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BIODIVERSITY:
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
The Biosphere at Risk
Characterization of Biodiversity
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
Global Change: Magnitude, Distribution, and
Characteristics of Biodiversity Dynamics
The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Structure
The Biodiversity of Marine Ecosystems
Perspectives for Biodiversity Utilization, Protection,
and Research
CHARACTERIZATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
Foundations
of classification: from early representations to modern taxonomy
Species
concepts
Morphological
species concept
Biological
species concepts
Phylogenetic species concepts
Systematics and Taxonomy: Classification and description
Nomenclature
and Codes
Indices
of Biodiversity
Characterization
of genetic diversity
Ecological and functional characterization of biodiversity
BIODIVERSITY
AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: BASIC PRINCIPLES
A historical perspective
A new paradigm in ecology: the Biodiversity-Ecosystem
Function Paradigm
Hypotheses
Approaches
Mechanisms
Niche
complementarity
Facilitation
and mutualism
Sampling
or selection effects
Distinguishing
between complementarity and sampling
Trait
differences are responsible
Combining old and new concepts
Biodiversity and stability
Implications for ecosystem management and conservation
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING : EXPERIMENTAL
SYSTEMS
Biodiversity
experiments
Experiment
and observation
Experimental
design and analysis
Interpretation
and mechanism
Additive
partitioning of biodiversity effects
Advances
in biodiversity experimentation
THE ROLE
OF ABOVE - AND BELOWGROUND LINKAGES IN ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING
Effects
of plant diversity on higher trophic levels
How
plant diversity affects the soil food web
Links
between plant diversity and aboveground organisms
Effects
of above- and belowground organisms on plant diversity and ecosystem
processes
How
decomposers affect resource availability and plant diversity
Aboveground
herbivores and plant diversity: selectivity, disturbance and nutrients
Grazing
in the dark: the role of belowground herbivores
More
trophic links: effects of pathogens, mutualists, and predators
Interactions
between aboveground and belowground organisms
Interactions
on a single host plant (see Figure 4)
Interactions
in communities (see Figure 5)
Discussion
BIODIVERSITY
AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING OF SELECTED TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: GRASSLANDS
Evidence
from observational studies in natural and semi-natural grasslands
Functional
redundancy and removal experiments in natural grasslands
Diversity
and stability
BIODIVERSITY
AND FUNCTIONING OF SELECTED TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: ALPINE AND ARCTIC
ECOSYSTEMS
Alpine
and arctic biodiversity
Effects
of biodiversity on arctic and alpine ecosystems
Biodiversity
and Global change in arctic and alpine ecosystems
Impacts
of climate change on mountain biodiversity
Impacts
of land use changes on mountain biodiversity
Future
research needs
BIODIVERSITY
AND FUNCTIONALITY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Why
research on aquatic systems has lagged behind
The
nature of aquatic habitats
Fresh
water ecosystems
Marine
ecosystems
Transitional
waters
Species-specific
functional roles
Species-combined
functionality: Functional groups
The
problem of functional plasticity
Direct
and indirect measures of functionality
Threats
to biodiversity and ecosystem function
Future
challenges and directions
BIODIVERSITY
AND THE FUNCTIONING OF SELECTED TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: AGRICULTURAL
SYSTEMS
Introduction
– biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems
Planned
diversity and the functioning of agricultural systems
Intraspecific diversity
Species
diversity
Habitat
and landscape diversity
Unplanned
diversity and the functioning of agricultural systems.
Pollination
services
Soil
processes
Natural
pest control
SPATIAL
AND TEMPORAL DIMENSIONS OF BIODIVERSITY DYNAMICS
Temporal
dimensions of biodiversity dynamics
Biodiversity
dynamics at the population level
Succession
Genetic
diversification
Biodiversity
dynamics at the ecosystem level
Patch
dynamics
Coevolution
Consequences
for ecosystem functioning
Biogeochemical
cycles and microorganisms
Productivity,
predation and herbivory
Life-form
diversity
Ecosystem
stability
Ecological
non-equilibrium
Spatial
dimensions of biodiversity dynamics
Hierarchical
concepts of biodiversity
Biodiversity
dynamics at the population level
Island
biogeography
Metapopulation dynamics
Biodiversity
dynamics at the ecosystem level
Shifting
habitat mosaic
Patch
initials and stepping stones
Habitat
fragmentation
Quantifying
biodiversity dynamics on regional scales
Global
patterns of biodiversity dynamics
Dynamics
across geological and ecological scales
Geological
scale
Ecological
scale
Rapid
biodiversity changes
Forecasting
biodiversity changes
Outlook
EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC
ASPECTS OF BIODIVERSITY
Genetic
aspects of biodiversity
Genes,
Genotypes, and Hereditary Mechanisms
Genetic
diversity
Concepts,
Importance
Determining
Genetic Diversity
Population
Genetics
Evolutionary
Aspects of Biodiversity
A primer to
evolution
The evolution
of biodiversity
Genetic
divergence and speciation
Cytological
divergence and speciation
Genetics of
species formation
From
microevolution to macroevolution
Concluding
statements on biodiversity, evolution, genetics, and conservation
Monitoring of biodiversity
Multiple goals of biodiversity monitoring
Monitoring of biodiversity in a global change
context
Scales and levels of biodiversity monitoring
The taxonomic level: Monitoring of taxa
and their populations
The structural level: Monitoring of plant formations and
land cover by remote sensing techniques
The functional level: In-situ-Monitoring of ecosystems and
their organismic components
Approaches towards an integrated observation system
SEARCH
FOR INDICATORS FOR BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTS
Measuring biodiversity
The attributes of good indicators
Types of indicators
Indicators
at the species level
Indicators
at the ecosystem level
Indicators
of Functional Biodiversity
Some pragmatic solutions
DATA AND
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION
Scope of the information domain in biodiversity informatics
Primary
biodiversity records: biological collection data
Collection-level
data
Nomenclatural
data
Taxa and concepts
Descriptive
data
Auxiliary
data and information services
The
molecular and the ecosystem level
State of the art
Data
input and management tools
The
common access system
History
Protocol
and data specification
Linking
biodiversity databases
Tools
for display and analysis
Some perspectives
THE
VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
Need,
benefit and value of biodiversity
Arguments
in the debate
Status
of arguments
Biodiversity
and ethics of nature
Exclusive-anthroporelational approaches
Trans-anthroporelational approaches
Theological
concepts
Utilitarian
concepts
Rights
view
Teleological
concepts
The
concept of the "reverence for life"
The
concept of the ethics of justice
The
concept of the ethics of interests
The
holistic approach
ECONOMIC
RELEVANCE
Biodiversity
as an economic good
Cost-benefit
analysis
Bioprospecting and biodiversity
Agriculture
and the diversity of genetic resources
Value
and access
Economic
measures and limits of use
ETHIC
RELEVANCE
Human
beings and nature: a complex relationship and its normative implications
for the conservation of biodiversity
The
practical-normative function of the concept of "nature" and the
human life-world
Responsibility
of human beings for and towards nature
Rules
of preferences and criteria of decision making
Human
basic needs and benefits
Human
needs and biodiversity
HALTING
BIODIVERSITY LOSS: FUNDAMENTALS AND TRENDS OF CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND
ACTION
Culture
vs. nature? Biodiversity loss and conservation as facets of human culture
and evolution
Humans
as drivers of biodiversity loss – evolutionary roots of conservation
problems
From
nature protection to biodiversity conservation – origins of conservation,
changes of motivation and terminology
Dimensions,
causes and consequences of biodiversity loss
Biodiversity
loss and extinction in the evolutionary past
The
sixth extinction and the Anthropocene
Stresses,
sources and underlying causes of biodiversity loss
Biodiversity
loss as a self-enhancing process, the Earth’s biological capacity and
mankind’s ecological footprint
Halting
biodiversity loss - conservation planning and implementation
Targets
and visions of biodiversity conservation: conserving structure, patterns or
function? Current manifestations or evolution?
Strategic
conservation planning and implementation
How
to conserve: ex situ or in situ, protect or manage?
APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TO HABITAT RESTORATION
Historical
perspective
The
theoretical framework
The
holarchic concept of the biosphere
Ecosystem
Ecological
succession
Biodiversity
Degradation
and habitat destruction
Causes
and assessment
Soil
degradation
Degradation
and the Combat against Desertification
Restoration
Definitions
Targets
and indicators
Principles
Strategy:
The Ecosystem Approach of the UNCBD
Applications
The
ReviTec® concept
Other
approaches
Conclusion:
What ecological knowledge do we need?
Disturbance Management -
Application of Ecological Knowledge to Habitat Restoration
Part A:
Concepts and theory - relating disturbance ecology to
restoration
The general role of disturbance in
restoration
Continuous versus discrete processes in ecosystem
dynamics
Significance of disturbance for ecosystem
dynamics
Disturbance definition
The patch and multi-patch concept
Disturbance as a filter in community
assembly and a tool in restoration
Dynamic equilibrium as a restoration
goal
Part B: For practitioners - application of
ecological knowledge to Habitat Restoration
Effective restoration goals and practices
Part C: Case study - conservation action
for substitution of missing dynamics
Dry acidic grasslands on former military
training areas in central Europe
LANDSCAPE
DYNAMICS
Introduction
Scaling
issues
Definitions:
scale and level of organization
Landscape
changes in the wilderness
Human
driven changes
Landscape
change at multiple time scales
A
visual approach
Assessing
rates of land use changes
Analysis
of local landscape changes: the importance of mapping for a spatial
analysis.
Changes
in a Mediterranean landscape
Changes
in a Chinese landscape
Conclusion
Driving
factors in temperate agricultural landscapes
Riparian
landscapes
How
do landscape dynamics have to be considered in ecological restoration?
Discussion
and perspectives
Cultural
landscape dynamics and biodiversity
Landscape
simulation
ALTERNATIVE
RESTORATION STRATEGIES IN FORMER LIGNITE MINING AREAS OF EASTERN
GERMANY
General
site characteristics
Investigation
methods
Colonization
processes
Woodland
development
Near-natural
restoration methods
General
methods and data analysis
Colonization
processes
Site
dependent and chronological woodland differentiation
General
sucessional development – an overview
Near-natural
restoration methods
Case
study 1: Development of psammophytic grassland in
the mining area Goitzsche
Case
study 2: Development of semi-dry grassland in the mining site Mücheln
Case
study 3: Development of mesic grassland in the
mining site Roßbach
Opportunities
and perspectives for integration of natural potentials in reclamation of
post-mining landscapes
AFFORESTATION
AND REFORESTATION
Definitions
of terms
The
particular features of forests among terrestrial ecosystems
Ecosystem
level effects of afforestation and reforestation
Effects
on biodiversity
Arguments
for plantations
Political
goals of afforestation and reforestation
Reforestation
problems
Afforestation on a global scale
Planting
techniques
Case
studies of selected regions and countries
China
Europe
COMBATING
DEGRADATION IN ARID SYSTEMS
Introduction:
Desertification
Degradation
of natural resources
Frame
conditions: The importance of scale
Defining
compartments for feasible approaches
Assessment
and Monitoring of the problem
Approaches
to Combating degradation in arid systems
Policy
challenges
TROPICAL FOREST RESTORATION EXPERIENCES
Knowledge
about Key Processes
Using
differing approaches under different circumstances
Case
Studies
Tanzania: natural regeneration following a
land use policy change
Puerto Rico: natural regeneration after a demographic change
Australia: direct seeding of rainforest
species in the Wet Tropics
Laos: Nam Ngum
watershed direct seeding trial
Brazil: Direct seeding of early-successional trees in São Paulo
Vietnam: Eucalyptus and Acacia
monocultures
Australia: high value species grown in
monocultures
Burma: Mt. Popa
Forest Reserve
Vietnam: Hai Van
Mountain Pass, transitional forest
Brazil: mixed species plantations in São Paulo
Brazil: mixed plantations on bauxite mine
in Central Amazonia
Assessing
success
Restoration
at a landscape level
THE
SCIENCE OF ECOLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
Present Trends and Critical Issues: The Functional
Approach of Ecology
The Ecology of Individuals: The Relationship Between the
Organism and Its Environment
Complex Interactions: The Functional Ecology of Populations
and Communities
Networks and the Functional Complexity of Ecosystems
From Local to Global, From Global to Local: Ecology Across
Scales
Future Perspectives
CONCEPTS
OF ECOSYSTEM, LEVEL AND SCALE
Definitions of ecosystem and their history
Hierarchy, scale and level of complexity
Systems ecology
Food webs, material cycles, and feedback loops
Limitations
Benefits and value
GLOBAL
ECOLOGY
Mapping and Measuring the Global Ecosystem
The State of the Earth System
Flows in the Earth System
Toxic Chemical Flows
Sediment Flows
Carbon Flows
The Earth System in the Past
Modeling the Global Ecosystem
Tutorial Models
Comprehensive Models
Intermediate Complexity Models
Miniaturizing the Biosphere
Artificial Biospheres
Semi-artificial Biosphere Experiments
Managing the Global Ecosystem
APPLIED
ECOLOGY
General
Introduction: What is Applied Ecology?
Ecosystem
Management and Conservation
Introduction.
Island
Biogeography.
Connectivity
and Structure.
Metapopulations.
Selective
Breeding and Hybridization.
Genetic
Engineering
Cloning.
Focusing
on Processes Rather Than Parts: Community and Ecosystem Assembly.
The
Problems with Focusing On Species, Populations, Individuals, and Genes.
Ecotoxicology and Pollution Management
Pest Management
Restoration
Ecology
RESTORATION
ECOLOGY
Ecosystem degradation and restoration
The origins of ecosystem degradation
Thresholds in ecosystem degradation
Objectives of restoration
Time scales in restoration objectives
Ecosystem dynamics and restoration
A framework for ecosystem restoration
Unwanted species and disturbance regime
The introduction of species
Species introduction to foster succession
The provenance of introduced species
Passive and active techniques of species introduction
Seedling quality for plant species introduction
Animal species introduction
Environmental conditions and their manipulation
Landscape restoration
ECOLOGY,
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AND POLICY
Conservation biology a
crisis-oriented, interdisciplinary science
Ecological theory and its application
to conservation biology
Theory of Island
Biogeography
The Single Large or Several Small (SLOSS) Debate
Minimum Population Size (MVP) and
Population Viability Analysis (PVA)
Metapopulation Dynamics
The Importance of Connectivity
Different Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity
The Concept of Complementarity
Reserve Selection Algorithms
Predator Reintroductions and Ecosystem Restoration
Emerging Diseases and Conservation
Conservation at the cross roads
Policy
in the Making – the Convention on Biological Diversity and its 2010 target
Conservation
and the Private sector – Developing New Tools
Conservation
Banking
Direct
Payment for Conservation: Conservation Concessions
Where to go from here
Biodiversity,
Sustainability and Ecosystem Services
Assessing
Biodiversity and Monitoring its Changes
Assessing
the Impacts of Biodiversity Changes on Ecosystem Services.
Developing
the Conservation and Sustainable use of Biodiversity
Conservation
Biologists, the Media and Public Policy
BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Biological
control of arthropod pests
History
of the biological control concept
Classical
biological control or introduction of natural enemies
Classical
biological control in silviculture: the Winter
Moth
Classical
biological control in agriculture: the Cassava Mealybug
Augmentation
of natural enemies
Inundative release of Phytoseiulus persimilis A.H. for Two-Spotted Spider Mite control
Inundative releases of Encarsia formosa
Gahan for Greenhouse Whitefly control
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