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INTRODUCTION
TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
What is sustainable development?
When did it emerge?
What are its implications for governments?
What are its implications for business and industry?
What are its implications for farming and agriculture?
What are its implications for civil society, NGOs, and
individuals: awareness and education?
What progress has been made?
EARLY
LOCALIZED ISSUES AFFECTING REGIONAL SUSTAINABILITY -THE CASE OF ONTARIO, CANADAS
NIAGARA ESCARPMENT
The Niagara Escarpment Study
-- Precursor of Sustainability
The Niagara Escarpment -- A
Unique and Vulnerable Environment
A Sustainable Development Strategy for the Niagara
Escarpment
Forces Leading to the Strategy for the Niagara
Escarpment
The On-going Struggle for Sustainability
MALTHUS'
ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION
The Education of Malthus
Debate on the Views of Godwin and Condorcet
Publication of the First Essay in 1798
The Second Essay, Published in 1803
Systems of Equality
The Poor Laws
Replies to Malthus
Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages; the Corn Laws
Acceptance of Birth Control in England
The Irish Potato Famine of 1845
The Impact of Malthus on Biology
The Importance of Malthus Today
Limits to the Carrying Capacity of the Global Environment
"THE
TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS" BY GARRETT HARDIN, 1968
The Tragedy in Review
The Population Problem
The Inexorable Logic of Tragedy
Preventing the Tragedy: Mutual Coercion, Mutually Agreed Upon
Research and Policy: Hardins Legacy
Proponents of Hardins Logic
Hardins Critics
Resource Systems
Property Regimes
Refuting Hardin: The Empirical Case for Common Property
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Hardins Contribution
The Future of the Commons: From Local Tradition to Global
Cooperation?
BEYOND
BRUNDTLAND: THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1990S
Building on Our Common Future
The Ecology of Commerce
Natural Capitalism
Measuring Sustainability
The Ecological Footprint
The Natural Step: From Prediction to Backcasting
Moving Forward: The Public, the Private, and the Individual
MOVING
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE CHINESE CONUNDRUM
Symptoms of Systemic Malfunction
Towards a Greater Understanding of the Key Forces at Work --
Who is Responsible?
Sustainable Development Integrating Social Equity, the
Economy and the Environment
Sustainable Development as a Goal
Sustainable Development as an Objective: The Chinese
Conundrum
Population growth under natural constraints
Infrastructure development to meet economic needs
Environment as a living resource for economic growth
Sustainable Development as a Process
WORLD
CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION
FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (IUCN)
Background to the World Conservation Strategy
The World Conservation Strategy
Priorities for National Action
Priorities for International Action
Case Study: The Pakistan National Conservation
Strategy
The Development of Consensus
The Search For Solutions
Conservation Goals to the Year 2000
Forming A High-Level Action Group
Followup Conferences
Provincial Conservation Strategies
Role Of The Search Conference To Develop Consensus
Continuity
Case Study: Northwest
Frontier Province
Conservation Strategy, Pakistan
Caring for the Earth: WCS Revisited
URBANIZATION
Urban Centres and Urbanization
Urbanization: North and South
Macro Trends, Urban Impacts
Economic Change
Demographic Change
Technology
Political/Institutional Capacity
Consequences of Traditional Urbanization
Towards Sustainable Urbanization
Economic Sustainability
Social Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability
Governance
A Vision of the Sustainable Urban Centre
GLOBALIZATION,
INTERDEPENDENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY
The Roots of Globalization
Globalization and Interdependence
Economic Interdependence
Social Interdependence
Environmental Interdependence
Sustainability
Globalization and the Challenges to Sustainability
Some Potential Environmental and Sustainability Benefits of
Global Interdependence
Environmental Sustainability and the Structures of
Globalization
Guiding the Global Economy: Toward More Democratic Global
Governance
NATURAL
RESOURCE PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABILITY
Renewability, Non-Renewability
"Capture" and Sustained Yield in Modern Resource
Management
Maximum Sustained Yield
Optimum Sustained Yield
Towards a New Paradigm
Adaptive Ecosystem Management
A Glance Back in Time
SUSTAINABILITY,
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND THE INTERNET
Language = Communications + Informatics
Social Class and Media
Electric and Electronic Media
The Sixth Language: The Internet
Knowledge Networking
THE
POLITICS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Problematique
Current Context
Barriers to a Politics
A Canadian Experiment
Round Table Process
Operating Structure
Open or Closed Process
Sphere of Influence
Retrospective
Lessons Learned
The Importance of Values
Issues of Standing
Appointment Process
Decision-making
Modus Operandi
Building on the Canadian Experience
CULTURAL
PERSPECTIVES AND SUSTAINABILITY
A Conceptual Framework for Analysis
Cultural Monism and Spiritual Balance
North American Hunter-Gatherers
Australian Aborigines
Practical Effects of Hunter-Gatherer Conservation
Sacred Sites and Conservation
Traditional Ecological Knowledge/Expert Knowledge
The Collapse of the Cod Fishery
Cultural Effects of the Collapse
TEK and New Ecological Thinking
Slash and Burn Cultivation: Miombo
Woodland
Traditional Forest Practices
Charcoal Burning
Cross-Scaling in Ecosystems.
Structural Adjustment and Building Resilience: Effect and
Counter-Effect.
Institutional development of TEK and EVI.
SUSTAINABILITY
IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Origins of Sustainability in International Law
Sustainability as Optimal Exploitation of Living Resources
Sustainability as Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
The MSY Era in International Law
MSYs Rise to Prominence
Early Results and Controversies
The UN Law of the Sea Convention and the Displacement of MSY
Recent Trends
The Greening of International Fisheries Law
The Ascendancy of the "Sustainable Utilization"
Paradigm
Sustainability as Respect for Ecological Limits
Sustainability as a General Concern With Human-Nature
Interaction
Emergence of Sustainability as "Limits to Growth"
The 1972 Stockholm
Conference
The 1982 World Charter for Nature
Contemporary Manifestations
Sustainability as Sustainable Development
Emergence of Sustainable Development as the Dominant Vision
of Sustainability in International Law
The Brundtland Commission and the
1992 Earth Summit
The Institutionalization of Sustainable Development
Universal Acceptance of Sustainable Development
Fleshing Out the Meaning of Sustainable Development
Basic Legal Elements
A Proliferation of Legal Principles
The Future of Sustainability in International Law
LAW AND SUSTAINABILITY: THE CANADIAN CASE
The
Canadian Legal System and Sustainability
Principles Underlying the Canadian Legal System
Key Actors in Achieving Sustainability in Canada
Courts and Tribunals in Canada
Private Law and the Environment in Canada
Public Nuisance
Private Actions
Private Prosecutions of Public Laws
Public Law and the Environment in Canada,
1900-1994
Public Welfare Laws
Regulation as a Mechanism to Limit Private Court Actions
Permitting: Evolution of the Public Law
Regulatory System in the 1970s
Environmental Assessment
Intervenor and
Participant Funding
Improving Access to Information
Environmental Class Actions
Environmental Rights Laws
Legal
Mechanisms and Reforms for Promoting Sustainability, 1995-2007
Federal Law Reform
Laws to Enhance Public Participation
International Participation
Environmental Registries and Databases
Statements of Environmental Values
Sustainable Development Strategies
Establishment of Government Auditors and
Watchdogs
Other
Sustainability Initiatives
Efforts to Green Government
The Standing Committee on Environment and
Sustainable Development
The Canadian Council of Ministers of the
Environment (CCME)
Other Federal-Provincial Institutions
Indicators and Other Tools to Aid
Decision-Makers in Achieving Sustainability
Royal Commissions and Other Inquiries
Roundtables
Environmental Codes and Policies
Expansions of Protected Areas
Current
Sustainability Challenges Facing Canada
Implementation and Administration
Enforcement and Monitoring
Market Distortions, Subsidies and Tax Law Reform
Specific Federal Tax and Grant Incentives to
Encourage Investments in Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Projects
Provincial Carbon Taxes
Role of Other Innovations and Flexible
Regulation
Municipal and Local Initiatives
Municipal Green Funds
Modest Progress on Climate Change
Ongoing Problems with Canada’s System of
Environmental Law
Sustainability
on an International Level
Treaties and Agreements to Promote Globalization
and Trade
The World Trade Organization
Environmental Treaties and Multilateral
Environmental Agreements
CARRYING
CAPACITY AND SUSTAINABILITY: WAKING MALTHUS GHOST
Dueling Paradigms: The Debate Goes On
The Expansionist Paradigm
"Carrying Capacity Has No Useful Meaning"
But Are The Arguments Sound?
The Ecological Perspective
Carrying Capacity Resurrected
Carrying Capacity as Maximum Human Load
The Biological Roots of the Problem: Humans as Patch Disturbers
Why Cultures Collapse: The Revenge of Carrying Capacity
Energy: The Achilles Heel of Industrial Society?
A Disquieting Note on Liebigs Law
Well, Is Carrying Capacity Relevant to Humans?
Epilogue: On Becoming Truly Human
EGALITARIAN
PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability and Equity Linkages
Social Class and Sustainability
Jobs and the Environment
A Short History of Labor-Environmentalist Cooperation
North-South: Environment and Development
Sustainability and the Poor Regions in Rich Nations
Environmental Justice
Sustainability and Gender
Toward Fair Shares of 'Environmental Space'
The Politics of Equity and Sustainability
BIOREGION,
ECO-POLIS, AND ECO(NOMIC)-FEDERATION: LEFT-LIBERTARIAN MODELS OF
SUSTAINABILITY
The Anarcho-individualist Bioregionalism
of Kirkpatrick Sale
The Anarchocommunist Libertarian Municipalism of Murray
Bookchin
The Anarchosyndicalist Ecoregionalism of Graham Purchase
FEMINIST
PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABILITY
Why Should Feminists Have Anything to Say About Sustainability?
Connections Between Feminism and Environmentalism
Historical Background
Common Themes & Concerns
Feminist Perspectives on Sustainability
Feminism and Sustainable Development Policy
Ecofeminist Ethics and Sustainability
The Caring Economy
Women, Politics, and Sustainable Communities
Toward a Non-sexist Sustainable City
Summary
ECONOMICS
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES
Basic Concepts of Neo-Classical Economics
Environmental Economics
Natural Resource Economics
Ecological Economics
The Economics of Biological Diversity
The Economics of Health Care
ISSUES
IN RESOURCE ALLOCATION TO HEALTH CARE
Financing Health Care through the Insurance System
A Health Insurance Loan Program
The Single-Payer System
Employer Mandates
COSTS OF
HEALTH CARE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
Costs of Health Care
Demand Factors Influencing Health Care Costs
Out-of-Pocket Price and the Role of Health Insurance
Income
Time Costs
Need
Supply Factors Influencing Health Care Costs
Prices of Medical Inputs
Medical Technology
Organizational Form
Market Power of Health Care Providers
Public Policies
SOURCES
OF HEALTH CARE FUNDING THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE
A Model for Health Care Financing
Risk Sharing and Payment
The Rationale for Government Intervention
Health Care Funding Across Nations
The Public Funding of Health Care
The Private Funding of Health Care
HEALTH
ECONOMICS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Determinants of Health in Developing Countries
Resource Allocation Methods in the Health Sector
The Economics of the AIDS Epidemic in Developing Countries
Market Reforms and Health Care in Developing Countries
MAXIMIZING
HEALTH IMPACT THROUGH RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Definitions and Models of Health
The Economic Model of Health
Global, National, and Personal Approaches to Health
Age-based Health Weights
Gender-based Health Weight
Health-weight for Races
Definition and Measurement of Health Resources
Decision Rules for Optimum Allocation of Health Resources
Health Impact of Medical Technology
Market-guided Resource Allocation and the Question of
Efficiency
Externalities
Imperfect Competition
Government Insurance and Public Health Programs
Preventive Health Care
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION AND SUSTAINABLE HEALTH: A REVIEW OF THE CONTENDING ISSUES
The Interconnection between Community Values, Ecology, and
Human Health
Lifestyle Choices, the Environment, and Health Profiles: The
Case of Hunter-Gatherer -Societies
Colonialism, Materialism, and Environmental Degradation
Consumerism, Lifestyles, and Health
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS
History and demarcation
Externalities
Sustainable development
International issues
Spatial issues
Macroeconomics and growth
Monetary valuation of environmental changes
Other methods
Environmental policy
Ecological versus environmental economics
EXTERNALITIES,
EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY
Efficiency
Pareto Efficiency
Imperfections
Externalities
Public Goods
Government vs. Market Responses
Equity
Welfare Maximization
Efficiency-Equity Tradeoffs
Social Justice
Utilitarianism
The Theory of John Rawls
Libertarian Theory
Will Material Growth Increase Welfare?
Environmental Degradation
Social Status
Aspiration Level Effects
The Net Effects on Welfare
Future Trends and Perspectives
DESIGNING
INSTRUMENTS FOR RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
The need for policy instruments
The Range
of Policy Options
The Selection and Design of Policy Instruments
Efficiency with heterogeneous abatement costs
Difficult monitoring of emissions (but complementarity
with products)
Efficiency with heterogeneous damage costs
Uncertainty in damage costs and efficiency
Inter-temporal efficiency with technical change or inflation
Measurability. Technical and ecological complexity
Burden of cost and issues of political feasibility
The need for funds for environmental management
No monitoring of emissions but only of ambient conditions
No direct monitoring of emissions but indirect proof possible
Large risks
Missing markets in insurance and banking
Rent seeking and political economy
Economy-wide effects
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE AND POLICY CO-ORDINATION
Trade and Environmental Policies with Competitive Markets
The Small Country Case
Large Country Case
Summary
Strategic Trade and Environmental Policies
The Simplest Account of Strategic Environmental Policy
Strategic Behaviour by Firms - the
Porter Hypothesis.
Footloose Firms
Transboundary Pollution and International
Environmental Agreements
Trade and Environmental Policies with Transboundary
Pollution
International Coordination of Environmental Policies
Empirical Evidence
Effect of Trade on the Environment
Effect of Environmental Policy on Trade
Reconciling Empirical Evidence with Perceptions
Policy Implications
Directions for Future Research
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH THEORY, ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVES, AND DISCOUNTING
Theory of Economic Growth, Natural Resources and Environment
Quality
Neoclassical growth models
Endogenous growth models
Growth models including environmental resources
The optimal allocation of resources in growth models with
environmental resources.
Model solution
Hotelling’s rule
The role of discounting in the optimal solution
Extending the optimal growth model
Pollution damage and environmental taxes
Resource substitutability and the consequences of increasing
resource scarcity.
Sustainability
Definition and possibility of sustainability
Sustainability and the Hartwick
rule
Optimal growth and sustainability
The Environmental Kuznets Curve
Perspectives on the relationship between growth and
degradation: biophysical vs. economic approaches:
The environmental Kuznets curve
hypothesis: a delinking of environmental
-degradation and growth?
Empirical studies
Criticism of the EKC
Future Trends and Perspectives
ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Impacts of climate change
Impacts of carbon dioxide emission reduction
Efficient climate control
Cost-effective climate control
Uncertainty and the applicability of models
Policy instruments
Current status of national and international climate policy
ECONOMIC
VALUATION AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Benefits provided by public goods
Market based measures of environmental impacts
Benefit based valuation methods
Future directions in contingent valuation
Benefit transfer
Meta-analysis
Cost-benefit analysis
AN
ECONOMIC THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL INCOME
National income
Welfare interpretation of national income
Green national income
Non-renewable natural resources
Renewable natural resources
Pollution as a flow
Pollution as a stock
Non constant rate of time preference
Exogenous technical progress
Varying market prices
Distortionary taxation
Sustainable national income
Green accounting in practice
ON THE
ECONOMICS OF NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
The Hotelling Model of Resource
Depletion
Variations on the Basic Hotelling
Model
Extraction Costs
Exogenous Extraction Costs
Reserve Dependent Costs
Monopoly
Multiple Sources of the Resource
"Backstop" Resources
Growing Demand
On Discount Rates
Case Study World Oil
ECONOMICS
OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES
Dynamic Optimization
Fundamental Equation of Renewable Resources
Application: Open Access Fishery
Investment under Uncertainty
Application: Forest
Rotations
Scale, Resilience, and Sustainability
Complex Adaptive Systems Management
Application: Lake
Management
THE
ECONOMICS OF LAND-USE CHANGE
Land in the History of Economic Thought
Land and the Economic Process
Efficient Allocation of Land Resources
Driving Forces of Land-Use Change
The Search for an Interdisciplinary Approach
ENVIRONMENTAL
STOCKS AND FLOWS
The Economic Sphere and the Natural Environment
Economic Territory
The Resident Criterion
Physical Flows and Their Linkage to the Economy
The Quantitative Decline in Natural Assets
The Qualitative Decline in Natural Assets
THE
VALUATION PROBLEM AND NON-MARKET VALUATION THEORIES
The Range of Relevant Environmental Value
Potential Impacts on Existing Markets
Non-Market Values
Intrinsic Value in Nature
Methods for Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis
Travel Cost Method
Production Function Approach
Hedonic Pricing
Stated Preference Methods
ENERGY
AND THE MACROECONOMY
The Role of Energy in Economic Activity
The Macroeconomic Relation between Economic Activity and
Energy Use: Empirical Analyses
Energy Intensity
Determinants of Macroeconomic Energy Intensity
Energy Use and Economic Fluctuations
Long Run Relations: Economic Activity and Energy Supply
Short Run Relations: Economic Activity and Energy Prices
Causal Relations among Energy Use, Energy Prices, and
Economic Activity
Policy Implications
SUSTAINABILITY
CONCEPTS IN ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
Weak Sustainability
Varieties of Strong Sustainability
Sustainability and the Myth of Market Prices
Discounting and the Commensurability of Wants
Sustainability, Consilience, and
the Role of Institutions
Strengthening Strong Sustainability
NEXUS OF
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
Elements of Ecological Economics (This section draws heavily
from Prato
(1998a).)
Elements of Ecosystem Management
Nexus of Ecological Economics and Ecosystem Management
Economy as Sub-system
Economic Value
Spatial and Temporal Scales
Complexity and Uncertainty
Implications for Natural Resource Management and Policy
Implementation of Ecosystem Management
IDENTIFICATION
OF ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ISSUES
Conceptual Issues
Ethical B the limits and degree of moral considerability
Future generations
Other species
Epistemological B limits to our understanding of the world
Risk and uncertainty
Ignorance through novelty and chaos
Social B the nature of human motivation
Consumer versus citizen
Ecological B living nature and social action
Biodiversity and its definition
Ecosystem resilience
Physical B non-living nature and social action
Laws of thermodynamics as constraints on human action
Practical Issues
Evaluation techniques B conventional and alternative methods
Limits to contingent valuation
Evaluation of > natural= prices
Social evaluation with citizens= juries
Modelling B types of modelling
and their applications
Input-output applications
Greening of accounting and macroeconomics
Implementing sustainability B moving from concept to practice
Indicators
Technologies
International relations and the environment B the effects of
trade
Ecological footprints
International trade and the environment
PARTICIPATORY
DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Participatory Development Model: a base for Sustainable
Resource Management
Participative Strategic Planning and Community
Development of Community - Based Forestry Initiatives
Search Conference: a Participatory Development Model
Concept and Philosophical Basis
Stages of the Search Conference
Sustainable Resource Management in Mexico
An historical perspective
Case study: Basihuare Community
INDICATORS
OF HUMAN CONSEQUENCES FOR ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC PLANNING AND POLICY
Quality of Life
Indicators
What They Are
Types of Indicators
Indicator Selection
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Indicators
Human Indicators
Human Indicators for Planning and Monitoring Sustainable
Development: Conceptualization
Overview
Community-Driven Human Indicators
Benefits
Efficient and Appropriate Allocation of Resources
Establishing Baseline Information
Increasing Participation and Cooperation
Consensual and Participatory Decision Making
Create Community Empowerment
Increased Awareness, Learning and Community Development
Stimulate Change
Create a Complementary and Holistic Set of Indicators
Reveal Unique Information
Generate Valuable Information Yet to be Realised
Community-Driven Human Indicator Development - Implementation
Getting Started
Establishing Goals and Objectives
Selecting Indicators
Dialogue and Feedback
Identifying Data Sources and Collecting Data
Revising, Monitoring and Assessing
Human Impacts and Monitoring Requirements Omitted by Community
Driven -Indicators
Existing Community Indicators
Indicator Framework Development
Facilitation
Integration
Framework
FEMINIST
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
Theoretical Foundations of Feminist Ecological Economics
Ecological Economics
Feminist Economics
Ecofeminism
Political Ecology and Green Socialism
Theoretical Contributions of Feminist Ecological Economics
Applications of Feminist Ecological Economics
Future Trends and Perspectives
POLITICAL
ARITHMETICK: PROBLEMS WITH GDP AS AN INDICATOR OF ECONOMIC PROGRESS
Background economics
The Assumptions
Theories of Growth
Kuznets to Keuning
History of GDP
Satellite Accounts
How GDP is Calculated
The Arithmetical Dimension: Is GDP a Satisfactory Measure of
Current Economic Activity?
Statistical Aspects
Deliberate Exclusions
Globalisation
Aggregation
The Diagnostic Dimension: Is GDP a Satisfactory Measure of
Future Beneficial Economic Activity?
Rundown of Capital Resources
The Price Mechanism is Broken
Consumption vs Production
Defensive Expenditures
Consumption vs Investment
Sharemarket Activity is Not Wealth Creation
Is Industrialisation Necessary for
Growth?
The Political Dimension: is GDP a Satisfactory Measure of
Economic Justice?
Growth is a Political Objective
Disparages Government
Disregards Distribution
Economic Activity To What End?
Is it GDP or the Way it is Used?
NATURAL
RESOURCE ECONOMICS
Non-renewable Resources
Optimal Depletion
Resource Scarcity
Energy
Renewable Resources
Fisheries (or Groundwater)
Forests
Commons and Property Rights
Regulation and Incentives
Protecting Biodiversity
Climate Protection
Non-market Valuation
DIFFERING
CONCEPTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONTENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LAW
A
Brief History of IDL
Competing
Views of Development
The
Traditional View of Development
The
Traditional View of Development and IDL
The
Substantive Content of IDL
Sovereignty
and IDL
The
Relationship Between National and International Law
The
Role of International Human Rights Law in IDL
The
Modern View of Development
The
Modern View of Development and IDL
A.
The Substantive Content of IDL
Sovereignty
and IDL
The
Relationship between National and International Law
The
Role of International Human Rights Law in IDL
Some
Thoughts on the Future Evolution of IDL
PRINCIPLES
OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Background
The meaning of principles
Differing definitions
Origin of the concept
Ecology and sustainable development
The changing context of sustainable development
Recent efforts and their principles
Underlying factors
Psychological obstacles: seven "sins" of unsustainability
Requisites for sustainability
The present choice
HIERARCHICAL
LEVELS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES
A Hierarchical Model
The Anthropoterrene Universe
Anthropocentric Universe: Private Universe Subsystems
Business-Led Sustainable Development "Lobbyists"
Other Private "Lobbyists"
Private Umbrella Organizations
Anthropocentric Universe: Public Universe Subsystems
Intergovernmental Universe
National Universe
Local Universe
You are Here: The Individual Universe
ECONOMIC
MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Environmental Trade-Offs
Intertemporal Allocation of Exhaustible Resources
Environmental Market Failure
Description
Remedies
Causes
Substitution and Sustainability
SUSTAINABLE
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
The Unsustainability of Present
Economic Systems
Features and Limits of Open-cycle Economic Systems
The Earths Carrying Capacity, Critical Load and Ecological
Resilience as -Benchmarks in Development
Features of Sustainable Economic Systems
Closing the Cycle: Toward an Optimal Utilization Economy
From the Culture of Producing to the Culture of Re-producing
The Need for Industrial Ecology
Dematerializing the Economy
From Consumption to Fruition: The Final Ring
Barriers to Optimal Utilization
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL INDUSTRY
Sustainable Industrial Development
Guidelines for Sustainable Industrial Development
Substantial Reduction of Use
Reuse of the Stock of Cultural Material
Fair Share for Development
Genuine Needs and Alternatives
Pre-Fossil and Pre-Affluence Products
Local Orientation
Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity as a Repository for the
Future
Sustainable Production
Eco-Efficiency and Factor-X Strategies
Industrialized Country Dimension
Change of Resource Selection and Usage
The Present Material Cultural Environment
Sustainable Globalization
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT AND LOCAL INDUSTRY
Quality of Living through Local Solutions
The Developing Country Dimension
Small Industries
Local Capacity
Indigenous Knowledge
Participation
Artisans
Natural Products
Sustainable Product Development
Sustainable Process Development
Sustainable Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Product Development
Values, Vision and Mission
Resources, Selection, Level and Pace
Resource Use by Sustainable Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises
Societal Context of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and
the Internet
INDICATORS
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Nature and Functions of Indicators
What are Indicators?
What are Indicators for?
Sustainable Development
A Conceptual Framework for Indicator Development
Selection of Indicators
Combination of Indicators
Scope and Boundaries of Indicators
The Role of Metrics and Indicators in Sustainable Development
Management, Processes and Products
RESOURCES
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
From Environmental Concerns to the Sustainability of
Development
The Environmental "Crisis" since the 1970s
The Social Supply and Demand for a Sustainable Development
Distributional Justice and North-South Relations
Ethics, Information and Governance Challenges
Challenges for Resources Management
The Economic Valuation of Natural Resources and the
Environment
The Time Dimension: Irreversibility, Uncertainty and the
Long-Term
Inter-Generational Equity and Ethical Concerns
Institutional Barriers in the Way of Sustainable Development
New Policy and Decision-Making Frameworks
An Interdisciplinary Science and Research Base
Multi-Stakeholder Management of Resources
The Shift from Substantive to Procedural Rationality
A New "Social Contract" for Science and Technology
Development?
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE CAPITAL
Natural Resource Capital and Sustainable Development
Weak Natural Capital Theory
Neoclassical Natural Capital Theory and Sustainability
Sustainability and Intertemporal Distribution Rules
Defining a Sustainable National Income
The "Weak" Indicators of Sustainability
The Hicksian Income
The Hartwick Rule
What is (not) Being Measured, and Why?
Strong Sustainability and Critical Natural Capital
Strong Sustainability
Critical Natural Capital and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Identification of Critical Natural Capital
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE CAPITAL
The Nature of Capital, Especially Human Resource Capital
Human Resource Capital and Sustainable Development
Sustaining and Adding to Human Resource Capital
Some Relatively Direct Connections between Human Resource
Capital and Sustainable Development
Improved Global Use of Human Resource Capital
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCE CAPITAL
Coevolutionary Development of the Economy and its
Environment
Science and Technological Resource Capital
Policy and Technology Decision Making
Society, Institutions, and Technological Resource Capital
Environment and Technological Resource Capital
The Technology Spiral
Creating the Technology Spiral
Breaking Out of the Technology Spiral
Setting the Stage for Sustainable Development of
Technological Resource Capital
An Economic Perspective of Technology Change
A Coevolutionary Perspective of
Technology Change
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCE CAPITAL
Development Needs Financial Resources, but do these Resources
Fit with Sustainable Development? The Case of the Dependent Economy
Public Management of Financial Resources
External Financing is Unavoidable: its Possibilities and
Limits
Unsustainable Conditionality upon Poor Countries and the IMF
Notion of -Sustainable Debt
The Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (Libreville, January
2000)
Development of Financial Systems
Financial Repression and Liberalization
Emerging Financial Markets and Crises
Microfinance: How to Associate Financial and Social
Sustainability?
Main Functions of the Banking Systems and Governance Problems
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE RESOURCE CAPITAL
The Problem
The Institutional Structure of Society
Developing Institutional and Infrastructure Capital
Sustaining Institutional and Infrastructure Capital
DISTRIBUTIVE
JUSTICE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Relatedness, Proximity, and the Demands of Justice
The Time Axis
The Space/Culture Axis
The Species/Natural Phenomenon Axis
Kinds of Relationship
Hostile Relationship
Closer Kinds of Relationship
Utility Friendship
Goal-oriented Friendship
Political Friendship
Concepts of Justice
Justice versus Charity
Mutual Advantage versus Impartiality
Neutralism versus Perfectionism
Universal versus Particular, General versus Specific
Substantial versus Procedural
Criteria of Justice
Simple Equality
Desert
Needs and Abilities
Usage and Prescriptive Rights
Chance or Luck
Differences between Inter- and Intragenerational
Justice
Current Generations
Past Generations
Future Generations
Consequences of the Differences
Three Kinds of Resources
Exchangeable Resources
Critical Resources
Unique Resources
Principles in International Agreements
Principles of Equality and of Equity
Principle of Equal Right of Self-determination of Peoples
Principle of Precaution
Principle of Prevention
Principle of Cost-effectiveness
Principle of Responsibility
Principle of Care or Solidarity
Preservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage
INTERGENERATIONAL
EQUITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND ETHICS ISSUES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Ethical Dimensions in the Supply and Demand of Sustainability
Endowments and Equitable Intergenerational Consumption
John Stuart Mill on Reciprocity and Coexistence
Hospitality and Respect for Diversity
Deliberative Democracy and Tolerance of Contradictions
Outlook
INTRAGENERATIONAL
EQUITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND ETHICS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Economic Analysis of (Unequal) Ecological Distribution
International Trade and Environmental Load Displacement
From Property Rights to Symbolic Reciprocity
SUSTAINABILITY,
RISK, AND PROTECTION
Choice under Risk
Valuing Risks to Life and Limb
Risk Perception
Regulating Risk
ASSESSING
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
Hazard Identification
Dose-Response Estimation
Exposure Assessment
Risk Characterization
Assessing Risk Assessment
HUMAN
AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO ENDOGENOUS ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
Who Likes Separability?
Modeling Endogenous Risk
Risk Valuation
Broadening the Vision: Human Capital Formation
Broadening the Vision: Endogenous Risk Preferences
MANAGING
FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL RISK, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
The Origins of Financial Risk
The Investment Process
The Role of Institutions to Manage Risk
Managing Environmental Risk
INTELLECTUAL
AND KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AT LOCAL, NATIONAL,
REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL LEVELS
The Importance of Intellectual and Knowledge Capital for
Sustainable Development
Intellectual and Knowledge Capital: What is Being Spoken Of?
The New Global Game of Rules: the Intangible Dimension of the
"Knowledge -Economy"
Firms vis--vis
the Intellectual and Knowledge Capital
The National Innovation System: A Necessity for the
Development and -Management of the Intellectual and Knowledge Capital
The Challenges and Issues of Intellectual and Knowledge
Capital for Implementing Sustainable Development Policies
Building a Learning Society
Towards Social Partnership for Intellectual and Knowledge
Capital Application and Exchange Aiming at Sustainable Development
Foresights: the New Participative Tools for Sustainability in
a Society based on Intellectual and Knowledge Capital
SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Social Development Information
Social Indicators
Single Social Indicators
Gross National Product per capita
Quality of Life
Education and Health
Synthetic Social Indicators
Human Development Index
Human Poverty Index
Indicators of Poverty
Poverty Line
Poverty Head Count
Poverty Head-Count Ratio
The “Missing” Indicators
Sustainable Livelihoods Indicator
Vulnerability Indicator
Statistical Basis
The Information Sources
The Macroeconomic Level
The Microeconomic Level
Inequity, Deprivation, Envy and Justice
Inequity
Deprivation
Envy
Justice
Knowledge about Social Sustainability, Possibilities and
Limits
The Types of Allocations and Limits of a Poverty Policy
Targeted Allocation and Universal Allocation
Some Inefficiencies of the Economic Policy
Community Societies
Individual Societies: Politics of Displacement and Ethnocide
The Social Situation may be Analyzed by Poverty but the
Analyses have not yet been Accomplished
Social Sustainability
Potential Social Capital and Social Configuration
Social Capital as an Effective Advanced Capital
Measuring Advanced Social Capital
CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Land, Labour Power and Economic
Progress in the "West"
Doubts about "Development" as the Universal Destiny
of Humanity
Culture and the "Informal"
Outlook: Hopes for Humanity
FUNCTIONALISM
VERSUS CONSUMERISM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
The Interaction between Consumers and their Life Support
Systems
The Consumers Interest in Innovation for a more Sustainable
Pattern of Consumption
An Example of a Common Resource: the Sustainable Management
of Sea Fisheries for Consumers
The Problem
Towards a Solution
The Difficulties with Licenses
Catching Power
International and Open
Ocean Policy
Climate Change: Influencing Consumer Demand for Energy
GM Foods and the Consumer
The Regulation of Biotechnology
Information
The Concerns of Consumers about the New Biotechnologies
Potential Benefits of the New Biotechnology for Consumers
The Context of GM Food Production
Some Limitations of the Market Mechanisms for Meeting the
Needs of Consumers
The World Population of Consumers and Public Health
ECOSYSTEM
AND ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Being and Knowing about Nature
Natural Capital and the Monetization Frontier
The Concept of Natural Capital
Sustainability through the Maintenance of Natural Capital
The Monetization Frontier
A Structural Ecological Economics Perspective
Environmental Pressures, Environmental Functions and Nature's
Resilience
Maintaining "Critical Natural Capital"
The CRiTiNC Framework for
Sustainability Analyses
Greening the National Accounts
The PSR Model Applied at the Scale of the National Economy
Concepts of "Greened" Macroeconomic Performance
Indicators
Positioning the Monetization Frontier
The passage from Information to Deliberation
Information for Environmental Governance
Multi-criteria Analysis and Deliberative Processes
Deliberation and Knowledge Quality Assurance
NATURAL
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Theories of Depletion
The Fixed-Cost Paradigm
The Opportunity-Cost Paradigm
The "Business-as-Usual" Hierarchists
Availability, Costs and Prices
Resources and the Dynamics of Technology
From Traditional to Nontraditional Resources
Resources, Prices, Trends and Cycles
Market Information
Biophysical Scarcity
Discounting the Future
The Issue of Substitutability
Critical Stocks of Natural Capital
From Environmentally-Corrected Prices to Sustainable Prices
of Natural Resources
WATER-BASED
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Sustainability and Waters Transformation Cycles
From Atoms to Ecosystems: Waters Emergent Complexity
Water Thermodynamics: Perspectives of Quality and Degradation
Waters Valuea Problem of (Unequal)
Distribution
Scarcity and Unequal Ecological Distribution
Some Middle East Examples of
Ecological Distribution Conflicts over Water
The World Commission on Dams
From World Scenarios to Local Ecosystem and Development
Conflicts
European "Integrative" Water Resources Governance
Experiments
The EU Water Framework Directive
The EFIEA Water Policy Workshop
New Governance Challenges for Sediment Management
ENERGY-BASED
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Energy from a Technical Perspective
Energy Sources
Fluctuating Sources of Energy vs. Reserves of Energy
Replenishment Rates of Sources of Energy
Climatic Availability of Energy Sources
Conversion of Energy
Environmental Issues in Energy Supply
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Acid Rain
Particles and other Residues
Landscape Degradation
Energy Consumption and Resource Depletion
Energy Consumption and Economic Level of Development
Resource Depletion
The Character of Technological Change
General Conditions of Change
Conditions of Change in Developing CountriesAims
and Technological -Alternatives
Present Conditions in some Developing Countries
FOOD AND
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION -AND KNOWLEDGE
Contrasts in Agricultural Food Production and ConsumptionPast and Present
Development of Agricultural Technology in Industrial Nations
The Peasant System of the Past
Industrialization of Farming
Spillover from Industrial Farming
Caught in a Social Trap
Organic Food
Definition of Organic Agriculture
Demand Side Satiety, Abundance, and Ethics
Supply Side Grass-Root Pioneers and Idealists
Developing Nations and their Double Bindings
Food Provision Systems
Poverty and Economic Performance
Population Growth versus Aggregate Production of Food
Lookout
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
International Attention for Human Settlements
International Conferences on Human Settlements
The Istanbul
Declaration
The Habitat Agenda
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
Sustainable Human Settlements Development
Social Aspects of Sustainable Human Settlements
Health Related Problems
Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice
Child Labor
Eviction from Squatter Settlements
Urban Violence
Food Security
Migration
Economic Aspects of Sustainable Human Settlements
Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Human Settlements
Land Use
Energy Use
The Built-Up Areas and the Green and Blue Spaces
Other Environmental Problems
Community Development and Capacity Building
for Sustainable Human Settlements
Planning, Decision-Making and Managing Human Settlements
SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
NICT and the Knowledge-based Economy
Towards a Knowledge Economy
A Sustainable Knowledge-based Economy
Information and Coordination
A Market for Knowledge
A Social Appropriation of the Sustainable Knowledge Economy
ECONOMIC
AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
The Lessons of Experience
Two Periods
Quantitative Evaluation of Development
Developmentalism
The Burden of Primary Specialization
The Informal Activities
The Debates of the 1990s
Human Development
Human Development Indicator
The Theory of Endogenous Growth
The Market Economy Scope and the Rationality of Behavior
Rational Expectations
The Sustainability of the Exchange Rate Policies
Market Imperfections
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Information and Communication
The Internet and the Varied Forms of Public Good
Post-modernitys Great Freebee: the
Internet
A Fourfold Typology from Cultural Theory
The Social Construction of Information and Communications
Technology
Some Examples of Negotiating Electronic Media Values
Information and Communications Technology in the Service of
"Our Common Problems"
Design Concepts for Interactive ICT
A Fourfold Organization of Information
Water Resources Governance with ICT
Web Linkages, Governance and Knowledge Quality Assessment
The Passage from Information to Concertation
Knowledge Quality Assessment with ICT
Checks and Balances in the Future Information Society
INSTITUTIONAL
AND INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Roles of Infrastructure and Institutions
Infrastructure
Institutions
Interrelationships among Institutions, Infrastructure, and
Knowledge
Quantitative Modeling for Decision-making
Stakeholder Involvement
Institutions at the Nexus of Stakeholder Involvement and
Knowledge Generation
Urban Institutions, Infrastructure and Sustainability
Urban Sustainability
Urban Transport, Energy Use and Emissions
Urban Infrastructure and Global Climate Change
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS (ISO 9000 AND ISO 14000) DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
ISO 9000
Definition
Contents
Documentation
Support
ISO 14000
Context and Scope
Structure
Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
Context
Content
Comment
Environmental Auditing (EA)
Context
Content
Comment
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Context
Content
Environmental Labeling
Context
Content
Use of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000
ROLE OF
PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Generic Causes of Accidents
Performance Engineering
Reliability
Failures
Birth-to-death Concern
Quality
Quality Control
Quality Planning
Total Quality Management
Quality System Certification
Maintenance
Maintainability
Availability
Life Cycle Costs
Internalization of Environmental Costs
Methodologies for Performance Engineering
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
HAZOP
Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
SUMMARY
PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Basic Principles for Sustainable Development
Justice, Equity, and Natural Capital
The Co-evolution between Economic, Social, and Ecological
Dimensions of -Sustainability
Valuation and Indicators for Sustainable Development
Elements of Methodology for Defining Indicators for
Sustainability
Monetary and Non-monetary Indicators
The Energy-based Evaluations
Indicators in the Decision Process of Sustainable Development
Models of Sustainable Development: Exclusive or Complementary
Approaches for -Sustainable Development?
Neoclassical Models for Sustainable Development
Ecological Economics Models for Sustainable Development
Evolutionary Models
Neo-Ricardian Models
WEAK AND
STRONG SUSTAINABILITY
Neo-classical Growth Theory
Welfare Criteria
Utilitarianism
Egalitarianism
Opsustimality
Optimal Economic Growth in the Benchmark Model
Sustainability: Non-renewable Natural Resources
Feasibility of Sustainable Development
Optimality of Sustainable Development
Sustainability: Pollution
Amenity Values
Pollution
Pollution and Renewable Resources
Weak and Strong Sustainability
Extreme Views on Sustainability
Intermediate Views on Sustainability
Endogenous Growth Theory
Endogenous Growth and Sustainability
ENDOGENOUS
GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT
Endogenous Growth and Sustainability
The Environment as a Renewable Natural Resource
The Engine of Growth as a Perquisite for Economic
Sustainability
Welfare Gains and Long-run Growth Effects of Environmental
Policy
Endogenous Growth and Curative Sustainability: a Reactive
Perspective
Pollution Abatement through Public Defensive Expenditures
Pollution Abatement through Cleaning Technology
Endogenous Growth and Preventive Sustainability: a Proactive
Perspective
Prevention and Quantitative Growth
Prevention and Qualitative Growth
No-cost Replacement of Technologies, Qualitative Growth and
Sustainability
Environmental Policies and Feasibility Conditions for
Sustainable -Development
The Parable of Sustainable Steady States in an Unsteady
World: A Discussion
INTERNATIONAL
COMPETITIVENESS, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental Business Strategies: towards the Creation of
Sustainable Businesses
Conditions for the Successful Implementation of Environmental
Strategies
Key Principles for Proactive Environmental Management
A Broader, Integrated Vision: Life Cycle Management
Business Approaches to Environmental Technological Innovation
Designed to Achieve Competitiveness within Sustainability
From End-of-pipe to Cleaner Technologies
Industrial Ecology, Innovation and Competitiveness
Industrial Ecology as a Way of Developing New Forms of
Relations among -Companies
Internal and External Organizational Structures for Win-win
Strategies
Global Competitiveness and Environmental Globalization
LEGAL
ISSUES AND INCENTIVES FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The Problem
Principles
The Setting
Getting the Rules Right
Property Regimes
Law and Economics
Resource Management Regimes
THE
FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Demographic Transition
Agricultural Revolutions
Energy Futures
WELFARE
ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Welfare Economics of Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development and Welfare Maximization: Are They
Compatible?
The Concept of Sustainable Development: Weak Versus Strong
-Sustainability
Practical Consistency of Welfare Maximization and Sustainable
Development
Threats to Sustainability
Economic Growth and Welfare: Intertemporal Perspectives of
Sustainability
Sustainability as Intertemporal Ethics3
Discounting Future Consumption/Incomes Versus Discounting
Future -Utility/Welfare
Compatibility of Growth, Sustainability, and Welfare
National Accounting and Sustainability
International Perspectives of Sustainable Development
International co-Operation Needed to Tackle the Global
Problem of Sustainable Development
Environmental Conflicts Between Rich and Poor Countries
International Trade, Globalization, and Sustainable Development
Institutional and Policy Choices in Pursuit of Sustainable
Development
The UN Taking Ownership and Charging for Depreciation of
Global Natural -Capital
The Morality of Trade in Emission Rights
ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: RECONCILING
DIVERSE INTERTEMPORAL PERSPECTIVES
Do future generations matter?
Asking the right questions about
future generations
The relevant political constituency
Philosophers’ perspectives − should we care, and if so why?
Economists’
perspectives
Can the present generation safely be
left to protect the interests of future generations?
Pure time preference
Mechanisms for taking care of the
future
Genetic similarity − a basis for benevolent instincts?
Benevolent sentiments
Affective benevolent sentiments
Cognitive benevolent sentiments
Sale of future rights in resources
In conclusion
Can the discount perplex be evaded by
internalising externalities?
Externalities: a threat to
sustainable development?
Physical limits on reinvestment
The further ramifications of
investment
How secure is the compensation fund?
How readily can substitution be made
between losses and compensating gains?
Variability of rates of return, and
required compensation
Resource depletion
Externality
or intertemporal misallocation or both?
Transition to production function
arguments
Production function and diminishing
marginal utility arguments
Natural resources in the production
function
Technological advance, capital
accumulation and sustainable development
Sustainability and non-declining
capital
Diminishing marginal utility
Diminishing marginal utility and
distribution
Diminishing marginal utility and
resource scarcity
The risk argument
The pervasiveness of unknown-ness
Discount
premiums: an inappropriate way with unknown-ness
Other
ways with risk
Individual and social views on
unknown-ness
Separating the logically distinct
Reconciling different sources of
discount rate
Reconciling the present and future
generations’ viewpoints
Modified
discounting
Ordinal logic
Equilibrium between time preference
and productivity of capital
Market equilibrium
The optimal investment path
Averaging rates of return and
discount across different scenarios
A tariff of diminishing discount
rates for the long-term future
Doing it by price change
Shadow value of investment funds − combining concepts without papering over
numerical cracks
Is sustainable development the best
we can offer to intergenerational equity?
The many faces of economic sustainability
Giving equal weight to near-future
generations is bad for distant-future generations: discounting to protect
the future
Maximum endowment and discounting
Unmade potential benefits:
sustainable development and the status quo
Intergenerational welfare maximisation: discounting appropriately
PERSPECTIVES
ON DISCOUNTING THE FUTURE
Derivation from investment economics
Behavior and discounting
Time preference
Inconsistencies
Inverted time preference
Reinterpreted time preference
Technological advance and diminishing marginal utility
Diminishing marginal utility and people
Diminishing marginal utility and environmental products
Diminishing marginal utility of money
Threat, risk and uncertainty
NATURAL
RESOURCES, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SUSTAINABILITY: A NEOCLASSICAL PERSPECTIVE
Neoclassical Models of Economic Growth
Capital-growth model
“Cake-eating” model
Capital-resource substitution
Technological progress
Renewable resources
Resource Amenities
Resource amenities: non-commodity goods and services
Resource amenities in growth models
Pollution and growth models
Intergenerational Equity and Social Welfare Functions
Maximized present value
Rawlsian maxi-min criterion
Chichilnisky criterion
Non-decreasing utility, weak and strong sustainability
ESSENTIAL
COMPONENTS OF FUTURE ETHICS
Terminology
No-Obligation-Arguments
Obligations to Posterity
Future-individual-paradox
"Ignorance" argument
No-claim-argument
Paradox-of-procreation-argument
The "no-obligation" arguments remain unproven
Ethical Theories and Posterity
Contractarianism
Communitarianism
Consequentialism
Rawls’ theory of justice
Discourse ethics
Egalitarian and Non-egalitarian Standards
Approaches and Criteria in the Long-Term Assessment of Risk
and Uncertainty
Risk and the Individual
Risk aversion and Ethics
Cost Benefit Analysis
Discourse
Precautionary principle
Minimax Criterion, based on Rawls
Avoid-false-positives Criterion
The Bequest Package Problem and Conceptions of Sustainability
Essential Components of Future Ethics
SUSTAINABILITY AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTING
Introduction
Sustainable
Development and Economic Welfare
The Semantics of Sustainability
The Connection Between Welfare
(Standards of Living) and Sustainability
National Output and the History of the National Accounts
Criticisms
and Policy Failings Surrounding Conventional Accounting
Concepts of Income
Depreciation
and Net Product
Beyond
Depreciation Adjustments
Theoretical Underpinnings
Growth Theory, Natural Resource
Accounting and Sustainability
Applications - Unofficial Measures and Official Revisions
Applications:
Theory into Practice
Government
and Statistical Agency Activity
The
2003 Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts
Assessing the 2003 SEEA
Stock and Flow Accounts (Balance Sheets)
Summary
Academic
Research
Non-renewable
Resource Depletion
Renewable
Resource Depletion
Non-Market
Values
Defensive
Expenditures and Environmental Damage
Open
Economy
Regional
NRA
Aggregate
Sustainability Studies
PROGRESS
IN THE MEASUREMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability Models
Indicators of Weak Sustainability
Depletion of Non-renewable Resources
Renewable Resources
Changes in Environmental Liabilities/
Environmental Damage
Estimates of Genuine Saving
Change in Per Capita Wealth
Technological Change and
Sustainability
International Trade and
Sustainability
Indicators of Strong Sustainability
Distance to
Goals
Carrying Capacity
Ecological
Footprints and Environmental Space
Ecological Resilience
The Index of
Sustainable Economic Welfare/ Genuine Progress Indicator
THE
MISALIGNMENT OF STANDARD NATIONAL ACCOUNTING AGGREGATES WITH SUSTAINABILITY
OBJECTIVES
A History of National Accounts
The Issue of Sustainability
Aligning Standard National Accounts and Sustainability
Objectives
ON
“GREEN NATIONAL PRODUCT”: THEORIES AND A COMPARISON AMONG DIFFERENT
APPROACHES
The Model
The Set-Up
“Sustainable” and “Optimal” Income
Comparison to “Conventional” Income
The SEEA and ENRAP Approaches and the Green NNP
Introduction
Depletion of Natural Resources
Degradation of the Quality of Natural Resources
Defensive Spending by Consumers and Direct Services of the
Environment to Consumers
THE
EVOLVING SYSTEM OF INTEGRATED ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTS
Why Build Environmental Accounts?
History of the Development of Environmental Accounts
Early
Adopters
The
1993 System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts
Revision
of the 1993 SEEA
The Revised SEEA
Physical
Flow Accounts
Hybrid
Accounts
Environmental
Protection and Resource Management Accounts
Natural
Resource Asset Accounts
Environmentally-Adjusted
Macroeconomic Indicators
Will the SEEA Meet Expectations?
ECONOMICS
OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Global and Transboundary
Environmental Problems
Economic Analysis of Global and Transboundary
Environmental Problems
Optimization analysis
Game theory analysis
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Climate Change
Biodiversity Loss
International Distribution of Environmental Burdens
Climate Change
Local impacts of global problems
Emission reductions and equity
Western lifestyles
Biodiversity
The role of scientific institutions
International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment
The opening up to trade (economic integration) and its
environmental -implications
Environmental policy in an open economy
International regulation
The Environmental Kuznets Curve and
international trade
International trade versus foreign direct investment
Empirical findings
Overview of Topic-Related Articles
International trade, the environment and sustainable
development
North-South trade, capital flows, and the environment
International cooperation to resolve international pollution
problems
International environmental agreements and the case of global
warming
Environmental Conflicts and Regional Conflict Management
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The impact of international trade on economic welfare
The interaction between international trade, the environment
and sustainable development: traditional theoretical approaches
The impact of environmental quality on international trade
The impact of international trade and international trade
policy on the -environment and environmental policies
Impact of environmental policy on trade
The interaction between international trade, the environment
and sustainable development: alternative theoretical approaches
The interaction between international trade, the environment
and sustainable development: empirical studies
The impact of environmental policies on international trade
flows
The impact of international trade and international trade
policies on the environment
The interaction between international trade, the environment
and sustainable development: policy and institutional issues
NORTH-SOUTH
TRADE, CAPITAL FLOWS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
An Overview of North-South Economic Interactions
North-South Trade and Investment: Policy Issues and Models
Preferences, Environment and Trade Policy
Property Rights and Trade
Models of Capital Flows
Some Empirical Evidence
Empirical Evidence on Environmental Costs and Trade
Evidence on FDI
Agricultural Exports and the Environment
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION TO RESOLVE INTERNATIONAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Coalition Models
Problems of Modeling Coalition Formation
Structure and Features of Coalition Models
P-Models
C-Models
Factors Influencing the Success of Cooperation
Degree of Asymmetry
Number of Countries Suffering from Pollution
Benefit-Cost Ratio from Abatement
Leakage Effects
Economies of Scale Effects
Planning Horizon and Discounting
Reputation Effects
Elements of Treaty Design Influencing the Success of
Cooperation
Membership Rules: open versus exclusive membership
Number of Signatories: Grand Coalition versus Subcoalition
Number of Coalitions: single versus multiple coalitions
Compensation Measures: monetary versus in-kind transfers
Issue Linkage: an alternative to monetary transfers
Global Abatement Levels: Less is more
Allocation of Abatement Levels: command and control versus
market-based instruments
Sanctions
INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS AND THE CASE OF GLOBAL WARMING
An Integrated Assessment Model for Transboundary
Stock Pollutant Problems
The Theory of International Environmental Externalities
Laissez-faire equilibrium
Laissez-faire optimal investment path
Laissez-faire optimal emission abatement path
Socially optimal level of environmental protection
Underprovision of environmental quality in the
laissez-faire scenario
Cost efficiency and the role of equity considerations
Participation constraints and free riding
Confronting Theory and Reality for the Case of Global Warming
Cost and benefit estimates for GHG emission control
Medium term climate policy evaluation models
Integrated assessment climate-economy models
Main elements of the Kyoto Protocol
Evaluation of the Kyoto
Protocol
Overall Kyoto
emission reduction target
Kyoto burden sharing agreement
Flexible mechanisms
US withdrawal
Carbon sinks
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONFLICTS AND REGIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Environmentally Induced Conflicts
Typology of Environmental Conflicts
Methodological and Theoretical Criticism
Criticism of the Weight Given to the Environment as a Causal
Factor
Criticism of the Weight given to Different Consequences of
Degradation
Environmental Conflict Management
Difference Between Causal and Influencing Factors
Characteristics of General Conflict Management
Characteristics of Environmental Conflict Management
International Environmental Conflict Management: An Overview
Applying the HEIT Model to the Nile Basin
IMPLEMENTING
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INSTITUTIONAL FEATURES
Sustainable Development as a Human-Centred
and Development-Oriented Concept
Theoretical Concepts of the Human-Centred
and Development-Oriented Approach and -Empirical Evidence
Implementing Sustainable Development
Institutional Features
A Platform Allowing an Integrative Interactive Dialogue
between Affected -Parties
Promotion of Adaptability of Resources in a Changing
Environment
Recognition that criteria for sustainable development are
likely to be developed -in an evolving process
Development of Indicators for Management, Signalling,
and Revisions of -Criteria for Sustainability
Readiness to Abandon Resources in Situations When All
Criteria of Sustainable - Development Fail
THE ROLE
OF INSTITUTIONS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A Framework for Analyzing the Welfare Implications of
Environmental Policy
Institutions and Environmental Policy
Changing Resource Use through Contracting
Changing Resource Use through Regulation
FREE
MARKET ENVIRONMENTALISM VERSUS ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SOCIALISM: AN AUSTRIAN
PERSPECTIVE ON INSTITUTIONAL CHOICE
Austrian versus Neoclassical Economics: The Socialist
Calculation Debate
Environmental Policy and the Socialist Calculation Debate
Free Market Environmentalism, the Evolution of Property
Rights and Sustainable -Development
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING: MODELS AND INSTITUTIONS
Models of Urban Planning for Sustainable Development
The Planner’s Triangle
Planning and the Dominance of the Economic Model of
Development
Planning and Public Participation
Approaches and Indicators for Sustainable Development
Measuring progress
Formal methods
Deliberative methods
Objectives and Indicators
Government Indicators: United Kingdom and European
Union
The Community Indicator Movement
HEDONIC
PRICE MODELLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND
A HONG KONG CASE STUDY
Air pollution and property values
Noise and property values
View and property values
Neighbourhood facilities and property values
Zoning regulation and property values
Hedonic price modelling of
environmental attributes on urban values in Hong Kong
Air pollution control mechanism in Hong
Kong
Noise pollution control mechanism in Hong
Kong
Hedonic price modelling of the
effects of air and noise pollution on urban values in Hong
Kong
Land Use Zoning Mechanism in Hong Kong
Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines
(HKPSG)
Comprehensive Development Area (CDA)
Hedonic price modelling of zoning
effects on urban values in Hong Kong
Hedonic price modelling of locational effects on urban values in Hong
Kong
Hedonic price modelling of cultural
attributes on urban values in Hong Kong
ECONOMIC
INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN FISH CULTURE
Characteristics of Indicators for Sustainable Development
Economic Theorisation of Fishing
Total Factor Productivity and Relative Labour
Productivity Approaches
Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
Relative Labour Productivity (RLP)
Micro and Institutional Economic Indicators of Sustainability
in Fish Culture
Micro-Economic Indicators of Sustainability Internal to the
Culture Industry
Business viability
Use of inputs or processes that are objectionable from a
sustainability -point of view
Institutional Economic Indicators of Sustainable Interaction
with Other Sectors of the Economy
SUSTAINABILITY
AND RESILIENCE IN NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEMS: POLICY DIRECTIONS AND MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTIONS
Sustainability and Resilience
Policy Directions for Sustainable and Resilient Resource
Systems
Developing a Management Portfolio
Applying the Precautionary Approach
Robust and Adaptive Management
Co-management and Community-Based Management
Planning for Efficiency in Natural Resource Systems
Managing Resource Sector Capacity
Diversifying Livelihoods
Developing and Utilizing the Knowledge Base
Monitoring Sustainability
Institutions
Sustainable and Resilient Institutions
Institutional Effectiveness in Achieving Sustainability and
Resilience
Institutional Choices
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Last Update: 05 April 2007
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