost theory
Calculation of average exergy
costs
Calculation of exergoeconomic
costs
External assessment and
additional concepts
Exergy amortization
Residues
Assessment of the plant fuels
Cumulative exergy cost or
ecological cost
On the nature of costs
Linearity of costs
The process of cost formation
Closure
SYMBOLIC THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS
OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
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