|
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Systems engineers
The systems engineering point of
view
Definitions of systems
engineering
History of technological
development and systems
engineering
Systems engineering and
management knowledge
Methodological frameworks,
systems engineering, and
management processes
Logical steps of systems
engineering
Life-cycle phases of systems
engineering
A two-dimensional framework for
systems engineering
Life-cycles or stages of systems
engineering
Systems engineering processes
Other specific life-cycle
methodologies for systems
acquisition, production, or
procurement
Sustainable development,
industrial ecology, and systems
engineering and management
Challenges, pitfalls, and the
need for a multiple perspective
viewpoint in systems engineering
and management
LIFE CYCLES FOR RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND
EVALUATION
Research, Development, Test, and
Evaluation Life Cycles
Life Cycle Architecture
The Relationship of RDT&E to
Other Life Cycles
LIFE CYCLES FOR SYSTEM
ACQUISITION
Commonly Used Life Cycles
Waterfall Cycles
Variations of the Waterfall
Model
Concurrent Engineering Cycles
Current and Future Trends
ISO 9000
The Capability Maturity Models
SPICE
Acquisition Strategies
Concurrent Design
Deferring the Commitment
Shortening the Learning Curve
THE PLANNING AND MARKETING LIFE
CYCLE
Planning and Marketing
Life Cycle Interfaces
Product Life Cycle
ISO 14000
Strategic Planning
SYSTEM BASICS
Basic Principles of System
Performance
Continuous System Processes,
Computational Models
Control, Observation, Feedback
USER NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS, AND
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS
Problems and Issues Concerning
Requirements Development
Requirements Process
Problems and Issues to be
addressed by the Requirements
Development Process
Definition of Terms used in a
Requirements Process
A System Life Cycle Process for
Requirements Management
Requirements Process Functions
Elicitation
Examples of Typical Elicitation
Activities
Organization
Assessment
Prototyping
Transformation
Requirements Process Model
Summary
Requirements Management as Part
of the Process
Quality Charateristics for User
Needs and Requirements
Contemporary Requirements
Practices
CASE Tools for Support of the
Requirements Process
CASE Tools for the Requirements
Process
Future Perspectives for User
Needs and Requirements
Engineering
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Identifying System Requirements
Points of View
Functional, Nonfunctional, and
Other Requirements
Understanding the Domain
Feasibility of a Solution
Constraints
Validating and Verifying
Requirements
Requirements Identification
Strategy
Waterfall
Alternative Life Cycle Models
Methodologies and Techniques to
Identify User Requirements and
System Species
Interviews
Questionnaires
Facilitated Application
Specification Techniques (FAST)
VALUE SYSTEM DESIGN FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
Relations between Systems
Methodology and Fractal Geometry
A Close Look at Value Systems
Design (VSD)
How VSD Process Works
How You Can Test a VSD for
Quality?
How to Design and Test a Value
System
Theories of Value and
Multi-phase Effects
Teamwork and Freedom
CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
Configuration Management within
the System Lifecycle
Project Initiation Phase
Inputs to the Project Initiation
Phase
Project Configuration Management
Plan
Outputs from the Project
Initiation Phase
Measurements
Project Initiation Phase
Baseline
Requirements Definition Phase
The Identification Function
The Control Function
Requirements Definition Phase
Baseline
System Design Phase
System Design Phase Baseline
Development Phase
Formal Test Environment Control
Development Phase Baseline
Integration and Test Phase
Integration and Test Phase
Baseline
Deployment and Maintenance Phase
Configuration Status Accounting
and Configuration Auditing
Configuration Status Accounting
Collection, Recording, and
Maintenance of Data
Status of Proposed Engineering
Changes
Change Traceability
Configuration Management
Responsibilities
Configuration Management in
Process Improvement
Configuration Management Tools
DECISION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS AND
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING IN LIFE
SUPPORT
Life Support Process
Sequential Engineering
Operational Inefficiencies
Knowledge Transfer Difficulties
Concurrent Engineering
CE Challenges
Enabling Information Systems
CE Support Gaps
Environmentally-Cognizant
Enterprise Modeling
Data Access and Reporting
Knowledge Transfer
Knowledge Representation
Integrated Systems Support
Concurrent Engineering Life
Support System (CELSS)
Inputs
Processing
Outputs
Feedback Loops
Applications
Automobile Emission Testing
Breast Cancer Detection
Railroad Crossing Investments
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES FOR LIFE
SUPPORT SYSTEMS
On Architectures
Architects and Architectures
Architecting in Systems
Engineering
Architecture Development Process
Structured Analysis Approach
Functional Decomposition and
Activity Model
Data Model
Rule Model
Dynamics Model
Integrated Dictionary and Model
Concordance
Object Oriented Approach
UML Elements and Diagrams
An Object Oriented Process
The Physical Architecture View
Conversion to the Executable
Model
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMS
FOR LIFE SUPPORT
SI in Life Support Systems and
an SI Life Cycle
SI Strategy for Success
Strategy Implementation
Implementation and Integration
Activities
Risk Management as Part of the
Strategic Plan
The Audit Trail
Audit Trail Process
Documentation and Indexing
Steps to take to embed an Audit
Trail
Quality Assurance in SI
Quality Assurance and Testing
A Process for Fusion of Quality
Assurance in SI
Subcontractor Management for SI
Subsystem Integration and
Delivery
Traceability
Potential conflicts and
resolution procedures
Risk analysis and management
Consistency of requirements
Potential ambiguities in
evaluation procedures
Testability
Audit Reports and Sign-off
Risk Management
Approaches to Risk Management
for SI
Components of a Risk Management
Plan for SI
Traceability as part of Risk
Management
MANUFACTURING AND NETWORKED
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR LIFE
SUPPORT
Background
Self-sustained communities in
relative isolation
Increased mobility and the
evolution of manufacturing
Evolution of information systems
The context
Relationship between information
and manufacturing
Networks, technology, and people
Information for sustainable
production
LIFE-CYCLE COSTING: AN EFFECTIVE
TOOL FOR TOTAL ASSEST MANAGEMENT
The Need for Life-Cycle Costing
Application of Life-Cycle
Costing Methods
The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Process
The Benefits of Life-Cycle
Costing
MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT: A
CRITICAL ELEMENT IN THE SYSTEM
LIFE CYCLE
The Elements of Maintenance and
Support
The Design for System
Maintenance and Support
EVALUATION IN SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
Integration and Iteration in
System Design Evaluation
A Morphology for Synthesis,
Analysis, and Evaluation
Synthesis
Analysis
Evaluation
Discussion of the Nine Blocks
The Technologies (Block 0)
The Customer (Block 1)
Need, Functions, and
Requirements (Block 2)
The Design Team (Block 3)
Design Synthesis (Block 4)
Top Down & Bottom Up (Block 5)
Estimation and Prediction (Block
6)
Physical and Economic Databases
(Block 7)
Design Evaluation (Block 8)
Design Decision Schema (Block 9)
Cost Effectiveness Evaluation
Cost Effectiveness
Cost and Effectiveness Criteria
Identifying Evaluation Criteria
Displaying Multiple Criteria
Cost Breakdown Structure
Research and Development Cost
Production and/or Construction
Cost
Operation and Support Cost
Retirement and Disposal Cost
Life-Cycle Cost Profiles
Calculating Economic Equivalence
Money Flow Modeling
Economic Optimization Modeling
Choosing the Preferred
Alternative
Cost Analysis Goals
Decision Guidelines and
Constraints
System Evaluation Examples
Moving Electrical Energy
Crossing an Obstacle
Procuring and Storing
Consumables
Designing and Deploying
Repairables
EVALUATION OF PROGRAMS AND
POLICIES FOR LIFE SUPPORT
SYSTEMS
Evaluation Approach
Evaluation Process
Evaluation Framework
Threats to Validity
Evaluation Design
Test Hypotheses
Selection Scheme
Measures Framework
Measurement Methods
Analytic Techniques
DECISION NETWORKS AND COMMAND
ORGANIZATIONS
Single Human Detection Model
Overview
Formulation as a Hypothesis
Testing Problem
Individual Expertise: The
Receiver (Relative) Operating
Characteristic (ROC) Curve
Distributed Detection Model
Overview
Graph Representation of Tasks
and Organizations
Graph Representation of Tasks
Graph Representation of
Organizations
Formulation as a Distributed
Hypothesis Testing Problem
Optimal Decision Rules
Organizational Expertise: Team
ROC Curve
Special Case: Same Hypotheses at
all DMs
Matching Organizations with
Tasks
Problem Formulation and Solution
Methodology
Performance of Organizations
with Nondecomposable Tasks
Performance of Organizations
with Decomposable Tasks
Discussion
Structural Congruence between
Tasks and Organizations
Task Decomposition
Building Organizations from
Tasks: An Illustration
Design of Congruent
Organizations for Specific
Missions
Phase I: ResourceTask Allocation
Mission Planning
Scheduling
Phase II: DMResource Allocation
Phase III: Organizational
Hierarchy
New Directions
Need for Flexibility,
Robustness, and Adaptation
Organizational Performance
Measures
Flexibility and Robustness of an
Organization
Organizational Adaptability and
Adaptivity
Mission Monitoring and Failure
Diagnosis
PRINCIPLES AND TOOLS OF TOTAL
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management
Philosophies
Visionary Leadership
Customer Driven Excellence
Agility
Management by Fact
Valuing Employees and Partners
Focus on the Future
Managing for Innovation
Public Responsibility and
Citizenship
Focus on Results and Creating
Value
System Perspective
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION:
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOW TO SET
REQUIREMENTS AND VERIFY
COMPLIANCE
How Requirements Should Be Set
Basic Issues
Theory versus Practice
Conflict between relevant and
verifiable requirements
Quantitative, Qualitative and
Ambiguous Requirements
What Form : Ends, Means or
Acceptable risk?
Hierarchy of variables
determining risk.
Ends: Public interest alone
Means: Specific Measures
Trading off competing ends
Performance on a single sub-end
: acceptable environmental
protection
Acceptable risks at lower tiers
of means-ends
Motivational considerations
affecting level of requirement
Mixed Requirements
"Progressive Tightening" Mix
"Progressive Loosening" Mix
Formal validation of argument
Quantifying the Model
Compensation Among Variables
Specifying requirements does not
assure compliance
How to Verify Compliance with
Requirements
The Meaning of Compliance
Interpreting of risk assessments
Desirable properties of a risk
assessment for decision
processes
Desirable properties for public
scrutiny
Risk assessment approaches
Documented Safety Assessment
(DSA)
Judgmental Safety Assessment
(JSA)
Comprehensive Safety Assessment
(CSA)
Considerations for policy use
DSA as an approximation to CSA
Suspect default assumptions
Avoiding "Uncertainty"?
Regulator confidence in DSA
Technician Confidence
Motivational effects
DSA's decision aiding potential
Limited decision applications of
DSA
Integrating Documented and
Judgmental Risk Assessment
Graphic Illustration
Case Study : Reactor Backfit
Cost Impediment?
Action Implications
RISK MANAGEMENT AND RISK-BASED
DECISION-MAKING
Complexity of Risk Modeling;
Assessment and Management of
Large Scale Systems
Systems Engineering, Risk
Analysis, and Large-Scale and
Complex Systems
Holistic Approach to Risk
Assessment and Management
Hierarchical Holographic
Modeling for Identifying Risk
Scenarios
Expected Value of Risk
The Partitioned Multi-objective
Risk Method
Risk of Extreme Events
The Fallacy of the Expected
Value
The Partitioned Multi-objective
Risk Method
THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Stewardship of the Earth
Sustainability within a Closed
System
Industrial Revolution and Global
Perturbations
Master Equation
Population and Wealth
Technology's Role
Emergence of Ecological
Perspectives
Environmental Paradigm of the
1960s to the 1980s
Need to Move Beyond the
Symptomatic Approach
Complex Systems Treatment of the
Economy and Nature
Integration of Scientific,
Technological, Environmental,
and Economic -Considerations
Ecological Approaches
Continuation of Current Trends:
Unsustainable Growth
Radical Ecology: Severe
Contraction
Deep Ecology: Managed
Contraction
Industrial Ecology: Potentially
Sustainable Development
Industrial Ecology
A New Intellectual Framework
Desirable Carrying Capacity with
Continued Evolution
Objective Basis
Complex Systems
Appropriate Technology
Foundational Research
System Elements of Industrial
Ecology
Systems Imperative
Human Systems
Natural Systems
Materials
Energy Systems
Indicators and Indices
Policy Implications of
Industrial Ecology
Adaptable Policy
Dealing with Complexity
Public Roles
Population
Environmental Awareness
Dematerialization
Industry Roles
Design for Environment
Internalizing Externalities
Account for All Product Cycle
Costs
Design for Optimized Life Cycle
at Both Head and Tail Ends
Leased, Robust, Upgradable,
Modular Products
Government Roles
Distributed Control
Collaborative Research
Efficiency, Recycle, and Reuse
Decarbonization
Material Data and Standards
Government Specifications
Eco-Tax and Eco-Labels
Closing the
Loop
HUMAN FACTORS AND GLOBAL
PROBLEMS: A SYSTEMS APPROACH
Why Can Human Factors Help Solve
Global Problems
A Systems Approach Design
Principles
Behavior Shaping Constraints
Salient, Immediate, Feedback
Application Examples
Conserving Energy Expended by
Desktop Computers
Reducing Photocopier Paper
Wastage
Conserving Residential Utility
Consumption
Reducing Water Wastage from
Faucets
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING FOR LIFE SUPPORT
Life Support Telecommunications
Issues
Principles of Telecommunications
Telecommunications Terminology
Analog and Digital
Communications
ATM Networks, Multimedia
Communications for Life Support
Multimedia Communication for
Life Support
Major Network Components
Transmission Media
Packet Switched Communications
Protocol Layering
Supporting Protocols
Multicasting
Telecommunications Management
Network Security
OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY
MANAGEMENT FOR THE
INFRASTRUCTURE: THE CASE OF
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
The Process of Emergency
Response
Opportunities for Supporting
Decision Making
Support for Operational Risk
Management
Support for Improvisation
Technologies for Decision
Support
Multimedia and Hypermedia
Virtual Reality
Group Decision Support
Facilities
Methodologies for Providing
Decision Support in Emergency
Response
Individual Decision Support
Multi-Expert Decision Support
A Theoretical Framework for
Improvised Decision Making by
Teams
Blackboard-based Decision
Support
Adapting and Encoding Approaches
to Improvisation
Case Study: Chemical Plant
Fire
Illustrative Example - The Port
of Rotterdam
THE SUSTAINABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
Sustainable built environments
Economy of resources
Building materials
Energy
Water
Consumer goods
On-site natural resources
Life-cycle design
Three phases of building
materials
PRE-BUILDING PHASE
BUILDING PHASE
POST-BUILDING PHASE
Humane design
Human well-being
Coexistence with fellow living
organisms
Attributes of environmental
sustainability
Pollution prevention measures in
manufacturing
Waste reduction measures in
manufacturing
Recycled content
Embodied energy reduction
Use of natural materials
Reduction of construction waste
Local materials
Energy efficiency
Water efficiency
Use of non-toxic materials
Renewable energy systems
Durability
Reuse
Recycling
Biodegradibility
Technological innovation and
built environments
Electronic technology in
buildings
Functional shift of built
environments
Human interaction
Information technology and built
environments
Office automation
Telecommunications
Building systems
Building decentralization
Design intelligence
Team design approach
Bio-climatic built environments
Future directions
URBAN DESIGN
Meaningful Urban Design
Teleological
Catalytic
Relevant
Future Directions in Urban
Design
SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN DESIGN
Search for Sustainablility in
the Inner City
The Byzantine-Latino Quarter:
Integrating Urban Design and
Community Development
The Context and History of the
Neighborhood
The Process of Collaboration:
Towards a Sustainable Plan of
Action
Reclaiming Small Urban Spaces
Cleaning the streets as an
exercise in community
development
Eliminating negative landmarks
Trashcan containers as canvas
for public art
Decorating building facades
Greening the neighborhood
Forging an identity: Linking the
past with the future
The Problems of Forging
Sustainable Development in the
Inner City
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND
MORPHOSIS
Material Flows
Mobilization Versus
Civilization: The Stresses of
Movement
Building Recombinant Ecologies
The Shared Street Concept
Hydric Parks and the Management
of Water
Stormwater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Ecologies as Urban Fabrics:
Solving for Pattern
Site as Generator of Energy
URBAN RENEWAL
Background
Montereys Transformation from a
Derelict Industrial Landscape
into a Prime Tourist Attraction
Lessons Learnt
The Making of Savannahs Historic
Downtown
Lessons Learnt
New York: Manhattans Chinatown
Lessons Learnt
ZONING AND REGULATORY POLICIES
Private Land Use Regulation
The Police Power
Land Use Regulation Strategies
Comprehensive Zoning
New York City Zoning Resolutions
of 1916 and 1961
Land Use
Density
Bulk
Building Placement
Open Space
Variances
Village of Euclid v. Amber
Realty Co.
Incentive Zoning
Exactions
Special Districts
Growth Management
Smart Growth and Sustainable
Development
Environmental Review
The National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969
Land Use Regulation as a
Planning Strategy
EMERGING ISSUES IN BUILDING
DESIGN
Environmental Context
Green and Sustainable Buildings
Climate Change
Clean Energy
Material Resources
Materials Production
Materials Use
Technological Context
Direct Technologies
Indirect Technological Advance
Demobilization
Dematerialization
Social and Cultural Context
World-Views
Space-Time
Automated and User Control
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
BUILDING MATERIALS
The global role of building
materials
Global scale of resource use
Demand created by global
urbanization
Material environmental
life-cycle: resource extraction;
manufacturing; transportation;
use
Extraction
Manufacturing
Transportation
Installation and use
Reuse/recycling or disposal
Material Assessment Methods
Other economic factors
Material economic life cycle
Building materials and local
economies
Broad categories of materials
Low Tech-to-High Tech
Labor Content
Specific types of materials
Wood products and other plant
fiber
Minerals
Metals
Petrochemicals
Summary global trends
Healthy Materials
RESOURCE CONSCIOUS BUILDING
DESIGN METHODS
Resource-Efficiency and
Sustainable Construction
Brief History of Sustainable
Construction
Resource-Efficiency as a Key
Concept of Sustainable
Construction
Resource-Efficiency Economics
Ecology as the Basis for
Resource Efficient Design
Ecological Concepts
Industrial Ecology as a Starting
Point
Rules of the
Production-Consumption System
The Golden Rules of Eco-Design
Construction Ecology
Resource-Efficient Strategies
for Building Design
Materials Selection and Design
for Deconstruction
Energy Strategies
Water, Wastewater, Stormwater
Land Use
Landscape as a Resource
Case Studies
INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
Development of Intelligent
Buildings
Background
Emergence of Intelligent
Buildings
Current Intelligent Building
Developments
What are Intelligent Buildings?
Current Developments in
Intelligent Building
Design of Intelligent Buildings
Future Development of
Intelligent Buildings
HOMES FOR PEOPLE WITH MULTIPLE
CHEMICAL SENSITIVITIES
Defining Multiple Chemical
Sensitivity (MCS)
A History of Indoor Air Quality
Problems
Indoor Air Pollutants
The Design of Dwellings for
people with MCS
Programming: Determining
Individual Standards
Health and Climate
Site Selection
Site Design
Architectural Plan
Exterior Envelope Assemblies
Materials and Finishes
Ventilation
Combustion Safety
Construction Practices
Case Study: Barrhaven Community
Housing for the Environmentally
Hypersensitive
Current Trends and Issues for
the Future
Current Trends
Work Remaining
MCS, Health and the Future of
Green Building
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
Theoretical approaches to
setting environmental standards
Environmental standards from
classical times to 1970
Acid Rain the
development of the first
international environmental
standards to -regulate
trans-boundary pollution
Development of global
environmental standards
ozone depletion and CFCs
Climate change
ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND HEALTH
IN HOUSING DESIGN
A system: human, house and the
environment
Housing and its impact on human
health and well-being
Key elements of design and
operation of healthy houses
The effect of housing on the
environment
Challenges in implementation of
system approach
The complexity
Sustainable development
Lack of combined responsibility
and short term economic gains.
Directions for the future
HVAC systems directions
Information technology tools
HEALTH AND COMFORT IN BUILDINGS
History of buildings and health
Environmental issues
Health effects
Developing countries
Developed countries
Cancer
Allergy
Other hypersensitivity reactions
Airways infections
Indoor exposures associated with
health effects
Air quality
Odor
Chemical compounds
Particles
Micro-organisms
The "Lamp-Post Effect"
Temperature, and relative
humidity
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Radon
Allergens
Allergens from mites
Allergens from furry animals
Building factors associated with
health effects
Building constructions and
materials
Emissions from materials
Damp buildings
Ventilation
Cleaning
Economy
Future
THERMAL COMFORT IN HOUSING AND
THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS
Thermo-regulatory system
Heat balance
Sensible heat loss
Evaporative heat loss
Heat loss by evaporation
Metabolic rate
Global thermal comfort
Local thermal comfort
Radiant asymmetry
Draught
Warm or cold floors
Vertical air temperature
difference
Thermal comfort predictive
models
Simplified models
Detailed models
Thermal environmental for
elderly and physically
handicapped persons
Physically handicapped persons
Elderly persons
Patients
Other ailments
Social-political understanding
of the issue
SOLAR HEATING AND PASSIVE
COOLING
Passive solar heating - recent
progress
Passive cooling
NATURAL, MECHANICAL AND HYBRID
VENTILATIONS
Mechanisms of airflow
Natural ventilation
Ventilation due to wind effect
Ventilation due to buoyant
effect
Mechanical ventilation
Airtightness and ventilation
Ventilation design
Calculation of ventilation
requirement
Ventilation Airflow Path
Ventilation Systems
Natural ventilation system
Opening area and location of
ventilation inlet
Passive ventilation system
Mechanical ventilation systems
Mechanical supply and exhaust
system
Centralized mechanical exhaust
system
Central mechanical supply system
Hybrid ventilation systems
Predictive models
Thermal buoyancy
Wind pressure
Mechanical ventilation systems
Total pressure
Flow equation
Small openings
Duct components
Large openings
Solution methods and airflow
network
LIGHTING: FUNDAMENTALS,
PRACTICE, AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Lighting
Practice
Illuminances
Luminances
Color Characteristics
Power and Energy Budgets
Initial and Life-
cycle Costs
Maintenance
Design
Approaches
Daylighting
Fenestration
Control
Integrating
Electric Light
Architecture
Lamps
Current
Practice Trends
Residential settings
Hospitality settings
Work settings
Institutional settings (e.g.,
schools, hospitals, care homes)
Future Trends
ACOUSTICS IN THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
External propagation
Atmospheric absorption and
dispersion
Velocity of sound with
temperature
Barriers
Community sources of sound
LAeq, (T), Ln and Ldn
Road traffic, Railway and
Aircraft Noise
Occupational noise exposure
Ear protection
Noise intrusion
Noise intrusion at the façade
Sound reduction index
The simple wall
The sound transmission class
(STC)
Double leaf walls or panels
Flanking transmission
Combination of insulation values
Floors and Ceilings
Indoor noise assessment
(Background)
NC & PNC Curves
RC Curves
Indoor noise assessment
(Quality)
Reverberation time or liveness
Early Decay Time
Running Liveness or Reverberance
to Early Sound Ratio
Speech intelligibility
Clarity and Center Time
Lateral Energy Fraction
Assessment of Acoustic Quality
in the Future
CULTURE, MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES,
AND POLICY ISSUES IN THE
SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Culture and its role in
sustainable development
Sustainable development and the
built environment
The social and cultural context
of health
Protecting and promoting health
Conservation and management of
the built environment
Tools for Management of the
Built Environment
Awareness of the need to
preserve
Public participation
Economics of preservation
International support and local
practices
New perspectives for the built
environment
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: ECONOMICS
AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Summary
Enhancing Architectural and
Environmental Assets
The Economic Strategies for
Enhancement
The Public Strategies
The Private Strategies
The Mixed Public-Private
Strategies
Choosing the Destination in the
Conservation of Property of
Historical and Architectural
Interest
Managing the Architectural
Property and the Activities
The Contribution of Economics
and Evaluation
BUILT ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND
ETHICS OF INTERVENTION
Background
Statements on the right to
healthy indoor air
Principles
Commentary
CULTURAL CONSERVATION IN THE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Alois Riegl and Der moderne
Denkmalkultus (The modern cult
of monuments) (1903)
Keywords in the conservation of
architectural works
Why and what is conserved?
Restoration vs Conservation
The conservation project
Scope of the conservation
project
State of the art and cultural
progress
HISTORIC BUILDINGS:
CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT AND
POLICY ISSUES
Conservation and restoration in
historical buildings
Conservation and restoration
including exhibition space and
transport
Registration and documentation
for the identification of
cultural property
Ecological aspects of building
maintenance
Indoor environment engineering
for heritage conservation
Strategy for safety in buildings
EDUCATION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES
TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS
Culture, Existing Building and
Sustainability
A Call for Better Understanding
Indoor Air Sciences Education: A
Tool for Achieving Sustainable
Built Environments
Information and Dissemination
Professional Education
A New Context for Graduate
Education
A Shift from the Industrial
Economy to a Knowledge Economy
Information Technology a New
Possibility
Learning Models
An International Network
Information Technology:
Fundamentals of Indoor Air
Science at VA Tech
Integrated Approach: the case of
Hunts Point community in
New York City
CASE STUDIES EVALUATION: TOWARD
DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSFERABLE
MODEL
The Main Street Program: A
Successful Cultural Heritage
Preservation Program in 2,000
Communities
Essential Elements of a
Sustainable, Heritage-Focused
Community Development Program
Case Studies
Port
Gibson,
Mississippi
Watsonville,
California
Burlington,
Iowa
Holland,
Michigan
Roslindale
Village Boston, Massachusetts
Chinatown Singapore
USING TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE THE
QUALITY OF CITY LIFE
Environmental Indices and
Indicators
Development of Indices
Quality of Life
Defining Quality of Life
Quality of Life Index
Quality of Life Indicators
Ecoindicators Indicators of
Urban Sustainability
Community Indicators
New Technologies and Quality of
Life
Technology and New Technologies
Using Technology to Improve The
Quality of City Life
Case studies
Case Study 1: Quality of Life in
Ontario (Provincial Report)
Case study 2: Charlotte
Neighborhood Quality of Life
Index, (City Within A -City
Quality of Life Technical
Report)
Case study 3: City Quality of
Life
MONITORING THE QUALITY OF AIR
Air quality monitoring
techniques
Geographic Information System
(GIS)
GIS Overview
Transport and dispersion of
contaminants
GIS and air quality monitoring
Satellite-based monitoring
Remote Sensing
Measuring and Monitoring of Air
Pollution
Global Ozone Monitoring
Experiment (GOME)
Measurement of AIR Pollution by
Satellites (MAPS)
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas
Experiment (SAGE I, II and III)
Halogen Occultation Experiment
(HALOE)
Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT)
Differential Absorption Lidar
(DIAL)
Monitoring Motor Vehicle
Pollution Through NASA Satellite
-Technology
Case Study
Global ozone Monitoring
Experiment (GOME)
GOME Instrument
GOME Measurements
GOME Data Validation
GOME Observations
Ozone monitoring
Bromine oxide monitoring
MONITORING OF SURFACE WATER
QUALITY
Summary of
monitoring of surface water
quality
Water quality
and parameters monitored
Basic parameters
Water temperature
pH
Conductivity
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Suspended Solids (SS)
Transparency
Organic pollution indicators
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total organic carbon (TOC)
Eutrophication indicators
Eutrophication
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Chlorophyll a
Acidification indicators and
specific ions
Toxic substances
Trace metals
Organic micropollutants
Other environmental indicators
Test Kits
Sampling
Surface water
Sediments
Plankton
Zoobenthos
Remote
sensing
Examples of
monitoring results
Future trends
MONITORING OF SOIL AND
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Chemical analyses
Colorimetric indicator tests
Fiber optic chemical sensors
Gas chromatography
Mass spectrometry
High pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC)
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Immunoassay
Infrared spectroscopy
Laser induced fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
Geophysical technologies
Electromagnetometry
Seismic Reflection/Refraction
Electrical
conductivity/resistivity
Magnetometry
Ground penetrating radar
Cross-well radar
Natural gamma detection
Biomonitoring
TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE WASTE
DISPOSAL
Sources and characteristics of
waste
Technologies for waste
management
Land disposal
Landfill
Landfarming
Deep well injection
Incineration
Types of incinerators
Environmental concerns
Recycling
Composting
Sewage and MSW composting
Hazardous waste composting
Home composting
Digestion
Anaerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion
Physical/chemical treatment
Newer developments in waste
management
Landfill mining
Landfill bioreactor
Future directions
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING IN THE
URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Ecological Engineering or
Ecotechnology
Definitions
Terminology
Concepts of Ecological
Engineering
Ecological Engineering methods,
principles, and applications
Ecological Engineering Methods
Ecological Engineering
Principles
Applications of Ecological
Engineering
Concerns about future
applications of Ecological
Engineering
Ecological Engineering and the
Urban Environment
The Urban Environment
Sustainable Urban Development
Unified strategies
Methods, Approaches and
Techniques of urban ecological
engineering
"Process Chains Analysis" in
Investigating Ecological
Engineering of Cities
The "Eco-City"
Scenario Techniques to Analyse
Complex Problems of Ecological
-Engineering
High Resolution Remote Sensing
Methods and GIS Applications
Towards Integration
Case studies
Case Study 1: Ecological Design
of Urban Structures
Case Study 2: Towards The
Environmental City Of The 21st
Century "A Blue -Print For The
Future -The M21 Scenarios"
ECONOMICS OF THE TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
Transportation Economics
Transportation Systems
Transportation Networks
Economies of Scale, Scope,
Density and Market Presence
Problems of Congestion in the
System
Allocating the Costs of the
Transportation System
Expanding Capacity
The Economics of Regulation of
the Transportation System
INTERMODAL AND MULTIMODAL
CONSIDERATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS
Transportation Modes
A Multimodal Perspective of the
Transportation System
Transportation Infrastructure
and Service Strategies
Influencing the Demand for
Transportation
Linking Land Use and
Transportation
Intermodal Considerations
Intermodalism: Focus On
Connections
Intermodalism: Focus On
Efficiency and Productivity
Future Issues and Challenges
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT, AND
INTEROPERABILITY
Transportation System
Organization
Transportation System Management
Coordination of the
Construction, Operation and
Preservation of Transportation
Facilities and Services
Coordinating the Construction
Program
Coordinating System Operations
Coordinating System Preservation
Managing the Demand for
Transportation
Linking Land Use and
Transportation System Investment
Interoperability of
Transportation Design Operations
Future Issues and Challenges
THE AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
Overview of the Air
Transportation System
Airports
Air Traffic Control Systems
Airplanes
Airlines
Impacts of the Air
Transportation System
Economic/land use impacts
Noise Impacts
Air Emissions
Ecological Impacts
Future Issues
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS
ITS Defined
History of ITS Applications
History of European Applications
History of Asian Applications
History of North American
Applications
A National Architecture for ITS
Applications
ITS Applications for Multimodal
System Management
ITS Applications for Freight
Movement
ITS Applications for Traveler
Information
Future Issues
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Questions of definitions
Science and technology, R&D, and
other statistical categories
The multiple dimensions of the
research endeavor
The real scope of science and
technology policies
The new social and institutional
framework
Science and technology as closer
endeavors
The increasing role of private
companies and private R&D
The changing context of S&T
policy making
The environment
Users demand more participation
Information technologies
contribute to a new economy
Changing NorthSouth relations
and the emergence of the
transition economies
Collaborations, associations,
and networks as new actors
Globalization as a challenge to
national policy making
S&T policy in the learning
economy
The historical evolution of S&T
policies
The domains of science and
technology policies
Support for higher and technical
education
Direct support for research
institutions
Indirect public support
Support for innovation-oriented
research activities
Promotion of science and
technology to the public
Management, analysis, and policy
bodies for science and
technology
Actors in the performance of R&D
Universities and the academic
sector
Public research institutes
Public agencies
NGOs and non-profit foundations
Research units of the private
sector
A complex web of institutions
Policy making bodies
Policy making processes
The main moments of a policy
making process
Definition of the general
objectives and what is at stake
(strategic analysis)
Definition of modes of action
(policy analysis)
Programming and budgeting
(allocation of resources)
Execution (management,
operational phase, and follow-up
or monitoring)
Evaluation
The pivotal role of evaluation
The use of quantitative
indicators
The innovation system and
innovation policy
Main characteristics of
innovation policies
The debate on the need for
innovation policies
The international dimensions of
S&T policies
The elements of a new
international scientific world
The adoption of a regional
perspective
Toward an international system
of research?
SOCIAL SCIENCES, SCIENCE POLICY
STUDIES, SCIENCE POLICY-MAKING
The Growth of the Field of
Science Policy Studies and its
uses
Why Should Science be Supported?
In What Proportions?
The Measurerment of Innovation
and its Systemic Conditions
Science, Technology and
Sustainable Development
A Research Agenda
SOCIAL APPROPRIABILITY OF
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
KNOWLEDGE
The Existing Approaches
The linear innovation model
approach
The approaches in the field of
economics of innovation
The analysis of intellectual
property and patenting
The sociological approaches
The integration of social
knowledge
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
PROFESSIONALS: JOBS, WORK,
KNOWLEDGE, AND VALUES
Careers in S&T Policy
The work of S&T policy
professionals
The knowledge base
The value of and values of S&T
professionals
COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY
RESEARCH: IMPLICATIONS FOR
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DECISION-MAKING IN THE UNITED
-STATES
Public Participation in the
Research Process: The History of
Community-Based Research
Community-Based Research in the
USA
Community-Based Research:
Research for Change
Community-Based Research in
Action: Two Examples
Public Funding of
Community-Based Research
Community-Based Research
Networks
Policy Recommendations: Building
the Capacity of Community-Based
Research Activities
JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND ETHICS
ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
POLICY
Ethics and Justice
Ethics, Justice and Policy
Consequentialism
Kantian or Rights-based Ethics
Communitarianism and Virtue
Ethics
Social Justice and Technical
Change
Technical Change as a Violation
of Individual Rights
Technical Change and Procedural
Justice
Social Justice and the Problem
of Risk
CURRENT ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Current Issues
Institutional Changes
Plant Breeders Rights vs.
Farmers Rights
Responses
Technological Innovations
New Biotechnologies
What they are
Increasing global inequality
Consumer acceptance
Labeling
Allergens
Food Safety
Biosafety
Policy Issues
Other Technologies
What is at Stake?
Environment
Food Security
Control of the Agrifood System
The Public Interest
Participation in Science and
Technology Policy
TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL
MARKET : IS SUSTAINABILITY BOUND
TO THE OLD WORLD ORDER?
Technology and the Environment:
From sustainability to the
global market
New Global Interests and
Technological Cooperation
New Interests Converge with the
Old Terms of International
Exchange (the Kyoto Model)
THE NATIONAL IMPERATIVE. THE
STATE, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY EVOLUTION CIRCA
1400-2000
Statism in the Eighteenth
Century
Industrialisation and
Industrialism
Public Science and Science
Policy
The Development Paradigm - The
Short Twentieth Century
The World Turned Upside Down -
The New Climacteric
INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF
TECHNOLOGIES: SUCCESS AND
FAILURES OF PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS,
AND GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR
POLICY
Technology transfers are not
limited to a contract
An example of breakdown and
repair
A socio-technical construction
Policies of technology transfer
and productive efficiency
Payments in the transfer of
technologies
Evaluation of productive
efficiency
STAKES AND NEW PROSPECTS FOR
NORTH-SOUTH SCIENTIFIC
COOPERATION POLICIES
Scientific Interference:
Legitimacy and Duty
Is Research for Development a
Public Property?
Growing Disparities Requires
Different Strategies
Models and Approaches
The Networks
The Centers of Excellence
North-South Partnership
Institutional Functions and
Models
Coordination
A Growing Capacity for European
Development-oriented Research
The Emergence of an
International/Global/Worldwide
System?
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES
IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL
SCIENTIFIC MIGRATION
Historical Perspectives of
International Scientific
Migration
Scientific Mobility: A
Continuing Feature since Ancient
Times
Second Half of the Twentieth
Century: Expansion of Mobility
Losses and Gains an Unclear
Picture
Brain Drain versus Brain Gain
Gain for the North?
Loss for the South?
Determibning the Loss or Gain:
The Return
The Situation Today: A Mixed
Picture
The Response of Scientific
Policies
An Incomplete Knowledge of
Migratory Movements
Attempts to find Global Remedies
The National Policies for
Retrieving Scientists and/or the
Science
Repatriation Programs for Elites
The Setting-up of Scientific and
Technological Networks
GLOBALISATION OF INDUSTRIAL R&D:
POLICY ISSUES
Trend in R & D Globalisation
Inward and outward R&D FDI
International strategic
alliances
International patenting
Technology trade
General implications
Impacts On National Economies
Policy concerns at the national
level
Spillovers to the rest of the
economy
Strategies For Enhancing The
National System Of Innovation
Framework conditions
Network building
An open question : the need for
leading-edge clusters
Science Policies, Globalization,
and Migrations
MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
Management of Technology and its
Role in the Process of
Innovation
The Evolution of the Notion of
Innovation: The Nature of the
Process and its Sources
The Evolution of Management of
Technology
Networking and Technology
Development
The Development of Core
Competencies, a New Approach to
Strategic -Management
Integrated Strategic Management
of Technology
STRATEGIC INNOVATION ALLIANCES
Strategic Innovation Alliances
and Policy Considerations
General S&T Policy that Impacts
Alliances
Complementary Alliances and
Policies
with a Government Member
without a Government Member
Adversarial Alliances and
Policies
Quasi-Concentration Alliances
and Policies
Pre-Competitive Alliances and
Policies
International Alliances and
Policies
THE NEW KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY AND
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
The New Technoscientific
Information Infrastructure
What is Infrastructure?
Building an Infrastructure
Ownership of Scientific and
Technological Ideas and Data
Sharing Data
Working Collaboratively
International Technoscience
Distributed Collective Work
POLICY-MAKING PROCESSES AND
EVALUATION TOOLS: S&T INDICATORS
S&T Indicators: Definition,
Terms of Reference and
Categories
Definition
Characteristics of S&T
Indicators Useful for
Decision-making
The Reliability Criterion
The Relevance Criterion
The Categories of S&T
Indicators: Input, Output,
Interaction, Performance
Indicators
Inputs Indicators: The Human and
Financial Resources
Outputs Indicators: The
Production of S&T Activities
Interactions Indicators
Performance Indicators
Types of Indicators:
Descriptive, Cognitive and
Opinion Indicators
Overview: Categories and Types
of Indicators
The Production and Use of S&T
Indicators in Practice the
Question of the Data Sources
S&T Indicators Production
Activity
The Relationship with the
Client: Understanding the Demand
and -Conceiving the Product
The Production of the S&T
Indicators
Bringing the Indicators to the
Client and the Users
Source Data for S&T Indicators
Production
From Source Data to Indicators
Statistical Status of the Data
Legal Status of Data
Technical Status of Data
Data Sources Providers
Overview of Data Sources for S&T
Indicators
Indicators in the
Decision-making Process:
Limitations and Criticism
The Possible Extreme Options for
the Use of Indicators in
Decision-making
Criticism of the S&T Indicators:
What do they Really Measure?
Towards a Realistic Role of S&T
Indicators in Decision-making
Perspectives and Conclusion
Towards an Ethic of Indicators
Production
Towards 'Socially Robust' S&T
Indicators
Indicators as Tools for
Democratic Decision Process in
the S&T Area
EVALUATION PRACTICES IN A MODERN
CONTEXT FOR RESEARCH: A (RE)VIEW
Basic Definitions of Research
and Evaluation Methodologies
Relationship between Science
Policies, Promotion and
Management of R&D Activities
Policy for Science
Policy by (means of) Science
Science Policy in the 80s. The
Systemic Concepts
A General Frame of Reference for
Evaluation from the European
Perspective
Procedures for the Evaluation of
Socio-economic Programs
The Research and Development
(R&D) Programs
Innovative Approaches to
Evaluation of Research
Activities
The Different Roles of Research
Institutes and Laboratories
Evaluation of Societal Quality
of Research
The Transducing Model as an
Alternative to R&D Programs
Evaluation
Emerging Issues on Evaluation
from the United States
BIBLIOMETRICS AND INSTITUTIONAL
EVALUATION
Bibliometrics as an Evaluation
Tool
Role of Bibliometrics in
Institutional Evaluation
Methodological Considerations
Output Evaluation
Weighted Values of Publications
Time Span
Assigning Publications to
different Research Units
Citation Measurements
Journal Impact Factors
Relative Impact Indicators
Future Trends and Perspectives
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES
IN AFRICA
Historical Background
From Colonial Science to
National Science
North Africa,
South Africa
Capacities Established
Recent Change, and the Factors
Behind
Current Policies: A Typology
Laissez-faire
Policies Recommended by Outside
Bodies (especially the World
Bank)
New National Policies
Towards Regional Policies?
CHANGING POLICY IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
Four Science and Technology
Policy Cultures
Different Phases of S&T Policy
1947 to 1970 Phase of Optimism
in ‘Policy for Science’
1970s to 1990 From Optimism to
Critical Evaluation
After 1991- New Economic
Reforms, Liberalisation and
Globalisation
Changing Trends in Science as
Social Institution
Wealth from Knowledge
Whithering Boundaries and Hybrid
Communities
Incorporating Interests,
Accountability and Reward
Structure
Management of R&D and
Entrepreneurial mode
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY IN
CHINA
Science and Technology Policy
from the 1950s to the 1970s
Investment in Science and
Technology and
Institutionalization of the
Innovation System
Innovation Performance: Why Was
It Low?
Low Incentives
Blocked Information Flows
between Producers and Users of
Technology
Science and Technology Policy in
the 1980s and 1990s: Market
Reform and the Transformation of
the Innovation System
From "Technology Market" to
Organizational Restructuring
Technology Market and
Transaction of Mature and
Complementary -Technologies
The Transformation of the
Innovation System in
China
"Innovative Recombination" and
Learning in Economic Transition
in
China
Successful Mobilization of
Endogenous Capabilities and
"Recombination -Learning"
The case of the TV Sector
The Case of the Computer
Software Sector.
"Innovative Recombination" of
Capabilities.
EUROPEAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
POLICY
The International Context
Formalization and Implementation
of the EU Research Policy
Evolution and legislative
framework
Principle of regulation
Instruments for the
Implementation and Funding of
R&D Projects
Links with other European S&T
cooperation structures
European Scientific Facilities
and Organisations
Other Multilateral Programmes
The EU Research and Development
Programs
The Framework Programme
conception: structure and
general characteristics
Thematic evolution
Strengths and weaknesses of the
EU intervention: a general
overview
THE NORTH AMERICAN "INNOVATION
SPACE": A WORK IN PROGRESS?
The Characteristics of the S&T
structure in North America
The
United States and Technological
Leadership
Canada
and its Changing Image as a
Knowledge-Based Society
Establishing
Mexico’s Place in the Innovation
Arena
A North American Research
Diaspora?
What are Some Key Elements of a
Regional Research Space?
Emerging Signs of North American
Collaboration in S&T
The Data Picture
On-going Networking Among
Research Centers
Education and Skills Mobility
Promotion of Common Systems of
Scientific Policy and Technical
Issues
Reaching Beyond the North
American Sphere
An Agenda for a North American
Innovation Approach
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY IN
JAPAN
Features of the Early
Development of Science and
Technology Policy
Post-war Catch up and S&T Policy
Japanese Science and Technology
in the Recent Decades
R&D Expenditures
Human Resources
Research Outputs
Framework for Science and
Technology Policy Making and the
Current Policy Trends
Administrative Structure
The Science and Technology Basic
Plan
Issues for Science and
Technology Policy in the New
Century
CHANGING INNOVATION SYSTEM OF
ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION (CEE)
Global Position of the Region
General
Macro Economic Indicators
GDP per Capita
Private Sector Share of GDP
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
External Debt/Exports
Investment Rate
Unemployment Rate
Change of Labor Productivity in
Industry
Share of Exports to
Non-transition Countries
Technology Indicators
Gross Domestic Expenditure on
R&D (GERD)
Total R&D Personnel
Higher Education R&D Personnel
US Patents
International R&D Consequences
of Opening the Borders
Importance of International R&D
Co-operation and Problems in the
Past
Exceptions: Rare Flowers of
Isolation
19891991: The Iron Curtain
Disappears
CEE Participation in the EU 5th
RTD Framework Programme
Some Changes in the National
Innovation Systems
Changing Institutional System
Mass Brain Drain from the CEE
Academic Sector Typical in Phase
I
Moving out from Transition
Crises
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY IN
UNESCO : A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Genesis of
science and technology policy in
UNESCO
Science
policy consultancy services
Science
policy publications
Regional
Ministerial Conferences
Information
Exchange and Normative–making
Activities
Training in
science and technology policy
Termination
of UNESCO Science and Technology
Policy Programme
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY IN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM: A
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The 1963
Geneva Conference
The UNCSTD
preparation
Chronology
UN
Regional conferences
Surrounding scientific meetings
The Vienna
Programme of Action
UNCSTD
Results and Post-Vienna Activity
Intergovernmental Committee on
Science and Technology for
Development
Advisory Committee on Science
and Technology for Development
ACC
Task Force on Science and
Technology for Development
Centre for Science and
Technology for Development
UN
Financing System for Science and
Technology
Further
restructuring of UN in the
economic and social fields
Commission on
Science and Technology for
Development
Science and
technology policy in the work of
UN bodies
Page 1
2
Next
Last Update: 10 December 2005
|
|
Login
