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HOPS AND
HOP GROWING
Taxonomy
of Hops
Ecology
Botany
Hop
Breeding
Pests
and Diseases
Commercial
Uses
Hop
Flavor and Aroma
Hop Acids
Hop Essential Oils
Other Hop Constituents
Other
Potential Uses of Hop Products
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF
SUGAR CANE
Botany
Cultivars and Classification
Structure
Propagation and Pollination
Ecology and Growing Conditions
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall and Water Supply
Sunshine and Photoperiodicity
Wind
Soils
Physical Aspects
Chemical Aspects
Crop and Land Husbandry
Field Layout and Land Preparation
Planting
Growth Cycle and Crop Rotation
Fertilization
Maintenance
Pests and Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Virus Diseases
Pests
Nematodes
Harvest
Yield
Cane Processing
Utilization and Use
Production and Trade
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF
KIWIFRUIT AND KIWIBERRY
Origin and Distribution
Botany
Fuzzy Kiwifruit (A. deliciosa and A. chinensis)
Structure
Cultivars of A. deliciosa
Cultivars of A. chinensis
Kiwiberry (A. arguta)
Structure
Cultivars
Ecology and Growing Conditions
Climate Conditions
Soil Conditions
Crop Husbandry
Establishing the Kiwifruit Vineyard
Trellis
Planting Design
Pruning and Training
Fertilizer Management
Pests, Weeds and Diseases
Pests
Weeds
Diseases
Irrigation and Water Supply
Mulching
Windbreaks
Harvest and Storage
Fuzzy Kiwifruit (A. deliciosa and A. chinensis)
Kiwiberry (A. arguta)
Utilization and Use
Composition and Nutritive Value
Production and Trade
TROPICAL ROOT AND TUBER CROPS
Cassava
History
Plant Description
Breeding
Agronomy
Use
Sweet Potato
History
Plant Description
Breeding
Agronomy
Use
Yams
History
Plant Description
Breeding
Agronomy
Use
Aroids
History
Plant Description
Breeding
Agronomy
Use
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF
RUBBER
Origin and Distribution
Botany
Cultivars and Classification
Structure
Pollination and Propagation
Ecology and Growing Conditions
Climate Requirements
Soil Requirements
Land and Crop Husbandry
Planting and Land Management
Plantation Maintenance
Tapping and Processing
Tapping
Collection of Tapped Latex
Processing
Utilization and Use
Production and Trade
Environmental and Social Constraints of Plantation Crops
Land Tenure
Land Clearing
Use of Agrochemicals
Social and Rural Development
Biodiversity
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF
OIL PALM
Origin and Distribution
Botany
Cultivars and Classification
Structure
Pollination and Propagation
Ecology and Growing Conditions
Climate Requirements
Soil Requirements
Land and Crop Husbandry
Land Clearing
Planting and Land Management
Pests and Diseases
Nursery Deficiency Diseases
Nursery Pests
Nursery Diseases
Field Pests
Field Diseases
Crop Forecasting
Harvesting
Milling and Oil Processing
Utilization and Use
Production and Trade
Future Perspectives in Oil Palm Production
PERENNIAL ENERGY CROPS: GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT
Types
of Energy Crops
Annual and Perennial Energy Crops
Perennial Crops for Warm and Cool Climates
Species
Miscanthus
Salix
Production
Systems and Management
Miscanthus
Salix
Breeding
Miscanthus
Salix
Environmental
Aspects
Soil and Water
Biodiversity
Landscape
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF
HERBACEOUS ENERGY CROPS
Overview of Energy Crops: Relative Advantages of Various
Categories
Woody vs. Herbaceous Energy Crops
Herbaceous Biomass Crops vs. Grain, Sugar, and Oil
Seed Crops
Ethanol from Maize and Other Grain Crops
Ethanol from Sugarcane and Other Sugar Crops
Biodiesel from Oilseed Crops
Perennial Herbaceous Cellulosic Energy Crops
Switchgrass
Switchgrass Forms
Establishment
Nutrient Requirements and Harvest Management
Yields and Harvest Management
Genetic Improvement
Miscanthus
Other Perennial Herbaceous Species
Possible Multi-species Bioenergy Plantings
Attributes of an "Ideal" Herbaceous Cellulosic
Energy Crop
"Ideal" Agronomic Attributes
"Ideal" Biochemical/Processing Attributes
"Ideal" Biotechnological Attributes
"Ideal" Ecological/Environmental Attributes
Potential Ecosystem Services by Energy Crops
Soil Conservation
Water Quality and Conservation
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Carbon Sequestration in Soils
Wildlife Habitat
Constraints to Developing Large-scale Herbaceous Bioenergy
Systems
Land Base Needs
Logistics
Conversion Technologies
Economic Factors
FORAGE AND PASTURE
MANAGEMENT
Species
Temperate Areas
Sub-tropical Areas
Alternate Warm and Cool Season Areas
Land
Husbandry and Establishment
Adaptation
Time of Planting
Fertility
Nutrient Status
Mineral Fertilizers
Organic Fertilizers and Biosolids
Liming
Seedbed Preparation
Seed
Equipment
Pest Management
Early Grazing Management
Hay
Production
Role of Hay
Nutritive Value
Harvest and Field Curing
Storage
Silage
Production
Silage Composition
Type of Silos
Ensiling Process
Silage Quality
Forage
Management
Fertility
Harvest Management
Weed Management
Utilization
of Forages through Grazing
Grazing Management
Stocking Rate
Some Working Definitions
Stocking Rate Calculations
Introduced Versus Rangeland Forages
Stocking Rates on Introduced Forages
Stocking Rates on Native Rangeland
Forage Production and Standing Crop
Stocking Rates and Harvest Efficiency
Environmental
Aspects of Forage-Based Livestock Production
Stocking Rate
Forage Conservation
Water Conservation
Soil Conservation
Water Quality
Air Quality
Fertilizer Use
Pesticides
Wildlife
and Forages
WEED SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT
Weed Biology
Characteristics of Weedy Plants
Weed Life Cycles
Life Cycle Stages and Life History
Soil Seedbank
Plant Growth and Reproduction
Perennial Plant Reproduction and Control
Weed Population Dynamics
Seed Pool Composition
Cultural and Chemical Practices that Affect Weed Populations
Weed Population Changes due to Soil Property Modification
Chemical Weed Control
Conventional-Tillage Systems
Conservation-Agriculture Systems
Weed Management in Conventional Crop Varieties
Weed Management in Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Varieties
Cultural Weed Control
Tillage
Cover Crop Residues
Crop Rotations
Biological Weed Control
Integrated Weed Management
Herbicide Resistance
Resistance Development
Resistance Management
ETHNOPEDOLOGY
AND FOLK SOIL TAXONOMIES
What
is Ethnopedology?
Scope of Ethnopedology
Philosophical and Ethnological Bases of
Vernacular Soil Knowledge
Early Studies of Vernacular Soil
Knowledge
Recent Developments in
Ethnopedology
History
of Ethnopedology
Indigenous
Soil Classifications
Aims and Purposes of Folk Soil
Classifications
Agricultural Classifications
Landscape Classifications
Multiple- Purpose Classifications
Criteria for Soil Designation
Color
Texture
Stoniness, Hard Rock and Cemented Horizons
Specific Physical Properties
Specific Chemical Properties
Water and Temperature Regimes
Complex Criteria
External and Perceptive Criteria
Structures of Folk Soil Classification
Simple One-Level Classifications
Hierarchical Classifications
Complex Classifications
Geographical Distribution of Known Indigenous
Soil Classifications
Europe
Asia
North and Central America
South America
Africa
Australia and Oceania
Use
of Ethnopedology
Soil Knowledge as a Cultural
Heritage
Indigenous Soil Classifications Use in Soil
Survey
Indigenous Soil Knowledge and Soil Management
and Conservation Practices
Indigenous
Soil Knowledge in Danger
SOIL, FOOD
SECURITY, AND HUMAN HEALTH
Promotion
of Human Health through Soils
Soil Elements Necessary for Human Health
Health and Nutrient Imbalances in Soil
Animal Products and Soil Nutrient Status
Geophagy
Toxic
Materials related to Soils
Health Effects from Exposure to Heavy Metals in
Soil
Health Effects from Exposure to Organic
Pollutants in Soil
Toxic Materials in Fertilizers
Disease-causing
Organisms in Soil
Classification of Soil Pathogens
Infection Gateways
Organism Groups
Airborne
Dust and Health
Particulate Size
Hazards from Airborne Dust
Influence
of Soil Conservation on Human Health
Medicines
from Soil
Food
Security Issues
SOIL EDUCATION AND PUBLIC
AWARENESS
History of the Written Record of Soil
Soil as a Subject of Scientific Study
Current Education in Soil Science
Kindergarten through Secondary School (K-12 Education)
Higher Education
Informal Education on Soils
Online Resources for Learning about Soils
General Information
More Specific Information
Information about Soils in the United States
Information about Soils of China
Online Information about Soils in Brazil
Information Correlation and Transfer
Educational Materials Currently being Developed and Future
Trends
Raising Public Awareness of the Importance of Soil to Society
Soil Science Education of Women and Minorities
THE WORLD CITRUS INDUSTRY
World Citrus Production
Overview of this Chapter
Production of Citrus
Citrus Propagation
Grove Establishment
Fruit Cultivars
Fruit Quality
Grove Maintenance
Pests and Diseases that Affect Citrus
Climate and Citrus Production
Marketing of Citrus
First Sale
of Fruit
International Trade of Citrus Products
Issues related to trade of citrus products
THE WORLD BANANA INDUSTRY
Organization of this Chapter
Banana Production
Soils and Irrigation
Propagation
Banana Cultivars
Diseases and Other Pest
Issues that Confront Bananas
Maintenance of Bananas
The World Banana Market
Evolution of the Modern Banana Industry
Major Supply Regions for Bananas
Trade in Bananas
The EU Banana Trade Regime and the WTO
SOIL AND ITS LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Soil Attributes
Soil and Civilization
Soil
exploitation
Soil
manipulation
Soil affliction
Soil Functions of Importance to Modern Civilization
Soil Processes of Importance to Humans
Finite extent
Unequal distribution
Susceptibility to degradation
Non-renewability
Global Challenges of the Twenty-first Century
World population
Food insecurity
Soil degradation
Per capita land area
Accelerated greenhouse effect
Water quality
Soils Capacity to Feed the World
Future Strategies of Soil Management
Soil degradation
Accelerated greenhouse effect
Agricultural intensification and productivity
Increasing food production while improving the environment
Future Role of Soil Science
SOIL
PHYSICS
The beginning of soil physics
Contemporary soil physics
Theory of soil physics
Solid phase
Liquid phase
Gaseous phase
Heat flow and temperature
Applications of soil physics
Soil erosion
Soil organic matter management
Soil compaction
Irrigation
Drainage
Water use efficiency
The future of soil physics
SOIL
BIOLOGY
Soil organisms
Bacteria
Actinomycetes
Fungi
Algae
Mycorrhizae
Lichens
Microfauna
Mesofauna
Macrofauna
Soil biological
processes
Decomposition
Mineralization-immobilization
Nitrification
Denitrification
Biological nitrogen fixation
Rhizosphere processes
Soil structure formation
State of the art in soil biology
Soil microbial diversity
Enzymes
Soil organic matter characterization
Quantification of soil microbial biomass
Bioremediation
Decomposition
Soil quality
Soil carbon sequestration
SOIL GENESIS,
CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING
The soil profile
The catena
History of pedology
Soil classification
Soil survey
SOIL
CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY
Radiation
Radiation Laws
Radiation balance
Biological responses to light
Soil heat flux and soil temperature
Conduction
Daily and seasonal patterns of soil temperature
Frozen soils
Temperature effects on organisms
Water
The state of water in soil
Evaporation
Flow of water in soil
Moisture effects on soil organisms
Oxygen and other gaseous materials
Wind and atmospheric transport
Boundary layer
The logarithmic wind speed profile
The Reynolds analogy
Practices to modify the soil microclimate
Mulching
Crop geometry
Slope and aspect
Windbreaks
State of the art in soil microclimate
PLANT
PROPAGATION
Sexual propagation
Seed testing
Treatments to enhance seed germination
Seed storage and germplasm preservation
Asexual propagation
Apomixis
Cutting propagation
Grafting propagation
Micropropagation in tissue culture
Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds
Automation and robotics in propagation
FARM
ANIMAL SCIENCES
Population versus food supply
Vegetarianism vs omnivory
Land Use
The Purpose of Food
Protein Source
What Food to Produce?
Economics and meat consumption
The relationship between food and health
New concerns over pathogens
Animal rights
The future of meat
THE
DAIRY INDUSTRY
Information Sources
Nature of The Dairy Industry Today
Influential Factors
Increasing Efficiency
Marketing
WORLD BEEF
CATTLE PRODUCTION
History
Trade in Hides and Tallow
Cured, Preserved, and Tinned Meats
Exports of Live Cattle
The Fresh Meat Trade
World Events can alter Beef Marketing
Breeds
Selected British Breeds
Selected Continental Breeds
Selected Brahman and Brahman Crosses
Other Breeds
Composite Breeds
Trait Selection
Crossbreeding Cattle
Heritability
Worldwide Distribution
Production Systems
Forage-based Systems versus Grain-based Systems
Bulls versus Steers
Multipurpose Cattle Systems
Areas of the World
East and South Asia
Semi-arid Asia and Africa
Europe, Oceania and the Americas
Beef from Dairy Herds
Veal Calves
Steers and Young Bulls
Cull Cows and Heifers
Beef from Beef-Type, Cow-Calf Herds
Western Europe
Latin America
North America
Southern Africa, Australia
and New Zealand
Yield of Animal Products
Composition of Product
Factors affecting Eating Satisfaction
Marbling
Maturity
Preparation Method
Advantages and Disadvantages of Product compared to
Competitors
By-Products Useful to Humans
SHEEP
PRODUCTION
History
Breeds of Sheep
Worldwide distribution
Other Breeds, Breed Types and Recent Developments in Sheep
Genetics of Interest in Specific -Localities
Production Systems / Areas of the World
Yield, Product and Consumption
Advantages and Disadvantages of Product Compared to
Competitors
By-Products Useful to Man
Other Products Useful to Man
OVERVIEW
OF WORLD SWINE AND PORK PRODUCTION
History
Geographic Distribution
Breeds
Genetic Improvement
Selection
Breeding Programs
Feeding Programs
Production Systems
Harvest, Consumption and Trade
Production Trends and Efficiencies
By-products and Other Uses for Swine and Swine Products
Challenges for the Future
POULTRY
PRODUCTS AS FOOD
Domestication and Development of Breeds
Turkeys
Ducks
Production Systems
Chickens - Egg Production
Turkey Production
Duck Production
Marketing and Preservation
Worldwide Distribution
Yields of Product from Poultry
Composition of Products
Advantages and Disadvantages of Poultry
By-Products
Egg By-products
UNDOMESTICATED
FOOD ANIMALS HUNTED AND USED FOR FOOD
Alligators and crocodiles
Amphibians
Insects
Ants (order-Hymenoptera)
Crickets, grasshoppers, leafcutter ants, leafhoppers,
locusts, stingless bees, and weevils
Beetles, dragonflies, June beetles, lemon ants, longhorn
beetles, water bugs, white beetles, -winged adult ants, and wood worms
Butterflies
Nutrition of Insects
Insects as a food resource
Mammals
Ruminants: antelope, bison, caribou, deer, elk, llama
(alpaca), and moose
Other large mammals: bears, kangaroos, wallabies, seals,
whales
Small Animals
Birds
Large birds: Emu (Australia
and New Guinea),
ostrich (up to 300 pounds), rhea and turkey
Small Poultry: Duck, Pheasant and Quail
Reptiles
Eels
OTHER DOMESTICATED
AND FARMED ANIMALS
Undomesticated animals
Domesticated Animals
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
Disease control in the USA
Disease Control in the Beef and Dairy Industry
Respiratory Diseases
Reproductive Diseases
Control of Swine Diseases
Respiratory diseases of swine
Intestinal diseases of swine
Reproductive diseases of swine
Control of Poultry Diseases
Neoplastic diseases of poultry
Respiratory infections of poultry
Coccidiosis of poultry
Other US
Disease Control Programs
International Disease Control Programs
Foot-and-mouth disease
African Swine fever
Newcastle disease
Avian Influenza
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
Theileriosis
Public Health Issues
Occupation and Disease
Historical Importance
Concerns of Today
Food Safety
Wildlife Reservoirs
THE ROLE
OF MEAT IN THE HUMAN DIET
Population versus food supply
Vegetarianism vs omnivory
Land Use
The Purpose of Food
Protein Source
What Food to Produce?
Economics and meat consumption
The relationship between food and health
New concerns over pathogens
Animal rights
The future of meat
WATER
UPTAKE BY PLANTS
Water in the root environment
Water content
Water potential
Water movement in the rootzone
Water absorption through roots
Structures for water uptake
Water flow within the root
Radial flow
Axial flow
Determining water uptake
Changes in soil water content
Water movement within the plant
Modeling
Mechanisms related to water uptake
Dynamic growth responses
Root structure
Root distribution and activity
Root dynamics
Influence of the root environment
NATURE
OF MINERAL NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY PLANTS
Nutrient uptake by plants
Nutrient supply by the soil
Nutrient movement to the root surface
Nutrient uptake by plant roots
Membrane transport proteins
Nutrient uptake by leaves
Functions of nutrients
Plant responses to soil nutrient supply
Changing soil supply
Changing plant uptake
Mycorrhizae
Nutrient uptake from extreme soil environments
Acid soils
Calcareous soils
Saline soils
Soils with high levels of heavy metals: phytoremediation
TRANSPORT
OF WATER AND NUTRIENTS IN PLANTS
Source-Sink Relationships
Phloem Loading and Unloading
Driving Gradients and Transport Processes
Carrier Molecules and Sequestration
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF NORTH AMERICAS SOIL
RESOURCES
Retrospective The Perils of Projecting into Unknown Futures
A World View Ratcheting Up Demands on the Land
Can Global Cropland Yield More Food Sustainably?
North Americas Agricultural Production: Character
and Nemesis
Capacity of North Americas
Agricultural Productivity
How Much Can Be Gained from Expanding the Agricultural Base?
How Much More Production Can Be Coaxed from Existing
Cropland?
What Production and Demand Scenarios Would Test the Limits of
North Americas Agricultural
-Production Capacity?
Divining Future Global Food Demands
Soil Quality, Can It Be Sustained?
The Impact of Genetics and Biotechnology on Carrying Capacity
Water Availability - Scarcity
Global Change: Impacts on North Americas
Agricultural Capacity
Resource Competition for Non-Food Plant-Animal Products
The Impact of Urbanization-Development on Agricultural
Productivity
SUSTAINABLE
SOIL USE IN TROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA, WITH EMPHASIS ON BRAZIL
Soil functions and sustainability
Tropical South America
Amazonian region
Savanna region
Semi-arid region
AGRICULTURAL
SOILS IN EUROPE SPECIAL DEMANDS RELATED TO
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED ENVIRONMENT
Soil Changes Caused by Intensive Agriculture
Fertilization
Chemical Plant Protection
Soil Compaction and Erosion
Soil Changes Caused by Urbanization and Industrialization
Soil Sealing and Urbanization
Input of Pollutants by Industry and Traffic
Soil Acidification
Alternatives and Solutions
Sustainable Agriculture
Legal Regulations
Problems and Opportunities Arising out of the Transition of
Agriculture in Eastern Europe
Prospects
CAPACITY
OF AFRICAS SOILS TO SUSTAIN OR EXTEND
CURRENT CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Current agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa
Soils
Mixed farming systems
Intensification in agricultural production
Strategies for soil fertility management
Physical conservation
Nutrient replenishment
Targeting application of inputs
Soil fertility maintenance in intensive mixed farming systems
Manure production and management
Closing the nutrient cycle
Integrated soil fertility management in practice
What farmers know
Evidence from research
CAPACITY
OF SOILS TO SUSTAIN OR EXTEND CURRENT CROP AND ANOMAL PRODUCTION: NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS PERSPECTIVE
New Zealand
Geography and Landforms
Climate
Soils and Landuse
Constraints to Soil Productivity
Soil Fertility
Soil Erosion
South Pacific
Islands
Geography and Landforms
Climate
Landuse
Constraints to Soil Productivity
Limitations in Natural Soil Fertility
Soil Erosion
Soil Quality Degradation
Soil and Environmental Contamination
Constraints on Animal Production
Future Research Requirements
New Zealand
South Pacific
Island Countries
LAND
CLASSIFICATIONS, SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT, AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH
Land Evaluation
Soil Interpretations
Land Capability and Land Suitability
Development of the Land Capability Classification in USA
The Canada
Land Inventory (CLI)
- A Modified Land Capability Classification
Land Capability Systems in Europe
Physical and Integral
Land Evaluation
The International Framework for Land Evaluation
Quantitative Land Evaluation Using Computer Models
Yield Potential Analyses - A Computerized Application of Land
Evaluation
The International Framework for Evaluation of Sustainable
Land Management
Land Quality Indicators
Sustainable Land Management and Ecosystem Health
Opportunities for Sustainable Land Management and Improved
Ecosystem Health through the - International Conventions
Sustainable Land Management and Sustainable Agriculture
Capturing Opportunity
CROP
PRODUCTION CAPACITY: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Trends in Demand
Population
Income
Urbanization
Future Demand
Sources of Production Growth: Natural Resources
Land
Land Quantity
Land Quality
Land Degradation
Land Use Projections
Water
Climate
Genetic Resources
Summary: Supplies of Natural Resources
Sources of Production Growth: Knowledge and Technology
Improved Crop Varieties
Fertilizer
Machinery
Trends in Crop Yields and Production
Yields
Past Production
Future Production
The Critical Role of Markets and Institutions
Prices
Institutions
Challenges for Policy and Research
The Quantitative Dimension
The Direction of Future Research
Summary: Policy and Research
CROP
PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN NORTH AMERICA
Past Trends in Demand
Macroeconomic Influences
Past Trends in Crop Production
Agricultural Policy Issues
North American Resource Use Issues
Current Production Trends
Oilseed Production
Corn
Wheat
Rice
Projections of Future Trends
North American Production Projections
Soybeans
Corn
Wheat
Rice
Policy Challenges
Research Challenges
CROP
PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN EUROPE
Europe in the Aggregate
Western Europe Dominated by the CAP
The European Union
Technology, Resources, and Environment
Eastern Europe in Transition
Future Directions
Transition in Russia
and Neighboring Countries
Russia and Ukraine Crop Production
Capacity
Crop production during the decade of transition
The future of crop production in the FSU
CROP
PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN AFRICA
Past Trends in Demand
Population
Income
Past Trends in Crop Inputs and Production
Policy issues
Resource issues
Land
Water
Fertilizer
Machinery
Production
Projections of Future Trends
Production
Policy issues
Resource issues
FERTILIZER
USE IN NORTH AMERICA: TYPES AND AMOUNTS
History of Fertilizer Use
Early American Agriculture
Introduction of Commercial Fertilizer Industry
Discovery of Phosphate Rock
Discovery of Potash
North American Nitrogen Industry
Fertilizer Use and Crop Production
Fertilizer and Environmental Issues
Future Trends in the Fertilizer Industry
FERTILIZER
USE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: TYPES
AND AMOUNTS
Central Europe
Agriculture
Fertilizer Consumption
Eastern Europe
Agriculture
Fertilizer Consumption
The Baltic States
FERTILIZER
USE IN WESTERN EUROPE: TYPES AND AMOUNTS
Crops
Fertilizers and Their Types
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Potash
Multi-nutrient fertilizers
The West European fertilizer industry
Fertilizer Consumption
Outlook
FERTILIZER
USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: TYPES AND
AMOUNTS
History of Fertilizer Use in Sub-Sahara Africa
Background
Quantities of Fertilizer Consumed
Intensity of Fertilizer Use
Types of Fertilizers Used
Factors Influencing the Growth of Fertilizer Use
Historical and Policy Influences
Agro-ecological Zones and Other Geographic Factors
Colonial Heritage
Demography
National Income
Infrastructure
Crop Choice
Prices and Profitability
The Effect of Fertilizer Use on Crop Production and the
Environment
Future Trends Anticipated
FERTILIZER
USE IN SOUTH ASIA
Fertilizer use in South Asia
Consumption and production
NPK consumption pattern
NPK product profile
Elements of fertilizer use in South Asia
Irrigation
Price and non-price factors
Crop-nutrient specificity
Fertilizer use and sustainability of agriculture
Area expansion
HYVs and irrigation
Fertilizers
Efficiency of use
FERTILIZER
USE IN CHINA:
TYPES AND AMOUNTS
Background
Factors Influencing Fertilizer Consumption Growth in China
Factors Affecting Fertilizer Use and Crop Production
Environmental Issues
Future Trends and Forecast
FERTILIZER
USE IN OCEANIA: TYPES AND AMOUNTS
The region
Geology and soils
Australia
New Zealand
Melanesian countries
Mid-sized islands of Polynesia and Micronesia
and the small high Island Territories of the -United States.
Small coral islands
Agricultural production and changes in fertilizer consumption
in the last 10 years
Australia
New Zealand
Pacific Islands
and New Guinea
Environmental consequences of fertilizer usage in Oceania
PEST CONTROL IN WORLD AGRICULTURE
Natural Resources Used in Agriculture
Land
Water
Energy
Biological Resources
Ecological Causes of Pest
Problems
Introduced Crops
Introduced Pests
Monocultures
Regional Climatic Differences
Breeding Crops
Genetic Diversity
Plant Spacings
Crop Rotations
Soil Nutrients
Planting Dates
Crop Associations
Pesticides Alter Crop Physiology
Ecology of Pests and Crops
Economic Losses Due to Pests
Costs of Pest Control
Pesticides
Biological Controls
Host-Plant Resistance
Crop Rotations
Crop Sanitation
Planting Time
Short Season Crops
Fertilizers
Water Management
Pesticides And Pest Control
Reducing Pesticide Use
Environmental And Public Health Costs of the Recommended Use
of Pesticides
Public Health Impacts of Pesticides
Livestock Destruction and Contamination
Destruction of Beneficial Natural Enemies
Costs of Pesticide Resistance
Losses of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators
Fish Kills
Birds Killed by Pesticides
PEST CONTROL: INSECTS AND OTHER ARTHROPODS
Insecticidal control
Biological control
Microbial control
Protozoa
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Insect growth regulators
Sterilants
Semiochemicals
Pheromones
Sex pheromones
Allelochemicals
Allomones
Kairomones
Synomone
Plant resistance
Mechanical and physical control
Mechanical control
Mechanical exclusion
Physical control
Cultural control
Crop rotation
Trap crops
Strip cutting
Time of planting and harvest
Clean cultivation
Non-host or banker plants
Plant products
Fumigants
Novel insecticides
Avermectins
Emamectin benzoate
Spinosad
Neonicotinoids
Nereistoxin related insecticides
Formamidines
Phloroglucinol
Regulatory control
PEST CONTROL: HERBACEOUS WEEDS
Review of Current Management Strategies
Cultural Control
Mechanical Control
Biological Control
Integrated Weed Management
PEST CONTROL: FUNGI, STREPTOMYCETES, AND YEASTS
Crop losses due to fungal diseases
Traditional disease control practices
Evolution of using microorganisms for plant disease control
Biological Control with Fungi
Biological Control with Streptomycetes
Biological Control with Yeasts
PEST CONTROL: RODENTS
Characteristics of Rodents
Rodent populations
Types of Rodent Problems
Grain Crops
Sugarcane
Orchard and Plantation
Crops
Stored Products
Forest Crops and Reforestation
Hydraulic Structures
Urban Rodent Problems
Damage to Cables, Wires, and Electronics
Rodents and Disease
Conservation of Rare Species
Control Methods
Integrated Pest Management
Habitat Management
Traps
Rodenticides
Biological Control
Reproductive Inhibition
Ultrasonics
Bounties and Insurance
HIGH
DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREAS
Street tree patches
Container gardens
Impervious and pervious pavement, sealed areas
Rooftop planting
Roof run off infiltration area
SOILS IN
LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREAS
Nightsoil: Human Waste Disposal on Soils
Dilution pathways for human waste to soil
Chemistry and physics of human waste and soil disposal areas
Local planning for soil-based human waste management
Ponds
Ponds for stormwater and sediment storage
Ponds for food and water supply
Pond water for fire protection
Ponds for recreation use
Unpaved roads and trails
Location and design criteria
Capping materials for roads and trails
Erosion control measures
Food supply possibilities
Riparian corridors
Flood and erosion control
Food and water supply
Recreation and parks in riparian corridors
SOILS IN
LANDSCAPED PUBLIC AREAS
Parks
Playgrounds
Burial Grounds
LANDSCAPED
COMMERCIAL AREAS: GOLF COURSE AND ATHLETIC FIELD SOILS
Soil Compaction
Root Zone for High Traffic Areas
Sand Characteristics
Organic and Inorganic Amendments
Examples of Root Zones for High Traffic Areas
Putting Greens, Tees, and Athletic
Field Soil Properties
Minimally Modified Soil Profiles
Soil Profiles for Deeper Root Zones
The Continuum of Soils for High Traffic Areas
The Relation between Agronomic Quality and Play for High
Traffic Areas
The Establishment of Playing Quality Standards
Interactions between Player and Surface
Traction and Friction
Hardness and Resilience
Interactions Between the Ball and the Surface
Ball Bounce Resilience
Ball Rolling Resistance
Agronomic Reliability, Playing Quality and Level of Use
RANGE AND ANIMAL
SCIENCES AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
What
are Rangelands?
Global
Distribution of Rangelands
Brief
Description of Major Rangeland Vegetation Types
Global
Rangelands: Some Common Features
Range
Livestock Systems of the World
Herd Composition
Constraints to Livestock Production on
Rangelands
History
of Rangeland Science as a Discipline
Plant Succession
Holistic Resource Management
Role
of Ecology in the Management of Rangeland Habitats
The Landscape Approach as a Basis for Rangeland
Management
The Concept of Landscape Health
Range/Livestock
Interactions
Effects on Plant-community Production
Key
Issues in Rangeland Management
PEOPLE IN
RANGELANDS: THEIR ROLE AND INFLUENCE ON RANGELAND UTILIZATION AND
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
The
Economics of Common Property Resources
Case
study The Grassland Law and its implementation in China
Carrying
capacity –an elusive concept
Drivers
of Change
Climate
variability
Climate
change
Land
use and tenure
Movement
and migration
Adaptation
to rangeland degradation
Herd
management strategies
Introduced
plants and animals
Challenges
for the Future
RANGE LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE NEAR EAST
Production Systems
General
Sedentary Livestock Production Systems
Semi-nomadic System
Transhumant System
Nomadic Pastoral Production System
Constraints and Challenges
RANGELAND
COMMUNITIES: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND CLASSIFICATION
Vegetation
Composition, Structure, and Life-History
Composition
Structure
Life-History Traits
Structure and Composition Linkage
Ecosystem
Function
Structure and Function Linkage
Diversity and Function Linkage
Vegetation
Classification
Introduction
Basis for Classifying Vegetation
Major Classes of Vegetation
Rangeland
Classification Systems
Range Succession Model
Ecological Sites Model
Landscape Function Analysis
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health
Current State of Vegetation Classification Systems
RANGELAND IMPROVEMENTS
Rangeland
Types
A
Case Study of the US
Rangelands.
Economic Impact of Wild-Life Related Activities
The
Role of Range Legislation
Impact of the Taylor Grazing Act
Land
Degradation Processes and Action-Reaction Chains
Role of Permanent Exclosures
Short and Medium Term Exclosures
Game
ranching
Establishing
Drought Tolerant Fodder Shrubs
Soil
And Water Conservation Work in Conjunction with Revegetation
Range
Reseeding
Monitoring
HABITAT AND RIPARIAN
MANAGEMENT IN RANGELAND ECOSYSTEMS
Ecological Approach to Rangelands
Ecological Dimensions of Rangeland Ecosystems
Culture, Ecology and Landscape
Rangeland Habitats and Riparian Ecotones
Rangeland Habitats and Soil Landscapes
Mapping Habitats and Riparian Ecotones
Modelling Relationships between Habitats-Regoliths-Aquifers
Ecological Energetics and Microclimates
Heat, Light, Wind and Water Energies
Habitat Biodiversity and Rangeland Microclimates
Riparian Ecotones and Rangeland Ecosystems
Habitat Ecography
Catchment Infrastructures; Watershed Ecostructures
Cultural Ecosynthesis
Rangeland Habitats and Resource Systems
Plant Resource Systems
Animal Resource Systems
Pastoral Rangelands
Soil Based Systems
Water Resource Systems
Village Communities
Sustainable Rangeland Futures
Nature Conservation and Conservation Biology
Resource Conservation and Natural Resource Management
Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development
Qinling Rangelands Case Study
Resource Assignment and Rangeland Management
Planning for Change ~ Managing Uncertainty
Cultural Ecosynthesis and Rangeland Watersheds
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOIL MANAGEMENT
Key
Concepts
Relatively Static vs. Dynamic Soil Properties
Resilience
Soil Chemical Properties
Soil Physical Properties
Soil Biological Properties
Soil-Plant-Animal Feedbacks
Multi-scale Management
Soils
and Ecosystem Services
Forage Production
Wildlife Habitat
Biodiversity Conservation
Water Quality and Quantity
Air Quality
Carbon Sequestration
Causes
and Consequences of Environmental Soil Degradation In Rangelands
Rangeland
Soil Remediation
Supporting
Sustainable Soil Management With Inventory, Monitoring and Assessment
Rapid, Quantitative Field Tests
Standardized Qualitative Observations of Soil
Surface and Sub-Surface Characteristics
Measurements of Soil Surface and Vegetation
Patterns
Remote Sensing
Environmental
Soil Management and Sustainable Development: An Integrated Approach
BEHAVIOUR–THE KEYSTONE IN OPTIMIZING FREE-RANGING
UNGULATE PRODUCTION
Defining
Animal Behaviour
Concepts
Fundamental To Foraging
Stocking rate
Animal density and stocking pressure
Foraging
Behaviour
Spatial concepts
From Specialized Individuals To Unique Groups –
Flocks, Herds And Mixed Species Groups
Group Cohesiveness
The
Central Role Of Plant Chemistry In Foraging Behaviour
Ethics,
Laws, Health, Safety And Animal Welfare
Low-Stress
Management Strategies
Animal
Behaviour And 21st Century
Range Animal Ecology
BEEF CATTLE NUTRITION IN
COMMERCIAL RANCHING SYSTEMS
Factors Affecting Forage Quality
Seasonal Changes in Nutrient Quality of Native Range
Other Factors Affecting Forage Quality
Dormant Season Grazing
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle
General Considerations for Supplementation
Protein Supplementation
Non-Protein Nitrogen Supplements
Effects of Feeding True Protein Supplements
Provision of Microbial Growth Factors
Feeding to Meet the Metabolizable Protein Needs
Supplementation Frequency
Interaction Between Supplemental Degradable Protein and
Energy
Supplement Form
Supplementation of Gestating Beef Cows
Supplementation of the Lactating Beef Cows
Mineral Supplementation
Primary vs. Secondary Deficiencies
Reduced Productivity
Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests
Behavioral Considerations for Optimizing Supplementation
Programs
FIRE EFFECTS AND
MANAGEMENT IN AFRICAN GRASSLANDS AND SAVANNAS
Ignition Sources of Fire in Africa
Fire Ecology of African Grasslands and Savannas
Type of Fire
Fire Intensity
Season of Burning
Frequency of Burning
Interactions between Fire and Herbivory
Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem in East Africa
Arid Savannas of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa
Fire Management iIn African Grasslands and Savannas
Fire Regime
Type of Fire
Fire intensity
Season of Burning
Frequency of Burning
Fire Management for Domestic Livestock Systems
Reasons for Burning
Ecological Criteria for Prescribed Burning
Post-Fire Range Management
Fire Management for Wildlife Management
Systems
Range Condition Burning System
Post-Fire Range Management
FIRE IN RANGELANDS AND
ITS ROLE IN MANAGEMENT
Global Patterns – Which Rangelands Burn?
Landscape- Scale Patterns of Rangeland Fire
Rangeland Fire Regimes
Fire History of Rangeland Ecosystems
Pre-Human and the Role of Climatic Fluctuations
Role of Indigenous People
Trends following European Colonization
Biotic Effects of Fire in Rangelands
Fire Behavior Models for Rangelands
Fire – Grazing Interactions
Exotic Species
Fire Management Considerations in Rangelands
Burning to Reduce Fuels
Burning to Increase Productivity
Burning to Control Woody Plants and Exotics
Burning to Protect or Enhance Biodiversity Values
Burning for Carbon Storage Benefits
INVASIVE RANGELAND PLANTS
Extent
of Invasion and Impacts on Ecological and Economic Systems
Successional
Theory
Invasion Process
Theory of Biotic Resistance to Invasion
Mechanisms of Biotic Resistance to Invasion
Theory of Fluctuating Resources
Synthesis of Community Invasibility Theories
Tools
Used to Manage Succession toward Desirable Plant Communities
Successional Management Framework
Site Availability
Species Availability
Species Performance
Tools That Modify Key Ecological Conditions and
Processes
Biological Control
Fire
Grazing
Herbicides
Revegetation
Ecologically-Based Invasive Plant Management
Managing
Performance of Invasive Rangeland Species
Southern
Great Plains and Southwestern U.S.A.
Energy Allocation in Plants
Annuals
Summer Annuals
Winter Annuals/Biennials
Perennial Herbaceous Weeds
Rosette-Forming Weeds
Non-Rosette-Forming Weeds
Suffrutescent Shrubs
Woody Weeds (Brush)
Long-/Short-Shoot Growth
Non-Basal Sprouting Woody Plants
Basal and Root Sprouting Woody Plants
Climate
Change and Invasive Species – What Might the Future Hold?
Increasing CO2
Temperature and Precipitation
Fire and Climate Change
Coping with Climate Change
FROM INVENTORY TO MONITORING IN SEMI-ARID AND ARID
RANGELANDS
Definitions
Rangeland Inventory and Analysis
Early Botanical Inventory
Recent Rangeland Inventory and
Analysis
Office Preparation
Field Work - Preliminary Field Reconnaissance / Exploration
Preliminary Field Reconnaissance and Exploration
Field Vegetation Survey – Ecological Survey
Characterizing the Environment and the Vegetation
Characterizing the Relationship between the Environment and
the Vegetation
The European Phytosociological-Phytoecological Method
The Climax Vegetation Concept in North
America
The Landscape and Land Systems Approach in Australia
Describing the Vegetation Structure
On a Limited Area
On a line (Line Intercept Measurements - LIM)
Using the Discrete Point Sampling Methods
Measuring the Above-Ground Biomass or the Range Net Primary
Production (RNPP)
The Clipping Method
The Bowen Ratio-energy Balance Method
Output: Rangeland Vegetation Maps and Rangeland Development
Assessing the Range Condition and Health
The Rain Use Efficiency (RUE) to Evaluate the Current
Rangeland Health
Rangeland Monitoring
Ground-Based Rangeland Monitoring
The Western
Australian Range
Monitoring System (WARMS)
Satellite-Based Rangeland Survey and Monitoring Systems
Satellite-Based Vegetation Surveys: A Static Eagle’s View of
the Rangeland Types and Production
Remote Sensing – Satellite-Based Range Monitoring
The VegMachine™
NEW THINKING IN RANGE
ECOLOGY
Ecosystems Dynamics and the New Paradigm
Thresholds
Characteristics of Non-Equilibrial Systems
Reconciling Complex Systems
New Ecology and the Social Sciences
Will The Future Work?
THE ROLE
OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES IN HUMAN NUTRITION
Humans Have Modified the Global Environment
Land-Use Change, Food Production, and Human Welfare
Biodiversity Implications of Land-Use Change
Population Growth and Food Production
Agriculture, Food Production, and the Environment
A Diminishing Resource Base
Can Agriculture Meet the Challenge?
Energetics of Food Production and Consumption
Food Security: A Major Goal
Food, Nutrition, and Health
Global Stability: Problems and Prospects
Drivers of Change
Population Growth
Economic Growth
Technological Innovation
Social Factors Affecting the Future
Urbanization
Equity Patterns
The Search for Sustainability
FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE AND THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
A Brief History of FoodGathering, Production, and Storage
The Impact of Technology on Agriculture and Food Production
The Green Revolution
Protecting the Resource Base: Economic and Ecological
Imperatives
Constraining Factors in Food Production
Challenges for the Twenty-first Century
HISTORICAL
ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE
Domestication and the Origins of Agriculture
Historical Conditions for the Origins of Agriculture
Symbolic, Social and Economic Domestication
Emergence of Agriculture as a Special Case of Economic
Domestication
Generalized Hunting and Gathering
Specialized Hunting and Gathering
Husbandry of Tamed Food Resources
Cultivation of Domesticated Plants and/or to Animal Husbandry
of Domesticated -Animals
Why take up Farming? Explanations of the Origin of
Agriculture
Culture Ecological Approach
Demographic Approach
Evolutionary Approaches
Social Competition Approach
Ideological and Cosmological Explanations
The Development and Spread of Early Farming
The Development of Agriculture in the Centers of Origin
South-west Asia
Discussion
Mesoamerica
Andean South America
Summary of Discussion
China
Sub-Saharan Africa
Eastern North America
The Development of Other Systems of Management - the
'non-centers'
Other 'Indigenous' Areas
The Consequences of Early Farming
Ecology and Environment
Population and Politics
FORESTS
AND GRASSLANDS AS CRADLES FOR AGRICULTURE
Humans as Parts of Forest
and Grassland Ecosystems
Human Subsistence in Forests and Grasslands Based on
Gathering and Hunting
Transition of Natural Communities into Seminatural
Communities
The Development of Agroecosystems Agroforestry was the Origin
The Transition from Food Collection to Food Production
Agroforestry What Does it Mean and How Does it Work?
Nutrient Cycling in Natural, Agricultural, and Agroforestry
Ecosystems
Agroforestry Today
Agroforestry Systems in Temperate Forests and Grasslands
Tropical Grasslands and Forests
Sustainable Agroecosystems for the Future
Prerequisites for Sustainable Agriculture
Examples of Sustainable Agriculture Combination of
Agroforestry and Conventional -Agroecosystems
Agroforestry Must Be Considered within its Cultural and
Socioeconomic Context
DOMESTICATION
AND DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT CULTIVARS
Early Plant Domestication
Reasons for Plant Domestication
Development of Landraces
Advent of Plant Genetics as a Scientific Discipline in
Cultivar Development
New Developments of Molecular Genetics and Cellular
Physiology
Lessons, Challenges, and Opportunities
ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY, NOMADIC BREEDING, AND DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
Animal Husbandry
What is Animal Husbandry? Why Domesticate?
Nomadic Pastoralism
Sedentary Stockowners
Domestication of People
Trends Toward Domestication of Animals
Hunters becoming Herders
Changes in Social and Economic Conditions
Choice of Domestic Animals
Archaeological Evidence of Early Domestication of Animals
Zagros Mountains of Iran
The Coastal Area of the Levant
and Interior
Africa
Europe
Asia
South America
Modern Examples/Problems of Transition to Food Production
Distribution of Modern Pastoral People
Africa
Near East
Eurasia
South America
Comparison of Strategies
Traditional Animal Husbandry
Transhumance
Mixed Herds
Maintenance of Herd Quality and Quantity
Breeding of Stock
Veterinary Techniques/Indigenous Knowledge
Idea of Commonage/"Tragedy of the Commons"
Social Parameters
Color and Identification
Use of Animals in Ritual
Age Grades and Castes
Changes in the Pastoral
Way of Life in the Early Twenty-First Century
Different Roles of Age Grades
Pressures on Land Use
Sedentarization and Taxation
War, Drought, and Famine
Future of Nomadic Pastoralism
Demands for Meat
Commercial Ranching
Marginalization
Space Needs and Population Pressures
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Domestication
and modern production—goats
Domestication
and modern production—sheep
Domestication
and modern production—pigs
Domestication
and modern production—cattle
Domestication
and modern production—horses
Domestication
and modern production—poultry
HISTORY OF FORESTRY
Concepts of Modern Forestry
Relationship with Agriculture
Protection
Silviculture
Yield Regulation
Property Regimes and Organization
Origins of Modern Forestry
The Birth of Modern Forestry: From Practice to Science
The Leading role of German Forestry: Towards Industrial
Silviculture
Reaction: Forestry Closer to Nature, Swiss Method of Control
Origins of Forestry and Sustainability Principles
Spread of Modern Forestry
Overview of Spread
Europe
Imperial Forestry
Lands of New Settlement
International Organizations and Training
Spread of Forestry and Sustainability Principles
Development Forestry
Expansion and Development
International Pattern of Trade, Industry and Forest use
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
Development Forestry and Sustainability Principles
Social Forestry
Origins, Forms and Definitions
Four Examples
Social Challenge to Modern Forestry
Social Forestry and Sustainability Principles
Sustainable Forestry
Challenge to Modern Forestry
Multiple Use Forestry: The First Response
Challenge to Multiple Use Forestry
International Response
Sustainable Forest Management
Contradictory Influences
Challenge and Change
ANCIENT
FORESTRY PRACTICES
Properties of Trees
Destructive Forces and their Impacts
Timber, Wood, Leaves
Coppicing
Coppicing in Prehistory
Coppicing in Classical Antiquity
Coppicing in England
Timber-growing in Coppice-woods
Uses of Underwood
Coppicing in Other Cultures
Timber-growing
Pollarding
Wood-pasture and Savanna
Burning
Hedges and Fence-rows
Other Non-forest Trees
Woodmanship in the 20th Century
TREE DOMESTICATION
AND THE HISTORY OF PLANTATIONS
Origins of Planting
The Mediterranean Lands
Asia
Movement of Germplasm
Evidence of Early Transfers
Role of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta
Australian Tree Species and Their Transfer
North Asia as a Rich Source
Tree Domestication
Domestication by Indigenous Peoples
Selection and Breeding of Forest
Trees
Forest Genetics
Plantations
Forest Plantations 14001900
European Experiences
Tropical Plantations
Plantations 19001950
Plantations 19502000
Global Overview
North America
Japan and the Pacific
China
India
Africa
South America
South Asia and Southeast Asia
Protection Forests
Amenity Planting and Urban Forestry
Plantation Practices
The Mechanical Revolution
Sustainability of Plantations
PROTECTING
FORESTS AND TIMBER STOCKS
An Overview of Approaches to Timber and Forest
Protection
The Challenge of Meeting Evolving Demands for Timber
Protecting Forests as a Source for National Development
Protecting Forests for Local Communities
Protecting Forests for Global Benefits
Twentieth Century Forces of Change
Timber and Forests as Productive Stocks and Infrastructure
Forests and Environmental Concerns
The Scientific Approach to Timber Protection
Information as the Key to Forest
Management
Community Forestry Programs Aimed at Timber and Forest Protection
Forests for People
Assessments of Community Forestry Programs
Domestic Policies and Forest
Management
The Shift from Program-based to Policy-based Protection
Strategies
Economic Incentives and Timber Protection
Economic Incentives and Deforestation
Timber Protection and International Trade
Trade Barriers and Other Trade Policy Instruments
Environmental Labeling, Certification and Timber Protection
The Evolving International Dimensions to Timber Protection
A
HISTORY OF FISHING
The Fish/Human Interaction
Definition of Fishes
The Earliest Interactions between Humans and Fish
Traditional Fishing Methods
The Development of Trawling
Influential Fish in Recent History
Development of the Concept of Surplus
The Paradox of the Fishery: 'The Tragedy of the Commons' and
Over-exploitation
Extinction
The Dawn of the Modern Era: Conflicting Perceptions
Early Steps in 'Fisheries Science': The Concept of Surplus
Production and Fisheries Models
Fisheries Models in Fisheries Management: An Exact Science?
The Unintended Experiment - the Impact of the World Wars
The Modern Era of Fisheries Management
What Constitutes Successful Fisheries Management?
Global Fisheries Production
Major Species in the World Catch
The Major Fish Producing Countries
Commercial Value of Global Fish Production
How Much of the Global Catch is Used for Human Nutrition?
Demand for Fish for Human Nutrition
Threats to the Yield of Fish
The Challenging Future for Fisheries
A Probable Future
TRADITIONAL
METHODS OF FISHING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SOUTH WEST PACIFIC
Subsistence Fishing Practices and Resource Development
Fish Harvest and Prospects
Traditional Fishing Techniques: An Overview
Traditional Fishing Techniques used in Melanesia
Bamboo Trap Fishing as Practiced in West New Britain
Province, Papua New Guinea
The Construction and Use of Nets as Practiced in West New
Britain Province, Papua -New Guinea
Spear Fishing as Practiced in West New Britain Province, Papua
New Guinea
Pole and line as used on Buka Island,
North Solomon Province, Papua New Guinea
Scoop Nets as Used by the Mundugumor Tribe, East Sepik
Province
Fishing Dams as Used by the Mundugumor Tribe, East Sepik Province
Trolling as Practiced in Western Province, Solomon
Islands
Fish Fences as Used on Buka
Island, North
Solomons Province,
Papua New Guinea
Catching Baitfish on Buka
Island, North
Solomons Province,
Papua New Guinea
Fishing for Flying fish on Buka Island,
North Solomons Province, Papua New Guinea
Kite fishing on Buka
Island, North
Solomons Province, Papua New Guinea
Basket Trip Fishing as Practiced by Malu
Village, East
Sepik Province,
Papua New -Guinea
Scoop Net as Practiced by Malu
Village, East Sepik Province, Papua
New Guinea
Crab Stick Fishing in the Gulf Province, Papua New
Guinea
Women's Fishing Activities at Labu Butu, Morobe Province, Papua
New Guinea
Fishing for Mud Lobsters in the Rewa Delta, Viti Levu, Fiji
Poisoning as a Traditional Method
Fish poisons on Buka
Island, North
Solomons Province, Papua New Guinea
Spear Fishing as Practiced by Malu
Village, East Sepik Province, Papua
New Guinea
Poisoning as Practiced by Malu
Village, East Sepik Province, Papua
New Guinea
Hunting of Other Marine Animals
Turtle Hunting as Practiced in West New Britain Province,
Papua New Guinea
Dugong Fishing as Practiced on Buka Island, North Solomon
Province, Papua New -Guinea
Rituals and Customs
Rituals and Customs as Practiced by the Mundugumor tribe, East Sepik Province
Taboos, Customs and Rituals Practiced in the Malu Village,
East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea
Bamboo Trap Fishing as Practiced in West New Britain
Province, Papua New Guinea
Traditional Fishing: Constraints and Opportunities
Significance of Fish in the Culture (Including Diet, Ritual,
Ceremony)
Conservation of Fisheries Resources
Constraints to Achieving Aims and Objectives
Opportunities and Prospects
DEVELOPMENT
OF FRESHWATER FISHERIES
History of Freshwater Fisheries
Early Fisheries
The History of Atlantic Salmon Fisheries
Pacific Salmon
Development of Salmonid Culture Fisheries/Enhancement
Programs
Non-anadromous Freshwater Fisheries
Eels
Stocking of Non-Native Fish
Reservoir Fishery of Asia
Non-anadromous Fisheries of Rivers
Development of Freshwater Fish Culture
Need
A Classification of Aquaculture
Species Selection for Freshwater Culture
Tilapia
Major Carps and Other Cyprinids
Catfish
Eels
Salmonids
Other Species
Present Status of Aquaculture
Recreational Freshwater Fisheries
Status and Trends
Social, Economic and Management Aspects of Recreational
Fisheries
Evolution of Freshwater Fisheries
Definition of Fishery Evolution
The Sustainability Challenge
DEVELOPMENT
OF MARINE FISHERIES
History
Fishing History Periods
Influence on People's Fate
The Establishment of Fish Markets
Fishermen's Character and Policy
Fisheries Resources
Trophic Biology of Fish
Fish Farming
Fish Processing and Trade
Financing
International Conditions
Science
Management
Control of Production and Resource Allocation
Dividing the Common Property Resource
Developed and Developing Countries
The Fishing Industry of Industrialized Countries
Experience in Developing Countries
Bycatch and Discard
Outlook
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF SPECIALIZED SHIPS, NETS, AND EQUIPMENT
How the Fishing Tools have Appeared
Differentiation of Catching Methods
Fishing Gear and Fishing Vessels
The Major Categories of Fishing Vessel
Purse Seiners
Seine Netters
Liners
Gill-netters
Scientific Foundation for Fishing Gear Technology
Mid-water and Deep-water Fishing
Electronics and Information Services
Fishing Ports
Education
IMPACT
OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE
Agriculture and Environment
Agriculture and its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle
Agriculture and Global Change: A Reciprocal Relationship
The Past: The Inception of Agriculture and Its Spread
Present: Snapshot of Current World Agriculture
The Future
The Impact of Agriculture on Global Change
The Overall Impact of Agriculture on the Biosphere and
Atmosphere
The Impact of Global Change on Agriculture
PROJECTIONS
OF GLOBAL CARRYING CAPACITY
The Reality of Projected Population Growth
Responses to Population Pressure on Resources
Optimum Populations
Food Production Outlook
Projections of Global Carrying Capacity
RURAL
RESOURCES AND FEEDING FOLK FULLY: PROBLEMS, POSSIBILITIES, AND PROSPECTS
Some Defining Dimensions of Reality
Time
Population
Food Needs
Resources: Degradation vs. Sustenance
The Land Resource
The Water Resource
The Knowledge Resource
THE
IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON RURAL LAND USE
Urbanization as Process
Sustainable Development Challenges under Urbanization
Processes
Urbanization and Migration
Links with Industrialization, Technological Change, and
Globalization
The Role of Values in Migration
Rural Land Use
Components of Rural Land Use with Particular Reference to
Agriculture
The Importance of the Rural Decisionmaker: Farmer, Farm
Family, Community
Impacts of Urbanization
Urbanization as a Set of Demands or Stresses vis--vis Rural
(Agricultural) Areas
Different Interactions Between Urbanization and Rural Land
Use
The Mosaic of Situations at All Scales of Analysis
Impacts on Agriculture: Issues
Agricultural Land Resource Impacts: Food Issues
Urban Fringe Agriculture in Western Countries
Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries
Impacts on the Rural Community: Issues
Policy and Action
A Framework for Public Policy and Action
Policies and Actions
QUALITY
AND QUANTITY OF WATER FOR AGRICULTURE
The World's Freshwater Resource
Utilization of the Freshwater Resource
Agricultural Uses
Ecosystem Services
Inefficiency and its Consequences
Salinity
Dryland Salinity
Salinity in Irrigated Areas
Nutrients and Agricultural Chemicals
Over-extraction of Water and its Consequences
Climate Change and Water Availability
Allocation of Water for the Environment
Evolving Management Frameworks
The Issue of Allocation
Whole System Management
SALINATION,
DESERTIFICATION AND SOIL EROSION
Land Use Practices that Lead to Salinization of Croplands
Salinity in Irrigated Lands
Methods of Preventing and Repairing Salt Damaged Soils
New Solutions to Salinity Problems
Desertification: Its Extent and Severity
Main Causes of Land Degradation in Drylands
Useful indicators of Desertification
Soil Erosion: A Threat to Sustainability
Erosion Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Landslip
Other Types of Degradation
Soil Structure Decline
Reduced Biological Activity in Soil
Increases in Soil Acidity
CONSERVATION
OF PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY
Diversity in Biodiversity
Definition of Biodiversity
Measuring Biodiversity
Geographical Distribution of Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Changes in Biodiversity over Geological Time
Current Loss of Species
Current Loss of Ecosystems
Current Loss of Genetic Diversity: Genetic Erosion
Why the Loss of Biodiversity Matters
The Conservation Process
Conservation at Different Levels of Biodiversity
Selection of Target Taxa
Project Commission
Ecogeographic Survey and Preliminary Exploration
Development of a Comprehensive Conservation Plan
Implementation of a Conservation Plan
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