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INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
What is sustainable development?
When did it emerge?
What are its implications for
governments?
What are its implications for
business and industry?
What are its implications for
farming and agriculture?
What are its implications for
civil society, NGOs, and
individuals: awareness and
education?
What progress has been made?
EARLY LOCALIZED ISSUES AFFECTING
REGIONAL SUSTAINABILITY -THE
CASE OF ONTARIO, CANADAS NIAGARA
ESCARPMENT
The Niagara Escarpment Study --
Precursor of Sustainability
The Niagara Escarpment -- A
Unique and Vulnerable
Environment
A Sustainable Development
Strategy for the Niagara
Escarpment
Forces Leading to the Strategy
for the Niagara Escarpment
The On-going Struggle for
Sustainability
MALTHUS' ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE
OF POPULATION
The Education of Malthus
Debate on the Views of Godwin
and Condorcet
Publication of the First Essay
in 1798
The Second Essay, Published in
1803
Systems of Equality
The Poor Laws
Replies to Malthus
Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages; the
Corn Laws
Acceptance of Birth Control in
England
The Irish Potato Famine of 1845
The Impact of Malthus on Biology
The Importance of Malthus Today
Limits to the Carrying Capacity
of the Global Environment
"THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS" BY
GARRETT HARDIN, 1968
The Tragedy in Review
The Population Problem
The Inexorable Logic of Tragedy
Preventing the Tragedy: Mutual
Coercion, Mutually Agreed Upon
Research and Policy: Hardins
Legacy
Proponents of Hardins Logic
Hardins Critics
Resource Systems
Property Regimes
Refuting Hardin: The Empirical
Case for Common Property
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Hardins Contribution
The Future of the Commons: From
Local Tradition to Global
Cooperation?
BEYOND BRUNDTLAND: THE EVOLUTION
OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN
THE 1990S
Building on Our Common Future
The Ecology of Commerce
Natural Capitalism
Measuring Sustainability
The Ecological Footprint
The Natural Step: From
Prediction to Backcasting
Moving Forward: The Public, the
Private, and the Individual
MOVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT: THE CHINESE
CONUNDRUM
Symptoms of Systemic Malfunction
Towards a Greater Understanding
of the Key Forces at Work -- Who
is Responsible?
Sustainable Development
Integrating Social Equity, the
Economy and the Environment
Sustainable Development as a
Goal
Sustainable Development as an
Objective: The Chinese Conundrum
Population growth under natural
constraints
Infrastructure development to
meet economic needs
Environment as a living resource
for economic growth
Sustainable Development as a
Process
WORLD CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF
THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE
CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND
NATURAL RESOURCES (IUCN)
Background to the World
Conservation Strategy
The World Conservation Strategy
Priorities for National Action
Priorities for International
Action
Case Study: The Pakistan
National Conservation Strategy
The Development of Consensus
The Search For Solutions
Conservation Goals to the Year
2000
Forming A High-Level Action
Group
Followup Conferences
Provincial Conservation
Strategies
Role Of The Search Conference To
Develop Consensus
Continuity
Case Study: Northwest Frontier
Province Conservation Strategy,
Pakistan
Caring for the Earth: WCS
Revisited
URBANIZATION
Urban Centres and Urbanization
Urbanization: North and South
Macro Trends, Urban Impacts
Economic Change
Demographic Change
Technology
Political/Institutional Capacity
Consequences of Traditional
Urbanization
Towards Sustainable Urbanization
Economic Sustainability
Social Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability
Governance
A Vision of the Sustainable
Urban
Centre
GLOBALIZATION, INTERDEPENDENCE
AND SUSTAINABILITY
The Roots of Globalization
Globalization and
Interdependence
Economic Interdependence
Social Interdependence
Environmental Interdependence
Sustainability
Globalization and the Challenges
to Sustainability
Some Potential Environmental and
Sustainability Benefits of
Global Interdependence
Environmental Sustainability and
the Structures of Globalization
Guiding the Global Economy:
Toward More Democratic Global
Governance
NATURAL RESOURCE PERSPECTIVES ON
SUSTAINABILITY
Renewability, Non-Renewability
"Capture" and Sustained Yield in
Modern Resource Management
Maximum Sustained Yield
Optimum Sustained Yield
Towards a New Paradigm
Adaptive Ecosystem Management
A Glance Back in Time
SUSTAINABILITY, KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT AND THE INTERNET
Language = Communications
+ Informatics
Social Class and Media
Electric and Electronic Media
The Sixth Language: The Internet
Knowledge Networking
THE POLITICS OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
The Problematique
Current Context
Barriers to a Politics
A Canadian Experiment
Round Table Process
Operating Structure
Open or Closed Process
Sphere of Influence
Retrospective
Lessons Learned
The Importance of Values
Issues of Standing
Appointment Process
Decision-making
Modus Operandi
Building on the Canadian
Experience
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES AND
SUSTAINABILITY
A Conceptual Framework for
Analysis
Cultural Monism and Spiritual
Balance
North American Hunter-Gatherers
Australian Aborigines
Practical Effects of
Hunter-Gatherer Conservation
Sacred Sites and Conservation
Traditional Ecological
Knowledge/Expert Knowledge
The Collapse of the Cod Fishery
Cultural Effects of the Collapse
TEK and New Ecological Thinking
Slash and Burn Cultivation:
Miombo Woodland
Traditional Forest Practices
Charcoal Burning
Cross-Scaling in Ecosystems.
Structural Adjustment and
Building Resilience: Effect and
Counter-Effect.
Institutional development of TEK
and EVI.
SUSTAINABILITY IN INTERNATIONAL
LAW
Origins of Sustainability in
International Law
Sustainability as Optimal
Exploitation of Living Resources
Sustainability as Maximum
Sustainable Yield (MSY)
The MSY Era in International Law
MSYs Rise to Prominence
Early Results and Controversies
The UN Law of the Sea Convention
and the Displacement of MSY
Recent Trends
The Greening of International
Fisheries Law
The Ascendancy of the
"Sustainable Utilization"
Paradigm
Sustainability as Respect for
Ecological Limits
Sustainability as a General
Concern With Human-Nature
Interaction
Emergence of Sustainability as
"Limits to Growth"
The 1972 Stockholm Conference
The 1982 World Charter for
Nature
Contemporary Manifestations
Sustainability as Sustainable
Development
Emergence of Sustainable
Development as the Dominant
Vision of Sustainability in
International Law
The Brundtland Commission and
the 1992 Earth Summit
The Institutionalization of
Sustainable Development
Universal Acceptance of
Sustainable Development
Fleshing Out the Meaning of
Sustainable Development
Basic Legal Elements
A Proliferation of Legal
Principles
The Future of Sustainability in
International Law
CARRYING CAPACITY AND
SUSTAINABILITY: WAKING MALTHUS
GHOST
Dueling Paradigms: The Debate
Goes On
The Expansionist Paradigm
"Carrying Capacity Has No Useful
Meaning"
But Are The Arguments Sound?
The Ecological Perspective
Carrying Capacity Resurrected
Carrying Capacity as Maximum
Human Load
The Biological Roots of the
Problem: Humans as Patch
Disturbers
Why Cultures Collapse: The
Revenge of Carrying Capacity
Energy: The Achilles Heel of
Industrial Society?
A Disquieting Note on Liebigs
Law
Well, Is Carrying Capacity
Relevant to Humans?
Epilogue: On Becoming Truly
Human
EGALITARIAN PERSPECTIVES ON
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability and Equity
Linkages
Social Class and Sustainability
Jobs and the Environment
A Short History of
Labor-Environmentalist
Cooperation
North-South: Environment and
Development
Sustainability and the Poor
Regions in Rich Nations
Environmental Justice
Sustainability and Gender
Toward Fair Shares of
'Environmental Space'
The Politics of Equity and
Sustainability
BIOREGION, ECO-POLIS, AND
ECO(NOMIC)-FEDERATION:
LEFT-LIBERTARIAN MODELS OF
SUSTAINABILITY
The Anarcho-individualist
Bioregionalism of Kirkpatrick
Sale
The Anarchocommunist Libertarian
Municipalism of Murray Bookchin
The Anarchosyndicalist
Ecoregionalism of Graham
Purchase
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON
SUSTAINABILITY
Why Should Feminists Have
Anything to Say About
Sustainability?
Connections Between Feminism and
Environmentalism
Historical Background
Common Themes & Concerns
Feminist Perspectives on
Sustainability
Feminism and Sustainable
Development Policy
Ecofeminist Ethics and
Sustainability
The Caring Economy
Women, Politics, and Sustainable
Communities
Toward a Non-sexist Sustainable
City
Summary
ECONOMICS INTERACTIONS WITH
OTHER DISCIPLINES
Basic Concepts of Neo-Classical
Economics
Environmental Economics
Natural Resource Economics
Ecological Economics
The Economics of Biological
Diversity
The Economics of Health Care
ISSUES IN RESOURCE ALLOCATION TO
HEALTH CARE
Financing Health Care through
the Insurance System
A Health Insurance Loan Program
The Single-Payer System
Employer Mandates
COSTS OF HEALTH CARE THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD
Costs of Health Care
Demand Factors Influencing
Health Care Costs
Out-of-Pocket Price and the Role
of Health Insurance
Income
Time Costs
Need
Supply Factors Influencing
Health Care Costs
Prices of Medical Inputs
Medical Technology
Organizational Form
Market Power of Health Care
Providers
Public Policies
SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE FUNDING
THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE
A Model for Health Care
Financing
Risk Sharing and Payment
The Rationale for Government
Intervention
Health Care Funding Across
Nations
The Public Funding of Health
Care
The Private Funding of Health
Care
HEALTH ECONOMICS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
Determinants of Health in
Developing Countries
Resource Allocation Methods in
the Health Sector
The Economics of the AIDS
Epidemic in Developing Countries
Market Reforms and Health Care
in Developing Countries
MAXIMIZING HEALTH IMPACT THROUGH
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Definitions and Models of Health
The Economic Model of Health
Global, National, and Personal
Approaches to Health
Age-based Health Weights
Gender-based Health Weight
Health-weight for Races
Definition and Measurement of
Health Resources
Decision Rules for Optimum
Allocation of Health Resources
Health Impact of Medical
Technology
Market-guided Resource
Allocation and the Question of
Efficiency
Externalities
Imperfect Competition
Government Insurance and Public
Health Programs
Preventive Health Care
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND
SUSTAINABLE HEALTH: A REVIEW OF
THE CONTENDING ISSUES
The Interconnection between
Community Values, Ecology, and
Human Health
Lifestyle Choices, the
Environment, and Health
Profiles: The Case of
Hunter-Gatherer -Societies
Colonialism, Materialism, and
Environmental Degradation
Consumerism, Lifestyles, and
Health
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
History and demarcation
Externalities
Sustainable development
International issues
Spatial issues
Macroeconomics and growth
Monetary valuation of
environmental changes
Other methods
Environmental policy
Ecological versus environmental
economics
EXTERNALITIES, EFFICIENCY AND
EQUITY
Efficiency
Pareto Efficiency
Imperfections
Externalities
Public Goods
Government vs. Market Responses
Equity
Welfare Maximization
Efficiency-Equity Tradeoffs
Social Justice
Utilitarianism
The Theory of John Rawls
Libertarian Theory
Will Material Growth Increase
Welfare?
Environmental Degradation
Social Status
Aspiration Level Effects
The Net Effects on Welfare
Future Trends and Perspectives
DESIGNING INSTRUMENTS FOR
RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY
The need for policy instruments
The Range of Policy Options
The Selection and Design of
Policy Instruments
Efficiency with heterogeneous
abatement costs
Difficult monitoring of
emissions (but complementarity
with products)
Efficiency with heterogeneous
damage costs
Uncertainty in damage costs and
efficiency
Inter-temporal efficiency with
technical change or inflation
Measurability. Technical and
ecological complexity
Burden of cost and issues of
political feasibility
The need for funds for
environmental management
No monitoring of emissions but
only of ambient conditions
No direct monitoring of
emissions but indirect proof
possible
Large risks
Missing markets in insurance and
banking
Rent seeking and political
economy
Economy-wide effects
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND POLICY
CO-ORDINATION
Trade and Environmental Policies
with Competitive Markets
The Small Country Case
Large Country Case
Summary
Strategic Trade and
Environmental Policies
The Simplest Account of
Strategic Environmental Policy
Strategic Behaviour by Firms -
the Porter Hypothesis.
Footloose Firms
Transboundary Pollution and
International Environmental
Agreements
Trade and Environmental Policies
with Transboundary Pollution
International Coordination of
Environmental Policies
Empirical Evidence
Effect of Trade on the
Environment
Effect of Environmental Policy
on Trade
Reconciling Empirical Evidence
with Perceptions
Policy Implications
Directions for Future Research
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH
THEORY, ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS
CURVES, AND DISCOUNTING
Theory of Economic Growth,
Natural Resources and
Environment Quality
Neoclassical growth models
Endogenous growth models
Growth models including
environmental resources
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