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NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE WORLD
Renewable resources
Land resources of the world
Natural zonation
Types of resources
Mineral (non-energy) resources
Production and consumption of
mineral resources
Mineral resources extraction and
the environment
Other (renewable energy)
resources
Solar resources
History of the utilization of
solar energy
Technologies to harness solar
energy
The future of solar energy
Geothermal energy
Historical use
Generation of electricity
Uses of geothermal energy
Wind energy
Wind power
Historical background
Current and future utilization
of wind energy
Ocean energy: tidal, wave and
thermal conversion
Tidal energy
Wave energy
Thermal conversion
Hydro energy
Biological resources:
conservation and management
Habitat protection and
sustainability
Protected areas and natural
parks
The economic value of non-timber
forest resources
Biological resources and
sustainability
WORLD NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY
(WITH FOCUS ON MINERAL
RESOURCES)
Sustainable
Development
Energy and
Mineral Resources as Renewable
Resources
Energy and
Mineral Resources as
Non-renewable Resources
Statistical Data
Energy and Mineral Resources
Statistical Data on the Masses
Moved and Areas Used during the
Mining of Non-renewable
Resources
Lifetime of Reserves
Replacement of Mineral Resources
by Functionally Equivalent
Substitutes According to Rule 2
of the Enquete Commission
Increasing the Efficiency of
Mineral Resources Exploitation
and Utilization Increasing the
Efficiency of Deposit
Exploitation
Finding New Solutions to
Technological Problems
Substitution
The
Importance of Learning
Environmental
Aspects in Mining and
Reclamation
Good Miner’s Practice and the
Miner’s Code of Conduct
Reclamation and Restoration of
Mine Sites
The Sink
Problem
THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN
SOCIETY
The Energy
Supply System
Energy System of Sweden in Terms
of Energy
Energy System of Sweden in Terms
of Exergy
Energy Use in
Swedish Society
Solar Heating
Forestry and Industry Based on
Forests
Agriculture and Food Production
Electricity from Hydropower and
Thermal Power
Iron Ore
Nuclear Fuel
Chemical
Fuels
Exergy Losses at the Conversion
into Heat
Chains of Resource Conversions
Exergy Use in
Japanese Society
Forestry and Industry Based on
Forests
Agriculture and Food Production
Electricity from Hydropower and
Thermal Power
Metals
Nuclear Fuel
Chemical Fuels
Exergy Losses at the Conversions
into Heat
Exergy Use in
Italian Society
Solar Heating
Forestry and Industry Based on
Forests
Agriculture and Food Production
Electricity from Hydropower and
Thermal Power
Metals
Chemical Fuels
Exergy Losses at the Conversion
into Heat
The
Total System
A Historical
and Global perspective
Exergy Use in Swedish Society
During the 1920s
Technical Uses of Natural
Resources
Agriculture
Forestry
Solid Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Electric Power
Resource Conversion in Ghana
during 1975
WORLD NATURAL RESOURCE POLICY
AND MANAGEMENT
The Structure
and Function of Ecosystems and
Natural Resources
Status of the
World’s Natural Resources
Land Resources
Water Resources
Energy Resources
Biological Resources
Resources and Human Diseases
An Optimum
Population Based on the
Availability of the Earth’s
Natural Resources
COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND
DROUGHT
What is
Desertification and Drought?
Definition of Desertification
Causes of Desertification
Consequences of Desertification
Drought and Its Effects
Regional
Outlook
Africa
Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Other Regions
Efforts to
Combat Desertification and
Drought
Past International Achievements
A
New Strategy: Convention to
Combat Desertification
Some Innovative Aspects
Action Programs
Some New Achievements
Successful Stories at Local
Level
Mitigating the Effects of
Drought
Towards the
Twenty-first Century
CLIMATE IMPACTS OF LAND
DEGRADATION IN THE WORLD’S
DRYLANDS
Local and
Regional Climate Changes Caused
by Desertification
Simulation Studies
Empirical Studies
Hemispheric
and Global Climate Changes
Caused by Desertification
SOILS AND SOIL SCIENCES
Soils and Soil Science
Soil Formation and Soil Forming Processes
Weathering and Regolith
Formation
Soil Profile Formation and
Horizon Development
The Soil Profile
Soil Composition and Soil Properties
Soil Composition
Organic Soils
Mineral Soils
Soil Texture
Soil Structure
Soil Consistence
Soil Color
Bulk Density and Soil Porosity
Water Retention and Infiltration
Soil Air and Aeration
Organic Matter
Soil pH
Cation Exchange Complex
Soil Survey and Classification
Types of Soil Surveys
Soil Survey Procedures
Purpose and Use of Soil Maps
Soil Classification
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOIL SCIENCE
Soil
Science/Agriculture in Ancient
Times and Early History (up to 4th
Century AD)
Mesopotamia
Greeks and Romans
Other Mediterranean
Civilizations
Northern Europe
Asia
Americas
Ancient Times and Early History
Summary
Soil Science
in The Middle Ages (5th
to 14th Centuries AD)
Byzantium and Europe
Arabia and the Middle East
Southeast Asia
Soil Science
in the Renaissance Period (15th
to 17th Centuries)
Studies in Soils and Plant
Nutrition
Soils and Government
Soils Recognized by Geologists
Drainage of Wet Soils
Soil Science
in The Age of Enlightenment (18th
Century)
The
"Humus Theory"
Soil as an Evolutionary Body
Beginnings of Soil Mapping
Soil Science
Becomes a True Science (19th
century)
Lewis and Clark
The
"Mineral Theory"
Agrogeology
Soil Mapping
Darwin and Soil Biology
The
Profile Concept
Dokuchaiev and the Birth of
Genetic Soil Science
Modern Soil
Science (20th
Century)
Genetic Soil Science Spreads
National Detailed Mapping
Programs
Soil Erosion
The
Internationalization of Soil
Science
Soil Science Moves Beyond
Agriculture
PEDOGENESIS AND SOIL FORMING
FACTORS
Pedogenesis
and Soil Forming Factors
Organic Surface Horizon
Hydromorphism
Textural Differentiation
Calcic, Gypsiferous and Saline
Properties
Vertic Properties
Podzolization
Andic Properties
Ferralitization
Chronosequences
Soil
Properties affecting Land Use
Potential
Properties affected by Climate
Wet (Sub)Tropical Climates
(Semi) Arid Climates
Steppe Climates
(Sub)Humid Temperate Climates
Permafrost Conditions
Properties affected by Parent
Material
Properties affected by
Topography
Properties affected by Age
Properties affected by Man
Soil
Variability
How do Soil
Properties affect Land Use and
Land Cover ?
Properties that can be Changed
at Short Notice
Properties that can be Partly
Modified
Properties that cannot be
Changed with Current Management
Techniques
How Land Use
affects Soil Properties ?
Land Use Intensification
Long Term Cultivation
Multiple Cropping Systems
Irrigation
Land Use Conversion
Conversion of Forest
Conversion of Grasslands
Conversion of Coastal Wetlands
SOIL PROPERTIES AND PEDOMETRICS
Origins of Pedometrics
Mathematical and Statistical
Techniques used by
Pedometricians
Well-established Workhorses
Geostatistics
Multivariate Analysis
Fuzzy Sets
Emerging Methodologies
Bayesian Maximum Entropy
Some Applications and
Preoccupations
Precision Agriculture
Digital Soil Mapping
Soil Monitoring
Future Areas
Pedometrics in a Data-rich
Environment
Pedometrics and the Management
of Pedodiversity
Pedometrics as a Unifying
Discipline
SOIL GEOGRAPHY AND
CLASSIFICATION
The Zonal
Concept in Soil Classification –
A Historical Overview
Modern Soil
Classifications
Soil Geography and Soil
Taxonomy
Soil Geography and the FAO/UNESCO
Soil Map of the World
Soil Geography and the World
Reference Base for Soil
Resources (WRB)
Soil Geography and Other Systems
of Soil Classification
Role of Soil
Geography and Soil
Classification in Land Use
Planning and Land Cover Studies
SOIL PHYSICS
Soil Texture
Mineral Soil Fractions
Sand
Silt
Clay
Organic Soil Fraction
Particle Size Distribution
Particle Size Analysis
Cumulative Particle Size
Distribution Curve
Textural Triangle
Soil Structure
Soil Structure Classification
Soil Structure Characterization
Aggregate Stability
Soil Physical Properties
Specific Soil Surface
Soil Density
Particle density
Bulk density
Porosity and Void Ratio
Porosity
Void ratio
Water Content
Plasticity Index
Soil Hydraulic Properties
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Unsaturated Hydraulic
Conductivity
Agricultural Significance
Importance of Texture
Importance of Structure
Importance of Other Soil
Physical Characteristics
SOIL CHEMISTRY AND SOIL FERTILITY
Soil Forming Factors and
Processes
Soil Chemical Reactions
The Inorganic Solid Phase
The Organic Solid Phase
The Liquid Phase
Infiltration
Hydrolysis
The Gaseous Phase
Soil Air Quality
Biochemical Effect of Aeration
Soil Acidity (pH)
The Exchange Complex
Oxidation and Reduction
Soil Fertility and Nutrient Uptake
Nutrient Fixation and Losses
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Beneficial Elements
Fertilizer Application
Solid Fertilizers
Fluid Fertilizers (liquid and
suspension)
Amount and Time of Application
Fertilizer Mobility in Soils
Fertilizer Salt Index
Interactions and Environmental
Effects
Inorganic Fertilizers
Organic Pollution Sources
Impact of Soil Chemical Conditions on Land Use and Land Cover
SOIL BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
Soil Biota
Microbiota
Bacteria
Fungi
Cyanobacteria and Algae
Protozoa
Metabolism of Micro-organisms
Mesobiota
Macrobiota
Species
Diversity and Interaction with
Soil Properties
Numbers and Species Diversity
Interaction with Soil Water
Content
Interactions with Food Webs and
Soil Metabolism
Interaction with the Rhizosphere
Biological
Processes in Soils
Microbial Activity and
Accumulation of Biomass
Litter Decomposition and
Turnover
Soil
Functionality and its Change
under Stress
Indicators of
Soil Quality
Soil Biota
and Land Use
SOIL BIOCHEMISTRY
Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter
Pools of Organic Matter in Soils
Formation of Humic Substances
The Lignin Theory
The Polyphenol Theory
Sugar-Amine Condensation
Soil Enzymes
Classification by Location
Classification by Function
Properties of Soil Enzymes
DNA in Soil
Carbon Cycling in Soil
Decay Process
Use of 14C in Soil
Organic Matter Studies
Transformations in Wet Sediments
Biochemistry of Soil Nitrogen
Ammonification
Nitrification
Stabilization of Soil Organic N
Denitrification
Use of 15N in Soil
Nitrogen Studies
Biochemistry of Phosphorus and
Sulfur in Soil
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Biochemical Interactions with
Metals
Complexation of Metals with Soil
Organic Components
Biochemical Compounds as
Chelating Agents
Trace Metal Interactions with
Humic Substances
Biochemistry of Xenobiotics in
Soil
Effect of Pesticides on Soil
Processes
Metabolism of Pesticides in the
Soil
Biochemistry of the Rhizosphere
Properties of the Rhizosphere
Use of 14C in
Rhizosphere Studies
Modification of the Rhizosphere
Future Developments in Soil
Biochemistry
SOIL MINERALOGY
Classification and Distribution
of Minerals
Sulfides
Oxides and Hydroxides
Halides, Sulfates and Carbonates
Phosphates
Silicates
Primary Silicate Minerals
Secondary Silicate Minerals
Surface
Properties of Minerals
Permanent and Variable Charge
Water Sorption Characteristics
Dispersion-Flocculation
Phenomena
Sorption Characteristics
Surface Area Properties
Mineral
Characterization Methods
X-Ray Diffraction
Thermal Analysis
Optical Microscopy
Elemental Analysis
Mineral
Weathering
Primary and Secondary Minerals
Weathering Pathways
Mechanisms of Mineral Weathering
Land Use and
Environmental Implications
SOIL MICROSCOPY AND
MICROMORPHOLOGY
Techniques
Definitions,
Concepts and Features
Mineral Soil
Material
Primary Minerals and Particle
Size Classes
Secondary Minerals and
Weathering Products
Organic Soil
Material
Plant Material, Roots and
Rhizomes
Faunal Features
Microorganisms
Soil
Micromorphological Mineral
Features
Fine material and matrix
Domains
Structure and Pores
Coatings
Impregnations, Concretions,
Nodules and Concentrations
Applications
Agriculture
Archaeology
Engineering
Geomorphology
Palaeo-Climatology
Pedology and Palaeopedology
Soil Microbiology
Soil Zoology
FOREST, RANGE AND WILDLAND SOILS
Ecosystems and Soil Orders
Forest Ecosystems
Boreal Systems
Sub-Alpine Forest Systems
Lowland Conifer Forest Systems
Mixed and Pure Deciduous Forest
Systems
Broad-leaf Evergreen Forest
Systems
Temperate Rainforest Systems
Range Ecosystems
Grassland Systems
Semi-Desert Woodland Systems
Wildland Systems
Sclerophyllous Shrubs
Alpine and Tundra Systems
Natural Disturbances and Soils
Effects of Fire
Effects of Canopy Gaps
Effects of Permafrost and Frozen
Soils
Soil Organic Matter
Carbon
Nitrogen
Nitrogen Fixation and
Mineralization
Plant/Soil/Microbe Interactions
Fire: A Special Case
Management Risk Factors
Forest Harvesting and
Silviculture
Livestock Grazing
URBAN SOILS
Suitability
of Soils for Urban Development
Swelling Clay Soils
Water-saturated Soils
Corrosive Soils
Effects of
Urban Land Use on Soils
Mixture and Burial of Soils
Soil Water Regime Changes
Increase of Toxic Substances
Increase of Non-Toxic
Environmentally Harmful
Substances
Consequences
of Adverse Urban Land Use
Pollution
Destruction of Wetlands
Urban Soil Erosion
Proliferation of Land Fill Areas
Invasion of Agricultural Land by
Urban Development
Classification and Mapping of
Urban Soils
VOLCANIC SOILS
Parent
Materials
Distribution
Classification
Distinctive
Clay Mineralogical Properties
Distinctive
Soil Physical Properties
Distinctive
Soil Chemical Properties
Land Use and
Use Limitations
Physical Limitations to Plant
Growth in Volcanic Soils
Limitations to Pastures and
Rangeland
Limitations to Arable Cropping
Limitations to Estate Cropping
Limitations to Horticulture
Limitations to Paddy Rice
Cultivation
Limitations to Forestry
Limitations for Engineering
Environmental
Considerations
Envoi
SOILS OF COLD AND TEMPERATE
REGIONS
Climatic
Regions
Temperate Region
Cold Region
Soil Forming
Environments
Temperate Region
Cold Region
Soils of Cold
and Temperate Regions
Luvisols
Albeluvisols
Podzols
Cambisols
Gleysols (including Planosols)
Histosols
Cryosols
Anthrosols
Fluvisols
Leptosols
Chernozems
Regosols
SOILS OF ARID AND SEMI-ARID
AREAS
Factors of
Soil Formation
Rainfall and Moisture Supply
Temperature
Dew
Wind
Biological Activity
Effect of Salts
Soil Genesis
and Soil Forming Processes
General
The
Arid Soil Chronosequence
Stage 1: Incipient Soil
Development
Stage 2: Moderate Soil
Development
Relatively Mature Soil
Development
Catenary Soil Distribution in
the Hyper-Arid Zone
Catenary Soil Distribution in
the Arid Zone
Catenary Soil Distribution in
the Semi-Arid Zone
Catenary Soil Distribution in
the Larger Floodplains
Classification
Soil Taxonomy
World Soil Reference Base (WRB)
French CPCS Classification
Land Use
MEDITERRANEAN SOILS
Soil Forming
Factors
Climate
Parent Material
Time
Topography
Biological Activity and Man
Pedogenesis
and Profile Development
Pedogenesis on Carbonaceous
Rocks
Pedogenesis on Non-Carbonaceous
Rocks
Classification
USDA Soil Taxonomy
World Soil Reference Base for
Soil Resources
French CPCS Classification
Land Use and
Production Potential
Natural Vegetation
Crop Production
Extensive Grazing
SOILS OF THE HUMID AND SUB-HUMID
TROPICS
Soil Forming
Factors
Climate
Parent Material
Vegetation and Biological
Activity
Role of Man
Topography and Relief Pattern
Time
Soils and
Soil Formation
Characteristic Features of
Tropical Soils
Modal Oxisols
Oxisols with Plinthite or
Petroplinthite
Ultisols
Soils of Tropical Lowlands
Tropical Highland Soils
Classification
Soil Taxonomy
World Soil Reference Base for
Soil Resources
The
French CPCS System
Land Use
NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEM
CHALLENGE: OCEANS AND AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS
The oceans
Water circulation
Plankton, nekton, and benthos
Biodiversity
Upwelling
El Nio
Nutrient cycling and
eutrophication
The ocean carbon cycle
The solubility pump
The biological pump
Fisheries
Global warming
Transfer of non-indigenous
aquatic species
Lakes and rivers
Temperature and stratification
Suspended and dissolved matter
Oxygen
Primary production
Human-induced pollution of
freshwater
Eutrophication
Chemical pollution
Acidification
Engineering works
Soil erosion
Introduction of new species
Restoration of aquatic
ecosystems
Wetlands
Estuaries
Oceanic islands
FRESHWATER WETLAND RESOURCES AND
BIOLOGY
Wetland Types
Wetland Vegetation
Adaptation of Plants and Animals
to Wetlands
Ecosystem Function
Greenhouse Gas Exchange
Carbon Cycling in Wetlands:
Possible Future Change
Sustainability of Wetlands
PROBLEMS, RESTORATION, AND
CONSERVATION OF LAKES AND RIVERS
Dynamics of Rivers and Streams
and Lakes
Energy Flow and Nutrients in
Rivers and Streams
Organic Matter in Rivers
Nutrient Dynamics of Rivers
Physical Processes of Lakes
Light Zonation
Thermal Stratification and Wind
Action
Circulation in
Tropical Lakes
Importance of Water Circulation
in Lakes
Chemical Processes in Lakes
Biological Processes in Lakes
Threats and Consequences
Eutrophication
Sources of Eutrophication
Consequences of Eutrophication
Organic Pollution of Rivers and
Streams
Point Source
Nonpoint
Source
Chemical Pollution
Sources of Pollutants
Consequences of Chemical
Pollution
Acidification
Sources of Acid Pollutants
Effects of Acidification on
Aquatic Ecosystems
Overexploitation
Threats and Consequences of
Overexploitation
Introduction of Exotic Species
Threats and Consequences
Siltation and Pollution from
Watershed
Sources of Pollutants
Consequences of Siltation
Restoration of Aquatic
Ecosystems
Diagnosis and Control of Lakes
and Reservoirs
Eutrophication
Control of Aquatic Macrophytes
Increasing Hypolimnetic Low
Oxygen
Removal of Excess Sediment
Control of Exotic Species
Recovery from Acidic Lakes
Removal of Chemical Contaminants
Diagnosis and Control of River
and Stream Stresses
Instream Techniques
Stream Bank Treatments
Water Management
Channel Reconstructions
Stream Corridor Restoration
Measures
Watershed Management
Conservation and Policy
Framework
Basin Management Measures
Protection of the Catchment
Waste Treatment
Management of River and
Lake Margins
Community Participation
Technology Transfer and
Capacity Building
Policy Issues
The Future
Contribution of Limnologists to
Water Management
Future Trends in Limnology
Research
Applied Limnology and Future
Trends in Restoration Techniques
Role of Ecological Modeling
Role of Communities and Policies
Streamflow Allocations
The Need for Action
SHALLOW LAKES: EFFECTS OF
NUTRIENT LOADING AND HOW TO
REMEDY EUTROPHICATION
The Eutrophication Process
Resistance to Increasing
Nutrient Loading
Indirect Effects
Effects on Fish and Zooplankton
Factors triggering the Loss of
Submerged Plants
Resistance to Decreasing
Nutrient Loading
Chemical Resistance
Biological Resistance
How to Break the Chemical
Resistance
How to Break the Resistance
Perspectives
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RIVER
REHABILITATION METHODOLOGIES
APPLIED IN EUROPE
European WatercoursesEcological
State and Pressures on the
Riverine Environment
River Rehabilitation in Europe
Development of a European Centre
for River Restoration (ECRR)
A Database on River Restoration
Projects
River Rehabilitation in Lowland
StreamsDanish Examples
The Ecological State of
Danish Streams
River Rehabilitation Measures
Applied in
Denmark
Classification
Single Structure Restoration
Stream Channel/Instream Habitat
Restoration
Re-meandering and
River Valley Restoration
Effect Studies of River
Restoration
Stream Maintenance Procedures
Case Studies
Re-meandering of the River
BredeShort-term Implications of
Nutrient and Sediment Retention
Background
Aims of the Project
Monitoring Program and Methods
Effects on the River Hydraulics
and Transport of Nutrients and
Sediment
Effects on the Nutrient
Retention on the Riparian Areas
on Restored Reach
Re-meandering of the River
GelsEffects on the Instream
Habitats
Background
Restoration Site
Habitat Survey
Effects of Re-meandering on the
Physical Habitats
Replacement of Weirs by Rapids
in Small StreamsEffects on the
Macroinvertebrate Community and
Physical - Conditions
Study Sites and Monitoring
Program
Results
Bypass Channel in the River Stor
at Holstebro
Background and Aims of the
Project
Implementation of the Project
Effect Studies
Challenges in the New Millennium
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
APPLIED TO THE ANALYSIS OF
RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES AND LAKES
Analysis of Riparian Buffer
Zones
Hydrologic Effects of Buffer
Zones
Relation between
Nonpoint Source Pollution and
Buffer Zones
A Buffer Width Model
Methods to Identify Critical
Source Areas
Analysis of the Aquatic
Ecosystem
Factors Affecting Aquatic
Macrophyte Growth
Predictive Methods Using GIS
PRE-RESERVOIRS FOR REDUCING
NUTRIENT INPUTS FROM DIFFUSE
SOURCESA CASE STUDY
Description of the System
Historical Aspects
Limnology of
Lake Balaton
Socioeconomic Trends and Major
Sources of the Present P Load
Ecological Status
Operation of the Kis-Balaton
Reservoirs
The Monitoring System
The Upper Reservoir
The Ingi
The Unimplemented Area of the
Lower Reservoir
Recovery in Basin 1 of Lake
Balaton
Discussion
Size and Position of the
Kis-Balaton Reservoirs
The Conflict between Water
Quality Management and Nature
Protection
Pre-reservoir Construction
versus Environmentally Sound
Agricultural Management
DEVELOPMENT OF DECISION-MAKING
TOOLS FOR EUTROPHIC LAKES
Dynamic Lake Models
Mixing Models
Overview of the Mixing Models
Formulation of Multilevel Model
Model Application to Weakly
Stratified
Lake
Biogeochemical Models
Overview of Biogeochemical
Models
Formulation of Biogeochemical
Models
Sediment-Water Interactions
Phosphorus Exchange between
Lake-Water and Sediment
Suspended Sediment Modeling
Hindcasts of Cyanobacterium
Blooms
Water-Quality Models
Overview of Water-Quality Models
Formulation of Water-quality
Model
Water-Quality Simulation
Future Studies
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
OF RESERVOIRS: ISSUES AND
MITIGATION
Impacts of Reservoirs
Benefits of Reservoirs
Environmental and Ecosystem
Impacts
Effects of the Barrier Caused by
the Dam
Alteration of the Natural Flow
Patterns of Rivers
Indirect Effects of Reservoirs
Socioeconomic Impacts
Pre-construction
Involuntary Resettlement
Construction
Post-construction
Health and Welfare
Interrelations and Implications
Responding to these Impacts
Social Impacts
Mitigation of Social Impacts
Resolving the Problem of Equity
Other Project-affected People
Host Populations
Gender Related Issues
Environmental Impacts
Biodiversity and Fish Migration
Sedimentation
Modifications to Hydrological
Regime and Downstream Impacts
Afforestation and Conservation
Strategies
Managing Water Quality in the
Reservoir and Downstream
Health Related Problems
Big Dams or Small Dams?
Assessing Impacts
Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA)
Sectoral Environmental
Assessment (Sectoral EA)
Project-specific
AssessmentsEnvironmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) and Social
Impact Assessment (SIA)
Regional Environmental
Assessments
Trends in Future Planning
Future of Dams
Future Demands of Society and
the Role of Reservoirs
Energy
Water Supply
DYNAMICS, THREATS, RESPONSES,
AND RECOVERY OF
RIVERINE-RIPARIAN FLORA
Riparian Forests
Nutrient Cycling
Distribution and Composition
Habitats Based upon Riparian
Forests
Succession
Aquatic Macrophytes
Types of Macrophytes
Adaptations
Habitats Based upon Macrophytes
Riverine Algae
Phytoplankton
Periphyton
Natural and Human Induced
Disturbances
Nature of Disturbances
Chemical Means of Disturbances
Biological Means of Disturbances
Physical Means of Disturbances
Monitoring River Environments
Monitoring Natural Trends
Implementation Monitoring
Effectiveness Monitoring
Project Monitoring
System Recovery
BIODIVERSITY OF COASTAL-REALM
WATERS
The Coastal Realm
Coastal Realm Formation
Large-Scale Physical Components
Coastal Ocean
Shelf Benthos
Watersheds
Protruding Coasts: Deltas and
Headlands
Deltas
Headlands
Embayed Coasts
Estuaries
Lagoons, Bays, Gulfs, and Sounds
Wave-Dominated Open Coasts
Islands
Ice-Influenced
Seas
and Coasts
Land- and Seascapes
Coastal Realm Life
The Aquatic Medium
How Life Adapts
Natural History Diversity
K- and r-selection
Reproductive Strategies
Dispersal
Populations and Metapopulations
Symbiosis
Biogenesis
Epibiotic Structures
Biodiversity Patterns
Coastal Biogeographic Provinces
Gradients in Species Diversity
THE VEGETATED LITTORAL:
MANGROVES AND SALT MARSHES
Ecosystem Structure
Geophysico-chemical Factors
Geomorphic
Soil (Edaphic)
Climate
Biotic Factors
Vascular Plants
Animals
Ecosystem Function
Producers
Primary Production by Vascular
Plants
Primary Production of Algae
Consumers (Herbivores and
Carnivores)
Decomposition
Processes of Decomposition
The Detrital Food Chain
Export
Usefulness of Mangroves/Salt
Marshes
Maintenance of Channel Depth
Sediment Accretion and Coastal
Protection
Fish from Mangrove Waterways
Natural Cockle (Anadara granosa)
and Oyster Beds
Bird Sanctuary/Migratory Stops
Mangroves/Salt Marshes and
Adjacent Coastal Fisheries
Sequestration of Atmospheric
Carbon Dioxide
Ecotourism
Floating Cage Aquaculture
Mangrove Timber and Other
Mangrove Forest Products
Monetary Value of Mangroves
Sustained Use Management
COASTAL EROSION AND DEFENSES
AGAINST EROSION
Sea Levels and Frames of
Reference
Coastal Processes and Erosion
Tides and Surges
Waves and Wave-Generated
Currents
Littoral Zone
Outer Surf Zone
Inner Surf Zone
Beach Face
Berm
Foredunes and Washovers
Profiles of Equilibrium
Longshore Distribution of
Sediment
Equilibrium Planforms
Shoreline Salients
Quantifying Coastal Erosion
Signatures of Coastal Erosion
Erosion Caused by Artificial
Structures
Headlands, Rivers, and Deltas
Other Erosion Signatures at
Mesoscales
One-Way Beach Cycle
Shoal-Bypass Cycle
Depletion of Offshore Shoals
Beaches in Washover Mode
Spit Rotation
Coastal Erosion Defenses
Hard Solutions
Semi-Soft Solutions
Soft Solutions
Beach Scraping
Transfer from Accretion Zones
Inlet Relocation/Channel
Realignment
Composite and Jurisdictional
Solutions
Artificial Nourishment
RESOLVING RESOURCE USE CONFLICTS
IN COASTAL ZONES
Conflicting Uses
Dimensions
Natural Hazards
Commons
Conflict Resolution
Unified Coastal Management
Framework
Tools
Some Essentials
Engagement and Integration
The Professional Challenge
CZM Case History: Negombo
Lagoon, Sri Lanka
MARINE BIODIVERSITY : RESEARCH
AND CONSERVATION
The Human Impact on Biodiversity
Marine Biodiversity
Special Features of Marine
Biodiversity
How Many Marine Species?
Marine Biodiversity: Still a Lot
of Unknowns
Goods and Services Provided by
Marine Biodiversity
Resistance and Resilience to
Change
Resistance to Invasions
The Threats to Marine
Biodiversity
Why and How to Protect Marine
Biodiversity
Marine Biodiversity Research
Scientific Knowledge on the
Origin, Maintenance,
Distribution, and Dynamics of
Biodiversity
Technology and Data Information
Systems
Application in Conservation and
Restoration Ecology
Application in Management of
Living Resources
Applications in Water Quality
Studies
Economic Valuation of Marine
Biodiversity
Coastal Zone Management
Education, Training, and
Awareness
FISH STOCKS AND FISHERIES IN
RELATION TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY
AND EXPLOITATION
State of Fisheries
Why Fish Stocks Vary?
The Relations between
Recruitment and Spawning Stock
The Spatial Context of Fish
Stocks
Long-term Changes: "Regime
Shifts" and "Biomass-flips"
The Barents Sea Ecosystem: Fish
Stock Dynamics during the 20th
Century
The Over fishing Problem
Scientific Advice for Fisheries
Management
TRANSFER OF NON-INDIGENOUS
AQUATIC SPECIES: A GROWING
CONCERN TO AQUATIC RESOURCE
USERS
Modes of Transfer of Aquatic
Species
Aquaculture at Risk from
Transfers of Exotic Species
Transfers via Sport Fishing and
Fisheries
Growing Importance of the
Shipping Industry
Specific Issues Related to
Ballast Water
Specific Issues Related to Hull
Fouling
Aquarium Trade and Tourism
Case Histories of Successful
Invaders
Flora
Toxic Algal Blooms (harmful
algal blooms (HAB))
Caulerpa Taxifolia
Undaria Pinnatifida
Sargassum Muticum
Fauna
Dreissena Polymorpha
Eriocheir Sinensis
Crepidula Fornicata
Mnemiopsis Leidyi
Asterias Amurensis
Carcinus Maenas
Anguillicola Crassa
Marenzelleria sp.
Ensis Americanus (=E. directus)
Human Disease Agents
Pfiesteria Piscicida
Human Health Impacts
Lung Disease
Cholera
Recent Activities to Reduce the
Risk from Transfers and
Introductions
The EU Concerted Action on
Testing Monitoring Systems for
Ballast Water Control
The IMO activities and
Guidelines on Ballast Water
Control
The ICES Code of Practice to
Reduce Risks Derived from the
Introduction and Transfer of
Non-indigenous Species
European Risk Assessment
Baltic Marine Biologists
CULTIVATION OF MARINE ALGAE
Cultivation of Microalgae
Indoor Mass Culture
Large Production Ponds
Deep Channeled Systems
MediaSpecies Relationships
Limits to Growth
Cultivation of Macroalgae
(Seaweeds)
Culturing Techniques
Site Selection
Future Work
OCEANIC ISLANDS: INTRODUCTION
Classification of Islands
HISTORY OF INSULAR ECOLOGY AND
BIOGEOGRAPHY
Ancient and Medieval Concepts:
the Birth of Insular
Biogeography
Darwin and Wallace: the Dawn of
the Modern Era
Genetics and Insular
Biogeography
MacArthur and Wilson: the
Equilibrium Theory of Insular
Biogeography
Documenting and Testing the
Equilibrium Theory
Modifying the Equilibrium Theory
Determinism versus Stochasticism
in Insular Communities
Insular Energetics and Trophic
Structure Stability
PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS,
ENDEMISM, AND DIVERSIFICATION IN
OCEANIC ISLAND FLORAS
General Characteristics of
Oceanic Island Floras
Taxon Richness
Endemism
Floristic Disharmony
Factors Influencing Oceanic
Island Floras
Size
Geographic Isolation
Relief and Climatic/Habitat
Diversity
Age
Human Impacts
Evolutionary Trends
Adaptive Radiation
Insular Woodiness
Reduction or Loss of Dispersal
Capacity
PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION: ANIMALS
Island Faunas
Eastern Pacific Ocean
Revillagigedo Archipelago
Clipperton
Galapagos Islands
Juan Fernandez Islands
Central and Western Pacific
Indian Ocean
Seychelles
Mascarene Islands
Maldives, Laccadives and Chagos
Archipelagos
Christmas and Cocos (Keeling)
Islands
South Atlantic Ocean
Ascension Island
St. Helena
Tristan de Cunha
North Atlantic Ocean
Canary Islands
Azores
Madeira
Cape Verde Islands
Caribbean Islands
Evolutionary Trends
Gigantism and Dwarfism
Loss of Dispersibility
Adaptive Radiation
Extinction
Ecological Trends
Species Richness
Patterns of Endemism
Patterns of Abundance
INTRODUCED SPECIES AND THEIR
CONTROL
Characteristics of Islands that
Make Them Susceptible to
Ecological Invasion
The Nature of Alien Species
Problems on Oceanic Islands
Alteration of Rates of Resource
Supply and Cycling
Alteration of Disturbance
Regimes
Alteration of Trophic Structure
Insertion of New Trophic Levels
Replacement of Trophic
Constituents
Increase in Trophic Efficiency
Synergistic Trophic
Relationships Among Aliens
Hybridization
Solutions
Prevention
Quarantine
Screening Systems
Rapid-response/Eradication
Control
Removal of Artificial
Disturbance Regimes
Mechanical Control
Chemical Control
Biocontrol
Habitat Restoration
Human Behavior and Beliefs
DISPERSAL OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
TO OCEANIC ISLANDS
Dispersal Mechanisms
Active Dispersal
Passive Dispersal
Oceanic Drift
Buoyant Terrestrial Organisms
Rafting of Terrestrial Organisms
Wind Dispersal
Transport by Birds and Bats
Case Studies
Surtsey
Krakatau and Jarak
Macquarie Island
Older Pacific Islands:
Galapagos, Hawaii
Rates of Dispersal and
Immigration
Consequences of Human Breakdown
of Dispersal Barriers
CONSERVATION OF ISLAND PLANT
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
The Threats to Island Plants and
their Communities
Deterministic Threats to Plant
Survival
Stochastic Threats to Plant
Survival
Conservation in Practice
The Human Factor in Conservation
Practical Conservation Methods
A Case Study: An Integrated
Approach to Conservation of
Pitcairn Island
What Future for Conservation of
Island Plants?
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND
HABITAT MANAGEMENT
Diversity in ecosystems
African wildlife systems
Australian arid grazing systems
Measures of biodiversity
Species richness
Shortcuts to monitoring
biodiversity: indicators,
umbrellas, flagships, keystones,
and functional groups
Biodiversity loss: the great
extinction spasm
Causes of biodiversity loss: the
evil quartet
Over-harvesting by humans
Habitat destruction and
fragmentation
Impacts of introduced species
Chains of extinction
Why conserve biodiversity?
Conservation biology: the
science of scarcity
Evaluating the status of a
species: extinct until proven
extant
What is to be done? Conservation
options
Increasing our knowledge
Restore habitats and manage them
Establish reserves
Supplement populations
Legally protect indigenous
species
Prevent non-native species
invasion and eradicate pests
Contribute to education and
public awareness
Combine conservation and
economic development
Perspectives
HISTORY OF BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION, PROTECTED AREAS
AND THE CONSERVATION MOVEMENT
Global Overview
History of Biodiversity
Conservation and Protected Areas
Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity
Biodiversity Problems
Biodiversity Conservation
Protected Areas
Origins of Protected Areas
Time Scales
Priorities
Biodiversity
Geodiversity
Marine Protected Areas
A Global Approach
Preservation versus
Collaborative Management
Putting a Financial Value on
Conservation
History of the Conservation
Movement
Early History
Wise Use versus Protectionism
Postwar Developments
Animal Welfare
Zero Population Growth
Green Political Parties
Professional Scientists and
Environmentalism
Tactics
Nongovernment Organizations
The Future
SELECTION, CATEGORIZATION,SIZE
AND ZONING IN THE WORLD'S
PROTECTED AREAS
Selection Process
Methods to Select a Protected
Area
Case Studies of Ugandan Reserves
and South African Coastal Fishes
Categorization and Denomination
of Protected Areas
IUCN Categories
International Important Sites
Other Kinds of Protected Areas
Multiple Classifications
Size of Protected Areas
How Big Should Reserves Be?
Species Number, Area, and
Distance
Population Size and Protected
Areas
Habitat Shape and Size, and
Species Number
Species Loss in Protected Areas
Zoning and Differential Use in
the Protected Areas
International Zoning
Classifications
Zoning in "Man and the
Biosphere" Reserves
A Case Study: the Protected
Areas Network in Madagascar
Biodiversity of Madagascar
Protected Areas in Madagascar
National Plan of Environmental
Action
Ecoregional Approach
Intervention Within the
Protected Areas
Strategic Value of the Protected
Areas Network
Future Steps for the
Valorization of Protected Areas
in Madagascar
PROTECTED AREAS AND ENDEMIC
SPECIES
Endemic species and ecological
islands
Protected areas and nature
reserves
The Mediterranean islands as a
case study
The archipelago of Komodo
The Galapagos islands
The Mediterranean islands
Perspectives
RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT, AND
MONITORING IN PROTECTED AREAS
Research in protected areas
Research not related to the
conservation of protected areas
Research addressing conservation
issues within protected areas
Natural Ecology
Human Ecology
Integrating natural and human
ecology
Management of protected areas
Fields of action in the
management of protected areas
Monitoring in protected areas
Design and implementation of
monitoring programs for
protected areas
MANAGEMENT (FOR BIODIVERSITY) OF
FOREST AND OTHER WOODED HABITATS
Before Biodiversity Management:
A Short Historical Background
Forest habitats and biodiversity
The rainforests of southern
Nigeria: A case study
Managing well-known forest sites
Temperate Forests
Tropical Forests
People's Dependence On Forest
Resources And Institutional
Alternatives For The Sustainable
Management- Of The Tropical
Forests
Assessing Conservation
Priorities In Tropical Forest
Sites
Conservation And Sustainable
Management Of Tropical Forests:
A Concise Definition Of The
Points
Plantation As A Biodiversity
Restoration Strategy For
Degraded Forests
What To Do In The Years To Come?
RETENTION OF OLD FOREST STANDS
AND INDIVIDUAL OLD TREES
A Perspective on Forest Tree
Biodiversity Conservation
Old Forest Stands
Individual Old Trees
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CONTINUITY
IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
The concept of forest succession
Stability of forests
MAINTENANCE OF DIVERSITY IN
FOREST HABITATS
Beyond the forest biodiversity
crisis: the influence of man in
forests
Deforestation rates monitoring
What to do?
NATURAL REGENERATION IN WOODLAND
MANAGEMENT
Importance and Potential of
Natural Regeneration
Planning and Implementing
Natural Regeneration
Regeneration Systems
Requirements and Constraints to
Natural Regeneration
Seed Trees
Seed Production, Dispersal, and
Predation
Seed Germination and Seedling
Growth
Herbivore Grazing
INFLUENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF
HERBIVORES IN FORESTS
The deciduous forests of the
temperate regions
The coniferous forests
Wildlife management in Tropical
forests
Deer and forestry in Great
Britain
The regeneration of tree species
under browsing pressure of
ungulates
Conservation of herbivores via
predators
MANAGEMENT (OF BIODIVERSITY) OF
SAVANNAHS AND OTHER OPEN
HABITATS
Management and problems of the
African savannahs
Savannah and Grazing, and the
problem of seasonal fires
RANGELAND MANAGEMENT
Rangeland utilisation and
degradation
Effects On Productivity
Effects On Biodiversity
Management solutions
The Utility Of Resource
Diversification.
The Integration Of Pastoralism
Within The Global Economy
The pastoral systems: some
examples discussed in detail
Mediterranean Pastures Of
Central Italy
Mediterranean Pastures In
South-Western Australia.
Arid Rangelands Of The Southern
Sultanate Of Oman.
Arid Rangeland In Northern
Somalia.
Arid Rangeland In Coastal Peru.
Pastures In The Seasonal
Rainfall Areas Of Bolivia
Rangelands In The Republic Of So
Tom And Principe.
GRAZING AND CUTTING REGIMES FOR
OLD GRASSLAND IN TEMPERATE ZONES
Grasslands in the Temperate
Zone: Distribution and History
Characteristics of Old Temperate
Grassland Ecosystems
Grazing and Cutting Regimes
Nutrients
Area Size and Networks
Dynamic Land Use
Species Richness/Biodiversity
Present and Future Policy to
Manage Old Temperate Grasslands
Modern Agriculture and
Traditional Temperate Grasslands
Avoidance of Eutrophication by
Cutting and Grazing
Grassland Management and
Cultural Landscapes in Central
Europe
The MOSAIK Project: an Example
of Potential Future Policies to
Keep Landscapes Dominated by
Grassland Open
Why Should Hoeing (with Rotary
Cultivators) be an Alternative
for Keeping Landscapes Open?
Different Cutting and Grazing
Approaches to Protect Endangered
Grassland Insects: the Blue
Butterfly Genus Maculinea as an
Example
Maculinea Butterflies
Different Conservation
Approaches for the Same Species
Along Its Geographical
Distribution
MANAGEMENT OF SAVANNAHS AND
MAMMALIAN POPULATIONS IN AFRICAN
PROTECTED AREAS
African savannahs: the
introduction
Origin and conservation of
savannahs
The herbivores
The impoverishment of pastures
Management of conservation areas
as ecological baseline controls
Case studies
The effect of creating
additional water supplies
Burning strategy for a semi-arid
savannah
Baobabs and elephants management
(Barnes, Barnes & Kapela, 1994)
Savannahs of Uganda and Kenya
MANAGEMENT OF SEASONALLY FLOODED
GRASSLANDS
The History of Seasonally
Flooded Grassland
Natural Grassland in River
Floodplains
Todays Seasonally Flooded
GrasslandA Human-Made Biotope
Why are Seasonally Flooded
Grasslands a Target for
Biodiversity and Nature
Protection?
What is the Right Way for
Grassland Conservation?
Different Ways of ManagementNew
Management Strategies as an
Activity for Nature Conservation
MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS FOR
BIODIVERSITY
A Brief History of Cultural
Heritage and Sustainable
Management of Wetlands
Wetlands: Definition and
Classification
Ecological Functions of Wetlands
Mangroves: An Example of a
Multifunctional Wetland
Productivity and Biodiversity of
Wetlands
Productivity
Reservoirs of Biodiversity
An Integrated Biodiversity
Reservoir: The
Arabuko-SokokeMida Creek
Wetlands System in Kenya
Economic Value of Wetland
Biodiversity
Management of Wetlands
Threats to Wetland Biodiversity
Organic Pollution from
Fertilizers: Norfolk and Suffolk
Broads, United Kingdom
Interruption of Water Flow:
Djoudj National Bird Park,
Senegal
Overuse of Groundwater: Azraq
Oasis, Jordan
Traditional Wise Use: the
Sundarbans, Bangladesh/India
Future Management Strategies
MANAGEMENT OF GRAZING IN
WETLANDS
Wetlands as Grazing Grounds
Wetlands and Traditional
Seasonal Grazing: La Puna,
ArgentinaBoliviaChilePeru
Grazing in Wetlands: Should this
Threat be Prohibited?
Maintaining Biodiversity through
Semi-Extensive Grazing: Palo
Verde National Park, Costa Rica
Integrated Grazing Management in
Wetlands: New Approaches
Combining Biodiversity
Conservation with Livestock
Rearing: Quill Lakes, Canada
CONTROL AND REGULATION OF
FRESHWATER FISHERIES
History of Fishing
Fishing and Biodiversity: An
Additional Source of "Selection"
Repopulation Strategies:
Applications of Artificial
Insemination
Introduction of Allochthonous
Species
Management of Fish Populations
and Fisheries
The Need for Control and
Regulation
Present Trends
Pacific Salmon Fishing
HARVESTING OF CROPS IN INLAND
WETLANDS
Classification of Rice Culture
Historical, Present, and Future
Policy to Manage Rice Crops in
Inland Wetlands with Respect to
Biodiversity, Exemplified with a
Case Study of Irrigated Rice
Terraces in the Philippines
Selection of and Introduction to
the Case-Study System
Agriculture and Natural
Resources in the Traditional
Ifugao Landscape
Ifugao Land-Use System
Biodiversity within Ifugao
Landscape
Functional Aspects of
Biodiversity of the Ifugao
Land-Use System
Recent Land-Use Changes and
Their Socioeconomic Background
Recent Land-Use Changes
SocioeconomyDriving Forces of
Land-Use Changes
Ecological Conditions and their
Changes
Basic Components of
Sustainability of the
Traditional System
Ecological Consequences of
Land-Use Changes
Invasions of Alien Organisms
Decrease of Mossy Forests
An Integrated Scenario for the
Future of Ifugao Land-Use and
Landscape
Ifugao Land-Use System and
General Perspectives for
Biodiversity Maintenance within
Crop Production in Inland
Wetlands
The Speed of Change and Role of
Local Actors
Perspectives and Challenges for
the Future
MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM AND HUMAN
RECREATION PRESSURE
Tourism and the Processes of
Globalisation
Free Time as Producer of
Individual Experiences and
Culture
The Tourist Industry
Sustainable Tourism
Intervention Methods
CONTROL OF POACHING AND THE
MARKET FOR PRODUCTS SUCH AS
IVORY, RHINO HORN TIGER AND BEAR
BODY PRODUCTS
General considerations
Killing of wild animals to
remove obstacles for possible
alternative land developments
The illegal taking or destroying
of marine animals
Poaching animals for food
Killing of wild animals to
protect crops or properties
Poaching animals for profit
General strategies for the
control of poaching
Control of international and
local trade
IMPACT OF TOURIST RESORTS ON
RARE PHYTOCOENOSIS
Rare Coastal and Riparian
Phytocoenosis
Natural Vegetation of Sand
Beaches and Adjacent Land
Natural Vegetation of Sea Cliffs
Natural Riparian Vegetation
Development of Tourist Resorts
along the Northern
TyrrhenianLigurian Coast
Historical Background
Urban and Environmental Features
of Seaside Tourist Resorts
Artificial Vegetation
Present State of the
Northeastern Tyrrhenian Coast
Present State of the Northern
Tyrrhenian Coast
Present State of Eastern Liguria
Present State of Western Liguria
Present State of the Eastern Cte
dAzur
Trends in Tourist Demand, Civil
Society, and Nature Protection
Policy
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES, SPECIES
ACTION PLANS, AND TRANSLOCATION
Aims of Conservation Biology
The Paradigm of Small
Populations
The Paradigm of Declining
Populations
Conservation Strategies
Conservation Management
Strategies
Conservation Management Plans
Conservation Options
Species Action Plans
Translocation
The Case Study of African Wild
Dogs
Through the New Millennium
PROGRESS WITH CONSERVATION
STRATEGIES OF SELECTED
THREATENED ANIMALS
Selecting Species for
Conservation Strategies
Diagnosing the Decline
Example 1: Diagnosing the Causes
of Decline of the Last
Population of Abbotts Booby
The Problem
The Diagnosis
Treatment of Declines
Example 2: Experimental
Management of Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Colonies
Example 3: Forest Management and
Viability of Leadbeaters Possum
Conservation by Sustainable Use
of Wild Animals and Plants
Game Viewing, or the Use of
Wildlife for Tourism
Sport Hunting
Wildlife Cropping
Wildlife Ranching
Uncertainty, Risk of Failure,
and Multi-Criteria Decision
Analysis
Example 4: Conflicting
Conservation Goals in the
Florida Everglades
INITIATIVES FOR THE CONSERVATION
OF MARINE TURTLES
Sea Turtle Life Cycle
Nesting Beach Conservation
Threats
Protection
Protection of Beach Habitat
Protection of Eggs and
Hatchlings
Protection of Nesting Females
At-Sea Turtle Conservation
Threats
Protection
Other Conservation Practices
Farming and Ranching
Turtle Rehabilitation
Education
PROGRESS IN SPECIES ACTION PLANS
Species Action Plans
Progress in Species Action Plans
since the Rio Earth Summit
Case Study: white-clawed
crayfish
POPULATIONS TRANSLOCATION EVENTS
AND IMPACT ON NATURAL HABITATS2.
Different Types of Translocation
Translocation by Introduction
Translocation by Reintroduction
Translocation by Restocking
Gene Flow and Endangered-Species
Translocations
National, International, and
Scientific Implications of
Translocations
National Administration
International Administration
Regional Development Plans
Scientific Work Needed
A Review Is Needed of the Scope,
Content, and Effectiveness of
Existing Legislation Relating to
Introduction.
IUCN Responsibilities
IUCN/SSC Guidelines For
Reintroductions
Pre project Activities
Biological
Feasibility Study and Background
Research
Previous Reintroductions
Choice of Release Site and Type
Evaluation of Reintroduction
Site
Availability of Suitable Release
Stock
Release of Captive Stock
Socio-Economic and Legal
Requirements
Postrelease Activities
Case Studies
Fish
Birds: The Scrub Jay
The Beaver
The Squirrel
Towards the Future
AMPHIBIANS: THREATS AND
CONSERVATION MEASURES
Wide-Scale Reclamation of
Wetlands
Intensive Farming and the Change
in the Use of Farmland
Case Study: Examples of Loss of
Ponds in Tuscany
Guidelines for Amphibian
Conservation in Farmland
Habitat Conservation
Reconstruction of Missing
Structural Elements in order to
Restore a Territorial
Microhabitat Network
The Planning of Farming
Expansion of Urban Areas
Case Study: The Impacts of a
Heavily Urbanized Area near
Florence and Examples of
Amphibian Conservation Projects
Roads
Canals
Logging
Introduction of Fish Species
Use of Agrochemicals
Other Large-Scale Impact Factors
Changes in the Acidity of
Aquatic Habitats and Soil due to
Acidic Depositions
Global Warming
UVB Radiation
TRANSLOCATION OF AQUATIC
ORGANISMS IN WESTERN
AUSTRALIAHISTORY AND IMPACTS
Introduction and Translocation
Issues
Genetic Diversity
Pathogens
Ecosystem Conservation
Comparative History of
Introduced Terrestrial Animals
in Western Australia
Status of Introduced and
Translocated Aquatic Organisms
in Western Australia
Translocation Issues and
Concerns within Western
Australia
Aquarium Fish
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)
Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Eels (Anguilla australis)
Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki)
Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua)
Marron (Cherax tenuimanus)
Murray cod (Maccullochella
peeli)
Redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus)
Redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis)
Silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)
Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.,
Tilapia spp., Sarotherodon spp.)
Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss,
Salmo trutta)
Yabbies (Cherax
destructoralbidus)
Future Considerations for
Translocation in Western
Australia
CAPTIVE BREEDING AND GENE BANKS
Conservation and Management of
Living Natural Resources
Species Preservation
Ex situ Species Preservation
Ex situ Animal Preservation
Zoos and Aquaria
Frozen Zoos
Ex Situ Plant Preservation:
Botanical Gardens, Arboretums
and Seed Banks
Ex Situ Micro-organism
Preservation
CAPTIVE BREEDING OF MAMMALS
Captive breeding of mammals. The
domestic species.
Selective breeding of mammals
Captive breeding of non-domestic
species as a conservation
strategy.
Captive breeding of threatened
species
Captive breeding of threatened
micromammals
Captive breeding and
reintroduction of carnivores
Case studies
The Arabian Oryx Programme
The Case Of The Fallow Deer
Perspectives
CAPTIVE BREEDING OF BIRDS
Typologies and Aims of Captive
Breeding in Birds
Historical Trends
Introduction of Species and
Hybridization
Conservation Through Captive
Breeding
Eco-Ethological Aspects
Case Studies
Hawaiian Goose (Nene)
Attwaters Prairie Chicken
California Condor
Dusky Seaside Sparrow
Passenger Pigeon
Red-Legged Partridge
Hole-Nesting Species
CAPTIVE BREEDING OF AMPHIBIANS
AND REPTILES
Amphibians
Reptiles
Breeding Techniques
REINTRODUCTION SCHEMES FOR
CAPTIVE-BRED ANIMALS
Planning a Reintroduction Action
Aims and Objectives of
Reintroduction
Scheme for Reintroduction
Programs
Feasibility Study
Release Phase
Monitoring Phase
Examples of Reintroduction
Projects
The Arabian Oryx in Oman
The Black Lion Tamarin in Brazil
The California Condor in North
America
The Mauritius Kestrel and the
Pink Pigeon on Mauritius Island
and the Aplomado Falcon in North
America and -Central America
Snake Reintroduction
The Italian Agile Frog and the
Italian Spadefoot Toad
The Agile Frog in Jersey
Fish Reintroduction
ERADICATION AND CONTROL OF
INVASIVE SPECIES
Invaders and Monsters
A History of Introductions:
Australia and New Zealand
Towards a Management of
Biological Invasions: The Rise
of a New Discipline
When is an Organism "Dangerous"?
Definition of Pests: An
Anthropocentric View
Not all Pests are Nonindigenous
Species: The Red Deer and the
Grey Seal
How Do We Assess the Impact of
Invasive Species?
Conflicts in Invasive Species
Management
A Gradient of Interventions to
Manage Invasive Species
Eradication and Control: Two
Opposing Strategies of Managing
Invasive Species?
A Classification of the Methods
Used Against Invasive Species
Mechanical Removal
Constructing Barriers
Biological Control
Biocides
Autocidal Control
Habitat Management
A Comparative Evaluation of
Methods
When is Eradication a Workable
Strategy?
Failures and Successes: Four
Case Studies
The Gypsy Moth in North America
Household Rodents in Britain
The Coypu in East Anglia
The European Rabbit in Australia
The Future: An Integrated Action
between Scientists and Managers
ERADICATION OF RODENTS AND FERAL
CATS ON ISLANDS
Planning the control and
eradication
Feral cats
Origins Of Feral Cat Populations
Current Situation Of Feral Cats
In Islands And Continental Areas
Effects Of Feral Cats On The
Native Biota Of Islands
Control Measures For Feral Cats
Continental Areas And Large
Islands
Small Islands
Methods Of Eradication
Interactions And Other Effects
Of Eradication
Rodents
Rodent Effects On Island
Ecosystems
Eradication Of Rodents
Non-Target Impact Of Eradication
Programs
ERADICATION OF GOATS AND OTHER
FERAL HERBIVORES
Negative Aspects of Alien
Herbivores Presence
Damage To Natural And
Semi-Natural Ecosystems
Competition With Autoctonous
Species
Storage Of Pathogenic Organisms
Positive Aspects
Historical Aspects
Feral Populations Originated
From Domestic Animals
Management Options
Population Control
Fencing Vulnerable Areas
Eradication
Case studies
"Wild" Sheep And Goats On
Mediterranean Islands
Rabbits In Australia
Perspectives
CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF
INVASIVE AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
Vector Management: An Ounce of
Prevention is Worth a Pound of
Cure
Control and Eradication Efforts
Case Histories
Ctenophora: The Comb Jelly That
Ate A Sea, Mnemiopsis leidyi
Polychaeta, Sabellidae
A Shell-Boring Worm,
Terebrasabella heterouncinata
Giant Fanworm, Sabella
spallanzanii
Mollusca, Bivalvia
The Mussels that Clogged the
Great Lakes: Dreissena
polymorpha and D. bugensis
The Black-Striped Mussel,
Mytilopsis sallei (Dreissenidae)
The Asian Mussel, Limnoperna
fortunei (Mytilidae)
The Asian Date Mussel,
Musculista senhousia (Mytilidae)
The American Oyster Drill,
Urosalpinx cinerea, in English
Oyster Beds
The Asiatic Clam, Corbicula
fluminea (Pelecypoda,
Corbiculidae)
Crustacea, Decapoda
European Green Crab, Carcinus
maenas
The Chinese Mitten Crab,
Eriocheir sinensis (Grapsidae)
Echinodermata
The Northern Pacific Sea Star,
Asterias amurensis
Summation
ALIEN PLANT MANAGEMENT
Foreword: Plant Invasions: Not
Only a Scientific Problem
Present Knowledge of Invasion
Biology
From Introduction to Invasion: A
Dynamic Process Involving Not
Only Alien Species
Invasive Plants: Is There a Way
to Detect Them in Advance?
Naturalization: Looking for Some
Causes of Alien Species Success
What Makes Some Ecosystems More
Invasion-Prone Than Others? An
Ecological and Biogeographical
Perspective
Urban Ecosystems
Fluvial Ecosystems
Forest Ecosystems
Island Ecosystems
Semiarid and Mediterranean
Ecosystems
Control, Eradication, or
Exploitation? Three Alternative
Ways of Managing Invasive Plants
Surveys
Control and Eradication
"Handle with Care": Awareness,
Education, and Prevention
Looking at Alien Invaders as a
Resource: Some Examples of an
Upside-Down Perspective
Conservation and Management of
Biodiversity in West Africa -
Case Study of Ghana
The Concept of Biodiversity
Importance of Biodiversity
State of
Biodiversity in West Africa
Threat to
Biodiversity in West Africa
Causes of Biodiversity Loss
Conservation and Management of
Biodiversity in Ghana
Geographical and Ecological Zone
of Ghana
Biogeographical Zones
Phytogeography of Ghana
High Forest Zones of Ghana
The
Savannas
State of
Biodiversity in Ghana
Economic Analysis of Ghana’s
Biodiversity
Management
of Biodiversity in Ghana
Historical Dimension
Policies and Legislative
Framework on Biodiversity
Management in Ghana
Forestry and Wildlife Policy
1948
Forestry and Wildlife Policy (FWP)
1994
Conventions on Biodiversity
National Environmental Action
Plan (NEAP)
Indigenous Knowledge and
Biodiversity Conservation and
Management in Ghana
Sacred Groves and Conservation
in Ghana
Totems and Biodiversity
Conservation and Management
Taboos in Biodiversity
Conservation and Management in
Ghana
Protected Area Systems and
Biodiversity Conservation and
Management
Challenges
of Biodiversity Conservation and
Management in Ghana
Weak Environmental Legislation
Legislative Framework
Indigenous Knowledge Systems
Actions
Required for Conservation and
Management of Biodiversity in
Ghana
Capacity Building
Environmental Education
Poaching
Bush Fires
Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS)
Conservation and Management of Protected
Areas and Nature Reserves in
West Africa
Protected
Areas and Nature Reserves in
West Africa
Economic, Social and
Environmental Importance of
Protected Areas
Economic Importance
Social Importance
Ecological Importance
Protected Areas and Sustainable
Development
Management
of Protected Areas and Nature
Reserves in West Africa
Limiting Factors to an Effective
Application of the Guidelines of
the IUCN Categories of Protected
Areas in West Africa
Categories I (Strict Nature
Reserve)
Category II (National Parks)
Categories IV & VI (Wildlife
Sanctuaries and Resource
Reserves)
Conservation and Management of
Protected Areas: Case Studies in
West Africa
Ghana
Policy and Legislation
Administration and Management
Major Threats
Ivory Coast
Policy and Legislation
Administration and Management
Major threats
Liberia
Policy and Legislation
Administration and Management
Major Threats
Nigeria
Policy and Legislation
Administration and Management
Major Threats
Senegal
Policy and Legislation
Administration and Management
Major Threats
Challenges
Facing the Management of
Protected Areas in West Africa
Weak Institutional and Human
Capacity
Conflicts with Local Communities
Lack of Involvement of Local
Communities
Recommendations for Improving
Management of Protected Areas in
West Africa
Policy Framework
Education and Awareness Creation
Involvement of Local Communities
Involvement of Major Groups
Human and Institutional Capacity
Building
Information Management Systems
Infrastructural Development
Partnerships and Networks
Improve Regional and National
Conservation Policies
Funding of Protected Areas
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Last Update:12 July 2007
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