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AN
OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
The concept
of sustainable development
Sustainable development challenges in Africa
The evolution of sustainable development in Africa
The pre-colonial period
Colonial administration and the emergence of nation-states
The post-independence period
High population pressure and land degradation
Deforestation and desertification
Loss of biodiversity
Shortage of water
International debt and the poverty dimension
The impact of structural adjustment programs
Natural disasters
Political instability
An overview of environmental initiatives in Africa
Africas position on environment and
development
Performance of Africas
environmental initiatives
Strategies for promoting sustainable development in Africa
Updating environmental priorities and consolidating the gains
achieved
Involvement of all stakeholders
Improving human and institutional capacity
Improving science and technology
Reinforcing regional political unity and economic integration
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Objectives of International Cooperation
Promotion of Economic Well-Being
Integration of Developing Countries into the World Economy
Ensuring Social Development
Environmental Regeneration and Sustainable Development
The Justification for International Cooperation
Forms of International Cooperation, Policies, and the
Principal Actors
Forms of International Cooperation
International Cooperation Policies
Principal Actors Involved in International Cooperation
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
The Role of OECD in International Cooperation
The World Bank
The European Commission
The Lessons from the WB and the EC International Cooperation
for -Sustainable Development
International Non-governmental Organizations
A Case Study on International Cooperation for Sustainable
Forestry Management
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as a Sustainable Development
Activist
International Cooperation for Capacity Building
for the Environment
Modes of International Cooperation for Capacity Building
Technical assistance
Development assistance
Organizational Development assistance
Partnership
Methods and Tools of International Cooperation for Capacity Building
Financial assistance
Legal mechanisms
Education
Technological Cooperation
Information Technology and Networking
Twining
Developing Monitoring, Evaluation, and Control Capacities
Do International Cooperation Policies and Programs Work?
FOOD
SECURITY IN AFRICA: CHALLENGES AND
PROSPECTS
The Concept of Food Security
Access to Food
Adequacy of Food Supply
Acceptability of Food
Determinants of Food Security
Monitoring Food Security
Agicultural Production Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa
Principal Agricultural Systems and Impact on Food Security
Traditional Agricutural Systems
Genetic Diversity in Traditional Agriculture
Importance of Agriculture Genetic Diversity
Erosion of Genetic Diversity in Agriculture
Modern Agricultural Systems
Industrialised Agriculture and Green Revolution
The Burden of Modern Agricultural System
Pesticides and Health
Low-External Input Agricultural Systems
Sustainable Agriculture
Organic Agriculture
Agricultural Systems, Poverty, Food Security and Hunger
Hunger and Hunger Reduction Strategies
Hunger Reduction Strategies
Scenario 1 : Developing Countries Should Import Food
from the North
Scenario 2 : Poor Countries should Increase Own Food
Production
Food Security Critical Factors in Africa
Rapid Population Growth Rate
Agricultural Policies and Governance
Management of Agricultural Land
Water Resources Management
Technology and Food Processing
Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Organisms
Contribution of Women Farmers to Food Security in Africa
Food Security Early Warning Systems
Protecting Nature Whilst Ensuring Food Security
Efficiency of Resource Use
Appropriate Planning and Implementation Frameworks
Good Governance
Providing Appropriate Support for Pastoralists and Livestock
Production
DEMOGRAPHIC
DYNAMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICA
Demography
Population growth and structure
Global Population Trends
Population Growth in Africa
Factors influencing population dynamics
Population Policies
Fertility and Birth Rates
Mortality
Migration
Urbanisation
Health, Hygiene and Sanitation
Human Health
Environmental Health
Ageing Population
Gender Factor
Key Problems and strategies
PROTECTION
AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN HEALTH
Health and Environment
Health Intervention
Health Protection and Promotion
Settings and Health Promotion
STRATEGIES
FOR PROMOTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Economic Growth in Africa
The Concept of Human Development (HD)
Measuring Human Development
Criticisms on the Methodology and Credibility of HDI
Extensions of Human Development
Key Human Development Trends in the World
Human Development Reality in Africa
Recommendations for Promoting Human Development in Africa
Preparation of National Human Development Policies and
Reports
Preparation of Human Development Country Profiles
Improving Human Development Statistics
Setting Human Development Targets
Cost the Targets
Establish Who will pay
Design a National Strategy
Build Political Alliances
Seek External Cooperation
INTEGRATING
ENVIRONMENT IN DECISION MAKING IN AFRICA
The problematic of environmental decision-making
A general description of the decision-making process
Who is involved in environmental decision-making?
Elements to be taken into account in decision-making
Making good decisions
Are environmental decisions different from all other
decisions?
Environmental Decision-making in Africa:
A Study on Toxic Waste Management
Public participation in the decision-making process
A case study on decision-making in Africa: The importation of
plastic waste -materials from the USA
by Metalloplastic (Ghana) Limited
PROTECTION
OF THE ENVIRONMENT: POLLUTION SPREAD MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND OPTIMIZATION
General Modeling Methods
Pollutant Transport
Modeling Recommendations
Optimization
The Effect Function
The Objective Function
The Gradient of the Objective Function
Constraints
Algorithmic Considerations
Three Important Transport Modes
Advection and Convection
Diffusion
Dispersion
Combinations
Numerical Considerations
Compartment Models
The Standard Model
Mass Conservation and Nonnegativity
Numerical Considerations
Metabolism
Examples
Ecosystems and Food webs
Individual based Chemokinetic
Models
Age-Classes
Toxicology
THE
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND RESOURCES IN AFRICA
Land and land resources
The land in Africa an
overview
Water Resources
Vegetation
Biological diversity
African mountains and slopes
Wetlands and the Coastal Zone
Minerals
Human Settlements
Land degradation
Soil Fertility
Integrated planning and management of land resources
Objectives of land use planning and management
Strategies to achieve the objectives
Access to and use of resources
Agricultural intensification
Area-specific land use planning and management
Indigenous knowledge systems
Land management approaches
Elements of an integrated approach
Legal and Administrative Issues in Land Management
COMBATING
DESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT
Desertification
Precipitating Factors
Environmental Bankruptcy
Desertification: Threat or Global Myth?
Consequences of Desertification
Impact on Arable
Land
Loss of Income
Loss of Biodiversity
Consequences at the Local and National Level
Consequences at the Global Level
Droughts
Combating Desertification
CONSERVATION
OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN AFRICA
Biodiversity Conservation Policies in Africa
Biodiversity Conservation in Practice
Successes
Failures
Threats
Opportunities
Discussion
Geographical distribution of biodiversity and conservation
activities in Africa
Evaluation
The way forwards
ECOTOXICOLOGY
OF STABLE POLLUTANTS IN AFRICAN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Organochlorine
Pesticides
PCBs
Heavy metals
Mercury
Mercury in bivalves
Mercury in fish
SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Approaches to Radioactive Waste Classification
Purpose of Classification
Methods of Classification
Proposal for a Radioactive Waste Classification System
System Overview
Waste Classes
Basic criteria
Disposal near the surface
Waste Management Strategies
Waste Minimisation
Regulatory Framework
Segregation and Collection of Aqueous Wastes
Monitoring of Discharges
Considerations for a Cost Effective System
Potential Benefits and Challenges
Benefits
Challenges
Environmental and Natural Resources Protection
Radiation Protection
STRENGTHENING
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Man and His Environment
Impacts of Industrialisation on the
Environment
Impact of Industrialization on Forestry Resources
Impact of Industrialisation on Soil
Conservation Strategies for Sustainable Development
Impact of Industrialisation on
Energy
Solar Energy
Hydroelectric Power
Organic Waste and Refuse
Technology for Sustainable Development in Africa
Strategies to Strengthen Business and Industry in Africa
Capacity Building Initiatives
Legal and Regulatory Framework for Sustainable Development
Industry, Business and the Environment
Africa, Globalisation
and Sustainable Development
Economic Growth and Sustainable Development
CONCEPTS
AND TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Historical background
Definitions, goals and methods
Education for sustainable development
Poverty and environmental education
Actors in EE
Lessons from existing projects
INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
International Organizations
The United Nations System
The Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Specialized Agencies
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
The World Health Organization (WHO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
International Maritime Organization
International Labour Organization
(ILO)
The United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs
The United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)
Financial Institutions
The World Bank
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Special Programme for Sub-Saharan Africa
(SPA)
International Monetary Fund
Other Global Institutions
The World Trade Organization
Committee on Trade and Environment
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD)
Environment Policy Committee (EPOC)
Regional Institutions
UN Economic Commission for Africa
(UNECA)
The African Development Bank
The Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Organizations Established by Environmental Treaties
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
The World Conservation Union
(IUCN)
The Environmental Law Programme
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Friends of the Earth International (FoEI)
Greenpeace International
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
ICC Commission on Environment
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
INTERNATIONAL
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
Bio-diversity and Conservation
Convention on Biological Diversity
Identification and Monitoring
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation
Sustainable Use
Environmental Impact Assessment
Access to Genetic Resources
Technology Transfer and handling of Biotechnology
Financial Resources and Mechanisms
Other Provisions
Institutional Provisions
The African Convention
Migratory Species
The Convention on Migratory Species
The African-Eurasian Migratory Water bird Agreement
Wetlands Protection
Listing Sites
Wise Use
Reserves and Training
Consulting and Co-ordination
Trade in Endangered Species
CITES
Lusaka Agreement
The Southern African Centre for Ivory Marketing
Regional Conservation Agreements
Central African States
East Africa
Resource Management and Land Use
Desertification Convention
General Commitments
Commitments of Affected Country Parties
Commitments of Developed Country Parties
Action Programs
Scientific and Technical Co-operation
Funding and Institutional Arrangements
The Regional Implementation Annex for Africa
International Tropical Timber Agreements
Regional Documents
Zambezi River System
Atlantic Fisheries
Lake Victoria
Southern African Development Community
The Niger
Basin
Emissions and Pollution
Climate Change
Vienna Convention on Ozone/Montreal
Protocol
MARPOL
Regional Seas Conventions
West and Central Africa
East Africa
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Region
Toxic and Hazardous Materials
The Basel
Convention
Bamako Convention
Chemical and Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Testing
Nuclear Non-proliferation
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone
Chemical Weapons
AGREEMENTS
: FORESTRY PRINCIPLES : FOCUS ON THE CONGO BASIN RAINFORESTS
The Genesis of Sustainable Forest
Management Agreements
UNCED, Agenda 21, and the Forest
Principles
Developments in International Conventions and Agreements
Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest
Management
Standards for Forest Management and Wood-product
Certification
The Forest Resources of the Congo Basin
Extent and Vitality
Importance for Global Biological Diversity
Role in Global Carbon Cycles
Productive Functions and the National Economies
Forest Peoples: Relationships and Rights to
Land
People Rely on the Forest
Impact of Colonial and Independence
Policies
Traditional Systems of Land Rights
Social Impact of Logging Concessions
Trends in Forest Degradation
and Loss
Forest Degradation and Loss: Immediate and
Underlying Causes
The Increasing Role of Transnational Companies in Forest Management
The Rapid Expansion of Commercial Hunting
Developments in Forest Policies in the Congo Basin
The Influence of Major Trends Relating to Forest
Policy around the World
An Increase of Donor-financed Activities for Conservation and
Improved Forest - Management
An Increase of Collaboration at the Regional Level
The Development of New Forest
Policies and Legislation at the National Level
Rethinking the Role of Local People: Participatory Approaches
Constraints for Sustainable Forest
Management and Future Perspectives
Constraints for Implementing the Sustainability Principles in
Concrete Action
Future Perspectives for the Congo Basin
Rainforests
THE RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development
Preamble
Principle 1
Principle 2
Principle 3
Principle 4
Principle 5
Principle 6
Principle 7
Principle 8
Principle 9
Principle 10
Principle 11
Principle 12
Principle 13
Principle 14
Principle 15
Principle 16
Principle 17
Principle 18
Principle 19
Principle 20
Principle 21
Principle 22
Principle 23
Principle 24
Principle 25
Principle 26
Principle 27
PEACE,
SECURITY, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
The Key Concepts
Issues of the Peace Problematic in Africa
Development, Conflict, and Environment in Africa
Refugees: A Source and Consequence of Conflict
Justice and Human Rights
Regional Security
Some Final Words
LITERATURE
AND CULTURE - THE SUSTAINABILITY CONNECTION FROM AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
Literature and Cultural Enrichment in Sustainable Development
Perception by Western Countries on African Literature,Culture and Development paths
Theories and Concepts that have guided Africa’s
Development
Contextualised Case Studies
The African Family and Governance Structures
African Religion versus Western Religion
Traditional Medicine
African Art, Music and Dance
Traditional Practices of Biodiversity Conservation
Patents and Copyrights
Centrality of Culture in Sustainable Development
UNESCO Findings: 1980-1995
World Commission on Culture and Development
Culture as Development Co-operation Conditionality
Current Obstacles to African Culture and Literature
Africa as Victim of Hate Literature
Relegation of African Culture in Development Interventions
De -Culturalisation or Cultural
Erosion
Culture and Literature as tools in Africa’s
Sustainable Development Drive
Culture as a basis for initiating Development Models
Culture and the promotion of Good Governance and Democracy
African Cultural Roots and the Fight against the HIV/AIDS
Pandemic
Literature as a Tool for Education
Literature can Challenge the Status Quo
The Way Forward
HISTORY AND CIVILISATIONS: IMPACTS ON SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Empires
and Civilizations in Africa
Sustainable
Development in Africa: The Slave Trade and
Colonial Trajectory
Slavery
and Slave Trade
Colonialism:
The Successor of Slave Trade
Colonialism
and the Slave Trade
Colonialism
and the Industrial Revolution
Unsustainable
Development in Colonial and Post Colonial Africa
Political
and Social Changes
Cultural
Impacts
Economic
Impacts
Ecological
Impacts
Contemporary
Sustainable Development Challenges in SSA
Consumerism,
Economic Hardships and Poverty
Market
Failure and Unfavourable Terms of Trade
Heavy
Debt Burden
Ecological
Debts
Capital
Flight
Flight
of Financial Capital
Flight
of Human Capital
High
Dependence on External Aid Inflows
The
New Economic Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)
Demographic
and Social Challenges
Rapid
Population Growth Rate
Rapid
Urbanization
Bad
Governance
Civil
Wars and Ethnic Strife
Environmental
Degradation
Fundamental
Causes of Unsustainability in Contemporary Africa
Too
Much Talking, Very Little Concrete Action
Continuous
Reliance on Colonial Masters
International
Political Economy
Inappropriate
Development Policies and Models
The
Free Trade Illusion
Western
Prejudices about Africa
Internal
Contradictions and Distrust among African Ruling Elite
Recommendations
Matching
Words with Concrete Actions
Making
Free Trade work for Africa
Managing
Market Failures
Cautious
Reliance on Colonial Masters
Strengthening
Good Governance
Prudent
External Lending
Adopting
Appropriate Development Policies and Models
Overcoming
Internal Contradictions and Western Prejudices
Using
Effective Dialogue, Communication and Negotiations
Building
and Marketing Africa’s Image
THE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN AFRICA
What
is tourism?
Definition
The
tourism industry
The
particular characteristics of tourism
Principles
of sustainable tourism
The
African tourism market
International
and regional policy and institutional context
International
policy environment
Regional
initiatives
Case
study: South Africa
Introduction
Tourism
assets
The
tourism industry
General
Institutional
framework
Private
sector
The
Tourism Market
Labor
and job creation
Threats
and opportunities
Possible
interventions
ENVIRONMENTALLY
DISPLACED PEOPLE
Definitions
Mechanisms of Environmental Displacements
Multi-factoral Responses
Environmental Degradation Spirals
Causes of Environmental Displacements
Actions and Mitigating Measures
Cause Related Approach
Principles and Instruments
PERSPECTIVES
ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL
The natural setting
A sense of history: occupation of the territory
Economy and society
Pressures on the environment and natural resources at the end
of the twentieth century
Agriculture and livestock
Urbanization and population growth
Natural resource exploitation
Fisheries
Forestry
Mining
Industry
Infrastructure
Initiatives to mitigate the adverse consequences of the
development style
An evolving legal framework
Preventative and corrective measures
Grassroots and other initiatives towards another development
style
Perspectives
DEMOGRAPHIC
DYNAMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN BRAZIL
The Historical Background of Population and Environment
Questions in Brazil
An Overview of Brazilian Population
Population, Environment and Development: from 1970 to 1990
Toward an Environmental Demography
Beyond anti-neo-Malthusianism
Population Carrying Capacity
Analytic Frameworks for the Study of Population and
Environment
Components of Demographic Dynamics
Mortality and morbidity
Population distribution
Towards an Ecological View of Population Mobility
Population segments
Populations in risk situations
The "problem approach"
Methodological Considerations for the Study of Population and
Environment
New Technologies for Population Analysis
Measurement Problems
Future Challenges
THE
IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
The rise and transformation of industrial production in Brazil
Modernization and the prevailing development model since the
1950s
Globalization and recent development trends
Environmental and social impacts of industrial production
Industrial production and the environment
Industrial air pollution
Production and water contamination
Generation of industrial residues
Health problems and risks at industrial production centers
Industrial production and social impacts
Pathways towards sustainable production
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
HERITAGE AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
Archaeology Heritage in Brazil: Historical Background
The protection of archaeological resources in Brazil in
historical perspective.
Brazilian heritage, identity and the different archaeological
sites
Prehistoric issues
Archaeological resources: the historic period
Protection and destruction of archaeological resources
Archaeological resources and education: public archaeology
The Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum, University of So
Paulo
Midden Museum in Joinville
Educational archaeology: some recent developments
Archaeology and sustainable development: challenges and
perspectives
WOMAN'S
PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL
Overview of Main Issues affecting Women and Environment in Brazil
Brazilian Womens Representation in
Numbers
Education and employment
Reproductive Health
Politics
Women and the Environment - Specific Environmental Issues
State Reforms: Change in Governmental Practices in Key
Sectors
The Emergence of a Women's Global Movement on Sustainable
Development and its Consequences on Brazil
Womens Action Agenda 21 The Policies
Womens Action Agenda for a Peaceful and
Healthy Planet 2015- Rio +10
Gender Policies for Sustainable Development in Brazil
Brazilian Gender Policies and Practices in the 1990s
Women's Action Agenda 21 - the local initiatives
Womens Leadership and Local Governance
Capacity Building Model for Womens
Leadership on Sustainable -Development
Radio as a Source of Mobilization, Organization and
Empowerment
Challenges that remain to be addressed
Current strategies for Mobilizing Brazilian Womens Participation and Involvement
A Two-fold Strategy to Generate Gender Sensitive Data
Gender Sensitive Indicators as Tools
Other instruments for Ensuring Women's Participation
EDUCATION,
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING PROCESSES FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN BRAZIL:
FROM HISTORY TO PERSPECTIVES
On the different spaces
Formal education spaces
Fundamental and Middle Schooling
Universities
Means of Communication
Environmental associations and social movements
Private Enterprise
Government agencies
Final Observations
IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN BRAZIL
Importance of Brazil
in terms of global biodiversity
Institutionalization of government actions for implementing
the CBD in Brazil
Conservation of Biodiversity
Sustainable use of biogenetic resources
Access to genetic resources
Financing
Prospects
FRAGILE
ECOSYSTEM: THE BRAZILIAN PANTANAL WETLAND
Wetlands.
Geopolitical division of the Pantanal
Environmental characterization
Physical Environmental
Geology
Geomorphology
Soils
Climatology
Hydrology
Biotic environment
Vegetation
Typical landscapes
Aquatic vegetation of ponds and lakes
Flora
Useful plants
Curious plants
Fauna
General Characteristics
Abundant indigenous species
Threatened species
Introduced species
Socio-economic environment
Socio-cultural system
Productive system
Cattle raising
Fishery
Tourism
Mining
Infrastructure
Environmental Management
Organizational structure
Legislation
Human activities and environmental impacts
Agriculture and cattle raising
Cities and industries
Mining
Tourism and fishing
Engineering works
Environmental impacts caused by natural processes
CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
OVERVIEW OF THE PHYSICAL AND HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
The physical resources
Basis for abundance and abuse
Climate, agriculture, and forest resources
Water resources
Atmospheric resources
Land resources
Ocean resources
Human resources
Population characteristics
Literacy and education
Employment and income
Health care and life expectancy
Pressure points
Pressure points on physical elements
The atmospheric environment: fouled and compromised
Freshwater: wasted and polluted
The degrading land
A forest under siege
The oceans: where are the fish?
Pressure points on people issues (human dimensions)
Indigenous people are pushing back
A matter of equality and equity
Population dynamics: getting older and moving west
Easing the pressure
International treaties impact on domestic policy
Measures of progress: a mixed report card
The atmosphere and energy
AIR QUALITY IS IMPROVING
GREENHOUSE GASES: POOR MARKS AND GETTING -POORER
The forest is edging towards recovery
The land is approaching capacity
The water: a matter of trust
Human development
Indigenous relationships on the mend
Youths, equality and equity: greater sensitivity all around
Health: toward a wellness agenda
Integrated models
The future
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Contemporary Challenges for Sustainable Development
Maintaining World Economic Growth, and Reducing World Poverty
and -Inequality
World Population Growth and Food Production
Conserving Biodiversity, Natural Habitats, and Natural
Resources
Meeting the Demand for Renewable Energy
Political Instability and Violence, and Social Disruption and
Dislocation
Finance for Sustainable Development
The Normative Dimension: The Evolution of Norms, Rules and
Principles on Sustainable Development
Customary International Law and the Environment Prior to 1972
The Stockholm
Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
The United Nations Conference on the Environment and
Development (1992)
The Earth Summit
II (1997)
The World Summit
on Sustainable Development (2002)
The Cognitive Dimension: The Political and Socio-Economic
Components of Sustainable Development
Genesis of the Concept of Sustainable Development
The Goals of Development
Market Instruments and Sustainable Development
Criticisms of Market Instruments
The Regulative Dimension: The Multilateral Institutional
Framework for Sustainable Development Cooperation
Multilateral Treaty-Making and the Environment
The Institutional Framework for International Cooperation in
Sustainable -Development
Global Policymaking for Sustainable Development: The UNGA and
the ECOSOC
Global Coordination for Sustainable Development: The CSD,
UNEP and UNDP
Finance and Sustainable Development: The IMF and the World
Bank
The Global Environment Facility
Trade and Sustainable Development
Other Agencies in the UN System
International Non-Governmental Organizations
CANADA AND USA: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND
SUSTAINABILITY
Historical Overview
Recent Trends and Patterns
Immigration
Distribution of Population
Urbanization
Ethnic Composition
Amerindians
Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans
Hispanics/Latino
Asians
Population and Resources
Cropland
Forests
Fisheries
Water
Minerals
Environmental Problems
Energy
Transport
Pollution
Air
Acid Rain
Climate Warming
Ozone-Depletion
Toxic Releases/Wastes
Water Quality
Population Projections
Population, Environment, and Sustainable Development
PROMOTION
AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Defining Health
Measuring Health
What Causes Health?
Strategies to Achieve Health
Health Care Services
Public Health Programs and Services
Preventive services
Primary Health Care
Health Promotion
Health Protection
Who can make a difference in health?
Health for Whom?
Sustainable Development
INTEGRATING THE ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
Evolution of the Public Decision-Making Process in
Environmental Issues
Historical Background – From the 1930s to the 1972 Stockholm Conference
The 1970s: Political and Institutional Consolidation
Major Instruments and Policies for Environmental Management
Instruments
Policies
The Internalization of Environmental Issues by Governmental
Action Programs
Decentralization and Deconcentration
of Public Environmental Decisions
The Greening of Business Decisions
Participation of civil society in decision-making processes
TERRITORIAL
SETTLEMENT, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE
BRAZILIAN MIDWEST
Central Brazil: the Midwest
Region
The "cerrado" ecosystem
Brief history of the occupation of the "cerrado" region
The opening of the agricultural frontier
Modern commercial agriculture
Anthropic action and the
destruction/preservation of "cerrados"
Economic activities and pressure on the environment
The geopolitical perspective of Central
Brazil and the threats to the sustainability of the "cerrado" biome
Prospects for the Midwest
region
PROTECTION
OF THE ATMOSPHERE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NORTH
AMERICA
Pre-historic changes in atmospheric composition
History of human interference with atmospheric properties
over North America
Current Atmospheric Trends over North
America
Local air quality
Trends in Particulate Matter.
Trends in Smog
Trends in Hazardous Air Pollutants.
Regional Air Issues
Acid Rain
Arctic Haze.
Global Issues
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion.
Climate Change.
North American Measures to Protect the Atmosphere
Local Air Quality Protection
Regional Air Issues
Acid Deposition
Arctic Haze
Global Issues
Ozone depletion
Climate change
Future Projections
TOWARDS
AN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF -FISHERIES
Historical Background
The Open-Access Fishery
Fisheries Management
Traditional Management Measures
Total Allowable Catch
Licensing and Restricted Entry
Effort Control
Gear Restrictions, Catch Rules, Closed Areas, and Closed
Seasons
Taxes and Landing Fees
Rights-based Fishing
Common Property Resource Management
Individual Transferable Quotas
Towards an Integrated Sustainable Use of Marine Resources
Marine Protected Areas
Aggregated Economic Values from Marine Resources
Straddling and Highly-migratory Stocks
Individual Consumers and Lobbyists
Employment and Equity Issues
DEFORESTATION
IN NORTH AMERICA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Land-Use and Deforestation
Period One Period of Subsistence Agriculture
Period One in the United States
Period One in Canada
Period 2: Period of Intensive Agricultural Development
Period Two in the United States
Period Two in Canada
Period Three -- Period of Land Use Stabilization
Period Three in the United States
Period Three in Canada
The Present
Impacts of Deforestation in Canada
and the United States
Restoring North America Forests
The Deforestation Process: Lessons from History
SUSTAINABILITY
REVIEW: MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENTS
Mountain Environments
Mountain Hydrology and Water Resources
Mountain Ecosystems: Habitat Stacking, Ecotones
and Ecological Mosaic
Natural Hazards
Mountain Peoples
Threats and Approaches to Sustainability
Highland-Lowland Interfaces and Interactions: the Adaptive
Challenges
Sustainability Agendas
BIODIVERSITY
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Why is Biodiversity Conservation Important?
Magnitude of Biodiversity Loss
Anthropocentric Forces
The Problematique
Sustainable Development and Biodiversity
Characteristics of the problematique
Reconciliation
Transdisciplinary Decision-making Forums
Interdisciplinarity
Multistakeholder
Key Features
PROTECTION
OF FRESH WATER RESOURCES CANADA
AND THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
The Physical Resource
Water Defined
Freshwater defined
Fresh Water Resources of the United
States and Canada
Precipitation and evaporation
Runoff and stream flow
Groundwater
Ice fields and lakes
Shared freshwater resources
Water Use In Canada
And The United States
Instream Use
Hydroelectricity generation
Fisheries and wild life
Water transport and recreation
Waste disposal
Off stream use (withdrawals)
Major withdrawal categories
Domestic use
Groundwater
Pressure Points in Freshwater Resources and Impacts
Pressure on surface water
Pressure on groundwater resources
Pressure on wetlands
Water quality
Atmospheric pollution and acid rain
Surface water pollution
The Great Lakes example
Groundwater pollution
Climate change
Search for Solutions
Institutional framework for water management
Towards a cleaner atmosphere
Changes in water use culture
Domestic conservation
Conservation in agriculture
Curbing industrial water demand
Recharging the aquifers
Water quality improvement
Watershed management
Present and Future Prospects
HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Hazardous Waste and Contaminated Sites
Definition and Classification of Hazardous Waste
Contaminated Sites
The Concept of Risk Related to Hazardous Wastes and
Contaminated Sites
Principles of Risk Assessment
Hazardous Waste Toxicology
Chemical Contaminants in Humans
Quantifying Toxicity
The Parameter Values for Acute Toxicity
The Parameter Values for Chronic Toxicity
Hazardous Contaminants as Carcinogens
Hazardous Waste and Pollution Prevention
Life Cycle Analysis
Environmental Audits
Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous Waste and Pollution Control
Chemical and Physical Treatment
Biological and Thermal Treatment
Landfill and Injection Well Disposal
The Role of Stakeholders in Waste Management
NorthAmerican Initiatives on Hazardous Waste
Control, Mitigation and Management
National Pollutant Release Inventories of Canada and United States
Toxic Release Data in Canada
US-EPA Initiatives in Hazardous Waste Management
Toxic Wastes Banned from Great Lakes
Brownfields National Partnership Program
Clean Up of Abandoned Underground Petroleum Tanks
Clean-up of the Iron Mountain Mine Site
Superfund
Dioxins Control in North America
PCB Control in North America
Reducing Mercury in the Environment
Sound Management of Chemicals Program
SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN CANADA AND THE USA
Objectives and Primer
Objectives
Primer on Radioactivity
Activity or Pressure
Benefits of Radioactive Materials
Medicine
Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research
Agriculture
Industry
Environment
Military
Classifications of Waste
State
Transitions
State-of-the-Art in Practice
Detection and Diagnosis
Detection
Diagnosis
Management and Disposal of Short-Lived LLW
Management and Disposal of Long-Lived LLW
Management and Disposal of HLW and Spent Fuel
Correction and Response
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA
AND THE USA:
IMPLICATIONS, ACTORS, AND RESPONSES
Objective: Consumption and Sustainability in a Global
Perspective
Pressure: Obstacles to Sustainable Development in North America
Corporations and the "Emerald City"
The Worlds Most Powerful Resource Managers
Encouraging Consumerism
Conditioning the Public Debate
Exporting an Unsustainable Dream
Corporations in the Classroom
Skewing University Priorities
Consumerism in the Curriculum
Regulating Corporate Governance: International Trade
Agreements (ITAs)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Eroding Environmental Regulation
Sprawling Urban Systems and the Automobile
The Ecological Burden of Cities
Automobile Dependence
The Cost of Urban Sprawl
Unsustainable Food Systems
The Environmental Costs of Animal Agriculture
The NorthSouth Dimensions of Food
The Demise of the Family Farm
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
The Subsidization of Unsustainability:
Misplaced Government Spending Priorities
Militarism
Declining Development Assistance
State: An Unsustainable Course
Deteriorating Quality of Life Support Systems
Some Hopeful Signs
Persistent Environmental Health Concerns
Shrinking Wild Lands
The Disturbance of Aquatic Ecosystems
The Social and Political Context
Changing Perceptions of the State
Deregulation and Voluntarism
Rising Consumption
The Atmospheric Burden
Rising Automobile Dependence
Other Environmental Costs of Consumption
The Unevenness of Consumption
Growing Polarity in Wealth
The Ethnic-Class Burden of Environmental Degradation
Detection: Key Actors in Identifying the Problem
Global Change Research Programs (GCRP)
State of the Environment (SOE) Reports
Sustainability Indicators
Efforts of the US Government
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (Canada)
Corporate Sustainability Reporting (CSR)
Community Sustainability Indicators
Environment and Economy Roundtables (Canada)
Commission for Environmental Co-operation (CEC)
Citizen Empowerment: Access to Environmental Information and
Public Participation
Ecological Footprinting
Environmental Health and Epidemiology
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
Environmental Justice Movement
Agroecologists and the Challenge to Industrial
Agriculture
Response: Key Actors in Corrective Change
The Role of Government
The Role of Urban Governance and Planners
Business and Industry
Industrial Ecology
Organizations Promoting Corporate Sustainability
Product Labeling
Alternative Technologists
Labor and Social Unions
Supporting Farmers
De-industrializing and Localizing Agricultural Systems
Community Shared Agriculture (CSA) and Fair Trade
First Peoples
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Co-management
The Obstacles and Optimism of Co-Management
Civil Society and the Importance of Public Education and
Citizen Engagement
Environmental NGOs
The "Big Ten"
Local Activist Groups
The Environmental Justice Movement
Formal Environmental Education (EE)
Education and Sustainable Development
The Importance of Children
The Emergence of New Disciplines
Conservation Biology
Ecological Economics
Environmental Ethics
Popular Environmental Education (EE)
NGOs and Public Education
Environmental Research Institutes
Scientists as Popular Educators
Agents of Cultural Change
Protest Music
Environmental Literature
Environmental Art
Environmental Film
The Power of One: Individual Citizen Change
Coalition Building Amongst Diverse Groups
The Struggle and the Hope: The Case of Clayoquot
Sound, British -Columbia
The Broader Context
GLOBAL
ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT: A CANADA-US
PERSPECTIVE
Theoretical Explanations of Inequality against Women
Gender and Globalization
Sustainability and Equity
Sustainability and Gender Analysis
Sustainability, Gender, and Globalization
Global Action as Manifested in International Womens Conferences
Mexico
Copenhagen
Nairobi
Beijing
After Beijing
CHILDREN,
YOUTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Linking Sustainability and Social Justice
The Dominant Educational Paradigm in the United States
The Dominant Educational Paradigm in the United States
An Ecological Critique of the Dominant Educational Paradigm
The Social Construction of Children and Youth
Theoretical Framing of Children and Youth
A Counter Discourse of Youth Development
Who is "at risk?"
Monitoring the Wellbeing of Youth
Co-Constructing Society
Sustainability and the Work of Education
STRENGTHENING
THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR COMMUNITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Some Necessary History
The Concept of Co-management
The Inuvialuit Practice of Co-management
Wildlife Management Advisory Council (Northwest Territories)
Wildlife Management Advisory Council (North
Slope)
Fisheries Joint Management Committee
Environment Impact Screening Committee and the Environmental
Impact -Review Board
The Kulluk Drilling Program Case
Study: Presenting a Challenge of the Minister of -DIAND
Co-management Evolution in the 1990s
Traditional Land Use and Occupancy Studies
The Growing Call for Participatory Methodology
The Role of Computers in the Promotion of Indigenous
Community Sustainable -Development
Standing at the Crossroads: Success and Failure in the
Practice of Co-Management
The Importance of Understanding Media: Some Conclusions On
the Evolution of Co-management and its Practice in Canada
LOCAL
AUTHORITIES INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21
Canadian Initiatives in Support of Agenda 21
City of Ottawa
Infrastructure
Planning
Policies and Regulations
Participation in National and Provincial Programs
Engaging with the public
Summary
Regional Municipal of Hamilton-Wentworth
Infrastructure
Planning
Policies and Regulations
Participation in National and Provincial Programs
Engaging with the public
Summary
Local Environmental Initiatives in Canada not explicitly linked to
Agenda 21
Infrastructure
Planning
The Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Waterfront
The Liveable Region Strategic Plan
Bamberton
Cornell
Southeast False Creek, Vancouver
Summary
Policies and Regulations
Participation in National and Provincial Programs
Engaging with the public
Summary
International Comparison: Why so Little Local Agenda 21
Activity in Canada?
The existence of a National Framework
The existence of Local Autonomy
STRENGTHENING
THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND THEIR TRADE UNIONS - CANADA
AND USA
Objective
Origins and Evolution of the North American Industrial
Relations Systems
The Post-War Period, Changes in the System and Divergence
The Modern Period (The State and the Systems and Diagnosis of
the Situation)
Factors Contributing to Divergence and Corrective Action
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Historical Examples
Future Technologies
Sustainable Development and Technology Transfer
The Knowledge-Based Economy
Risk Analysis and Public Perception
The Learning Curves of New Technologies
Technologies for the next Millennium
Information Technology
Energy
Fossil Fuels
Alternate Energy Sources
Bioenergy Technologies
Other Important Technologies
COLLABORATION
FOR SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION
Sustainable Development and Sustainable Innovation
Collaboration and Sustainable Innovation
Future Challenges
INFORMATION
FOR DECISION MAKING IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Information Gathering in the Public Policy Process
Principles of Sustainability and Information Gathering
Unique Aspects of Information Gathering and Use in the United States and in Canada
Extensive Scientific and Technical Communities
Large Number of Interest Groups
Strategic Thinking and Information Gathering for
Sustainability
An Information-Gathering Strategy for Promoting
Sustainability
Some Precautions about Information
Who is Producing the Information?
What is the Purpose of the Information?
Who is Funding the Research?
Sustainability Indicators as the Key Element of Information
Gathering
Scientific and Technological Information
Social and Demographic Information
Political and Legal Information
Economic Information
Geographic and Environmental Information
Problems, Indicators, and their Application to Policy Change
Translating Indicators into Community Action: Sustainable Seattle
CLIMATE
CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CANADA
U.S.A.
RESPONSES
A science-driven convention
Post UNFCCC Actions in Canada
and U.S.A.
Implications for Sustainable Development
Transportation: Unsustainable Trends
Water Resources: The Climate Connection
Agriculture and Forest
Sectors C Sequestration
Climate-Related Disasters
A global obligation
MEETING
ENERGY NEEDS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Current Energy Situation Supply & Demand
Energy and Environment -- Pollution and Sustainability
Challenge of Rapid Transportation with Low Pollution
Use of Gasoline Substitutes
Improving Fuel Economy of Vehicles
Electric Drive with Fuel Cells
Hydrogen as Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines
Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Large Batteries and Small
Engines
Solar Electric Vehicle with Integral Solar Panels
Renewables are Ready
Solar Thermal Energy
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Electricity
Solar Power from Space
Wind Energy
Geothermal Energy
Hydroeletricity
Ocean Energy
Biomass
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen
URFC-Powered Electrical Vehicles
Era of Hydrogen
Integrated Renewable Energy Systems (IRES)
Cogeneration, Conservation & Efficiency --Waste Not, Want
Not
REGIONAL
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW: CHINA
Current state of Chinas population, resources, and
environment
Population and poverty
Arable land
Water resources
Forest
Wetlands
Biodiversity
Water environment
Atmospheric environment
Desertification
Sustainable development thoughts and practices in ancient China
Ancient thoughts on sustainable development
Sustainable practices in ancient China
The national strategies for sustainable development
National basic strategies
Chinas Agenda 21
Action plans of different sectors to implement Chinas Agenda
21
Institutional structure for sustainable development
The leading and management agencies
China Council for International
Co-operation on Environment and Development
Other institutions
Theoretical and methodological research
Theoretical searching for sustainable development
Indicator system for assessing sustainable development
Practices and actions of sustainable development
Sustainable techniques system: eco-planning, eco-engineering,
and eco--management
Eco-planning
Eco-engineering
Eco-management
Construction of sustainable communities
Comprehensive experimental sustainable community
Eco-county
Nature reserves
NGOs for sustainable development
DEMOGRAPHIC
DYNAMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN CHINA
Past Population Activities and National Censuses
Rapid Demographic Transition and Implications
Population Aging and Support
Minority Population
Marriage and Family
Population and Development
Impact of Population Growth on Development
Urbanization and Migration
Population Density and Distribution
Priority Program for Chinas Agenda 21
Age Structure
Sex Structure and Sex Ratio at Birth
PROTECTING
AND PROMOTING HUMAN HEALTH IN CHINA
Health Situation
Mortality Improvement
Smoking and Health
Water Improvement in Rural Areas
Health Care Services of the Elderly
Reproductive Health
Reform of Medical System
Availability of Contraceptives
CHILDREN
AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
Malnutrition and Sanitation
Compulsory Education and Education of Youths
Pre-school Enrollment and Eradication of Adult Illiteracy
Child Care and Child Rearing
Disabled Children, and Protection and Legal Rights of
Children
NATIONAL
ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
Chinese Women Bear Half the Weight of the Sky
Current Projects and Activities Related to Women
Labor Force Participation of Women
Womens Rights
Women's Satisfaction and Role Play
Migrant Women of Childbearing Age
Abnormal High Sex Ratio at Birth and the Consequences
PROMOTION
OF HUMAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
Population and New Conditions of Development
Family Planning
Poverty Alleviation
Sports
Science and Democracy
Science and Technology
Democracy and Reality
Population and Welfare
Fertility Inhibiting Variables
Marriage as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable
Contraception as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable
Postpartum Infertility as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable
Abortions as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable
CHANGING
CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN CHINA
Escalating demand for consumption
Energy Consumption
Traveling Consumption
Automobiles in Chinese Family
From Housing Assignment to Buying House
Specified Consumption
FOOD
SECURITY IN CHINA
Food Security: One of Chinas Most Important Topics
Population pressure
Resource pressures
Grain is taken as one of the most important topics in China
Chinese Understanding of Food Security
Quantity implications
Quality implications
Other implications
Food structure implications
Food-relief for poverty-stricken population
The "White Paper: The Grain Issues in China"
The background for publishing the white paper
The main contents of the paper
Basic Evaluation on Chinas Food Security
Five-period development of food production
The first period
The second period
The third period
The fourth period
The fifth period
Domestic production basically meets consumer demand for food
Stable domestic food market
Consumers can easily gain their requested food for
consumption
Identification of organic (green) food
Regional supply-and-demand equilibrium of grain
Grain-deficit regions
Grain-surplus regions
Grain supply-demand balance regions
Chinas Main Policies on Food Security
Policies for protecting cultivated land
Protection of basic farmland
The Ordinance on Protecting Basic Farmland
"Strictest Farmland Management System"
"Governor Grain Responsibility System"
"Mayor Vegetable Basket Responsibility System" and
"Vegetable Green Channel"
Basic self-sufficiency policy of food
Appropriate import of food
Development of commercial bases for food production
The state commercial-grain-base counties
The commercial vegetable bases
Expansion of state grain reserve capacity
Inter-regional trade equilibrium
Grain relief system
Grain marketing system restructuring
Food hygiene
SUSTAINABLE
UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN CHINA
Characteristics of Natural Resources of China
Land Resources
Water Resources
Climatic Resources
Biological Resources
Mineral Resources
Marine Resources
Energy Resources
Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources
Establishing a Natural Resources Management System
Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources
Management and Sustainable Utilization of Land Resources
Sustainable Utilization of Forest
Resources
Exploitation and Conservation of Marine Resources
Sustainable Utilization of Mineral Resources
Sustainable Production and Consumption of Energy Resource
COMBATING
POVERTY IN CHINA
Poverty: a long-term problem in China
Chinas poverty alleviation campaign
Chinas official viewpoints on poverty
Poverty types and distribution of poverty-stricken areas
Poverty types
The Poverty Line
Poverty Counties
Poverty Population and its Distribution
Chinas campaign against poverty
The top organization for poverty campaign in China
Province and lower-level poverty relief organizations
The "State Eighth-Seven-Year Plan on Poverty
Relief"
The aims for formulating the plan
The main contents of the plan
The main contents related to poverty in Chinas Agenda 21
The reasons for action
The targets for action
The contents of action
Main Measures for Alleviating and Erasing Poverty Phenomenon
The national basic policies for poverty relief
Poverty relief funding plan
The system of grain relief to poverty-stricken people
Department partnership support
The establishment and operation of inter-regional poverty
relief partnerships
Background
The Partners
Main tasks of partnership cooperation
Policies for operating partnership cooperation
Governments role in partnership cooperation
Population control and directed emigration
Agricultural multi-function development
SUSTAINABLE
MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
Mountain Conditions in China
Mountain development program
Case studies
Problems and Pressures
Counter-measures
PROTECTING
THE ATMOSPHERE: CHINA
Protection measures of the atmosphere
Introduction of the relevant environmental laws
The measures of ameliorating atmospheric environment
Mitigation measures for greenhouse gases and anthropogenic
aerosols
DEVELOPMENT
AND CONSERVATION OF GRASSLANDS
Main Grassland Types and Their Features
Temperate Meadow Steppe
Temperate Typical Steppe
Temperate Desert Steppe
Alpine Grassland
Tropical- subtropical Grasslands
Functions of Grasslands
Economic Functions of Grasslands
Ecological Functions of Grasslands
Social Functions of Grasslands
Issues for Grassland Development and Conservation
Strategies and Actions for Sustainable Grassland Development
Technological Measures for Sustainable Development of
Grasslands
Governmental Action for Sustainable Grassland Development
WETLAND
CONSERVATION IN CHINA
Definitions of Wetlands
Types, Characteristics and Distribution of Wetlands
Principle and Basis of Wetland Classification
Wetland Synthesis Classification System
Wetland Main Type Character
Functions and Benefits of Wetlands
High Bio-productivity
Providing Foodstuffs and Raw Materials for Humankind
The Most Important Freshwater Resources for Mankind
Adjusting Flux, Controlling Floodwater, Resorting Sediment and
Detoxification
Reducing Storm Impact and Controlling Soil Erosion
A Gene Bank of Species
Adjusting the Surrounding Environment
Wetland Utilization
Aquaculture
Pond-Field System
Compound Ecological Agriculture
Ecological Tourism
Wetland Conservation
Current Status of Wetland Conservation
Wetland Nature Reserves
PROTECTION
OF OCEANS AND THEIR LIVING RESOURCES
Sustainable Marine Development Strategy
Safeguarding the new international marine order, rights and
interests
Overall planning for marine development and control
Rationally utilizing marine resources and promoting marine
industries
Simultaneously planning and implementing the development of
marine resources and the protection of the marine environment
Reinforcing oceanographic technology research and development
Setting up a comprehensive marine management system
Actively participating in international co-operation about
marine development
Rational Development and Utilization of Marine living
Resources
Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment
The Development of Oceanographic Science, Technology and
Education
The Implementation of Comprehensive Marine Management
International Co-operation in Maritime Affairs
WATER
SUPPLY AND DEMAND STATUS AND WATER ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION IN CHINA
Water Resources Problems in the Process of Development
Evolution of the Water Cycle and its Effects on Resources,
Ecology and Environment
Changes in the Water Cycle Induced by Large Scale Human
Action
Lateral Water Cycle Resulting from Water Development and
Utilization
Resources, Ecological System and Environment Effects of the
Water -Cycle Evolution
Basic Features of Chinas Water Resources
Total Water Resources and Per Capita Availability
Water Resources Temporal and Spatial Distribution
Water Resources Distribution and Production Forces
Disposition
Chinas Present Situation on Water resources Development and
Utilization
Water Supply and Demand
Water Supply
Water Use
Water Environment Quality
Present Status for Water Quality of Rivers of Whole Country
Water Quality of Main Rivers
Water Environment of Cities and Towns
Water Quality of Lakes and Reservoirs
Groundwater Quality
Problems in the Development of Water Resources
Regional Water Shortage in North China
and the Growing Urban Water Shortage
Growth of Water Pollution, in Space and Time
Intensification of Ecological Deterioration
Water Supply and Demand Status of China in twenty-first
Century
Domestic Water Demand
Population Projection
Analysis of Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption
Industrial Water Demand
Economic Development Projection
Industry Water Saving Level
Agriculture Water Demand
Agriculture Development Projection
Irrigation Quota
Water Use for Forestry, Animal Rearing, Fisheries and
Vegetables
Total Agriculture Water Demand
Total Water Demand and Per Capita Water Demand
Sustainable Utilization Options for Water Resources
Water Resources Rational Disposition
SongLiao River
Basin
Yellow, Hailuan and Huai
River Basin
Yangtze River
Basin
Pearl River and South-east
River
South-west River
Basin
Inland River
Basin
Protection Options for Water Resources Development and
Utilization
Urban and Industrial Water Supply
Agriculture Irrigation
Control and Protection of Aquatic Environments
Composition of Water Supply Sources
Future Prospects for Water Resource Development and
Utilization
BIODIVERSITY
IN CHINA—STATUS,
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Ecosystem Diversity
Forest
Meadow
Steppe
Savanna
Desert
Marsh
Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems
Species Diversity
Megadiversity
Endemism
Status
Threats
Habitat Destruction
Over-exploitation
Pollution
Genetic Diversity
Recent Progress
Survey and Bioinventory
Species Conservation
In Situ Conservation: Nature Reserves
Ex Situ Conservation
Botanical Gardens and Arboreta
Zoos and Other Breeding Centers
Germplasm and Gene Banks
Recommendations
General Recommendations for Strategy and Actions
Scientific Research
PROMOTING
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY
Rational management of existing forest resources
Development of forest survey and monitoring system
Management of existing forests
Control of forest fire and protection of forests from pests
and insects
Rational felling and regeneration
Maintenance and strengthening of multi-function of forest
Establishment of protective shelterbelts
Construction of nature reserves
Integrated watershed management in mountain areas
Reforestation and afforestation
Reforestation
Afforestation
Agroforestry
Effective use of forest resources and development of forest
related industries
Effective use of woody forestry resources
Effective use of non-wood forest resources
Development and utilization of landscape forest resources for
eco-tourism
Promoting sustainable forestry development
Strategy for sustainable development of forestry
Activities to be taken for promoting sustainable forestry
Scientific Research and Educational Training
Development of forestry science and technology
Training of professional forestry personnel and human
resource
Policy and legislation for forestry
Establishment of the forestry economic system in conformity
with requirements of the market economy
Improvement of the forestry legal system
International forestry cooperation
COMBATING
DESERTIFICATION
Classification and index of Desertification used in China
Classification system of desertification in China
Grading index of various desertification patterns
Grading of severity of desertification
Grading index of various desertification patterns
Indicators of degradation of several main land-use types
Present Status of Desertification in China
Geographical scope of potential desertification in China
Patterns, area and distribution of desertification
Wind-eroded desertification
Water-eroded desertification
Cryopedological desertification (freezing and
melting processes on cold -plateau)
Soil salinization
Desertification caused by other factors-
Desertification in main land-use types
Rangeland degradation
Arable land degradation
Woodland degradation
Causes and mechanism of desertification in China
Human activities:
Population growth
Over-grazing
Reclamation and cultivation on steep slopes
Firewood cutting, collection of medicinal herbs and
deforestation
Irrational irrigation
Natural factors
Geographical environment factors
Climatic factors
Spreading tendency of desertification in China
Strategies to combat desertification in China
Increasing peoples consciousness to combat desertification
Strengthening legal view, tightening executive forces and
perfection of law and -legal regulations
Training science and technology staff and enhancing effects
to combat desertification
Summarize present experiences and technologies
Strengthen capability of science and technology in tackling
key problems
International exchanges and cooperation
Rational resource utilization and sustainable development
Making preferential policies and increasing fund input
Governmental efforts at national level
Regreening Commission
Governments at local levels
Principles
Protection
Rehabilitation and revegetation
Financial sources
Nationwide NAP to Combat Desertification
State loan
Technical extension and training
State preferential policies on taxation
Application
Material supplies
Research and technical development projects
Special prizes and rewards
Regulations
LAND
RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Characteristics of chinas land
resources utilization
The main problems on land utilization
Land resources plan
Overall Land Use Plan
Contents and system of the Overall Land Use Plan
China's Overall Land Use Plan is a unified
and multi-level regional -planning system.
Main content and requirements of Overall Land Use Plan at
every administrative level
Principles for preparing the Overall Land Use Plan
Methods for preparing the Overall Land Use Plan
The implementation of the Overall Land Use Plan
History and current situation of chinas
land resources planning
History of work on Overall Land Use Planning
Progress of Overall
Land Use Planning
History and problem of land resources management
The history of land resources management
The problems of land resources and management
Land management methods
Land legislation
A review on the building land legislation of China
The land administration law of the People's Republic of China
The revised land management law
Land administrative management
The course of administrative management
Functions of the State
Land Administration
Organs
Research work on land sciences and technology
Countermeasures of land resources management of china
ENERGY
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
The General Situations and Features of Energy Resources
A Complete Variety and Considerable Total Quantity
Per Capita Quantities of Energy Resources less than the World
Average
The Irrational Structure
The Uneven Distribution
The General Situations and Features of Energy Production
Quantity and Quality
The Structure
The Elasticity Coefficient for Energy Production
The General Situations and Features of Energy Consumption
The Quantity and Quality
The Structure
The Elasticity Coefficient for Energy Consumption
The Energy Demand Forecasting
Present Policies for Energy Supply and Demand in China
The Synopsis of Strategy
The Main Countermeasures
Utilizing Overseas and Domestic Resources and Markets
Improving the Structure and Distribution of Energy Production
Progress in Science and Technology, Diversifying Supply, and
Energy -Saving
Developing Clean Energy Technology and Enforcing
Environmental Protection
Speeding up the Exploitation of Natural Gas and Improving
Energy Structure
Realizing the Rationalization of Energy Price
ENVIRONMENTALLY
SOUND MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Potential risks of LMOs released to
environment
The wild related species of transgenic crops become weeds
Transgenic crops themselves can become weeds
Effect of transgenic crops on biodiversity
Pollen of transgenic maize harms the larva of the monarch
butterfly
Transgenic Bt cotton seriously harms the dominant parasitic
natural enemies
The issue of virus recombination
Other issues may emerge
Progress on biotechnology in China and the problems brought
about by the release of LMOs
China is the center of origin for many
important crops, such as rice and soybean.
Measures of biosafety
administration
Share out the administration and unified leadership
Taking action on legislation
Establishing the monitoring system for biosafety
Strengthening scientific research on biosafety
Correctly handle relationship between biosafety
and intellectual property rights on biotechnology
ENVIRONMENTALLY
SOUND MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
Management of Harmful and Toxic Chemicals
Management of Supervised Chemicals
Environmental Management of Toxic Chemicals
Formulation Standards for Environmental Management
Regulations
Current Management Laws and Regulations
Promote PIC Activities and POP Research
International Conventions Concerned
ENVIRONMENTALLY
SOUND MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES
Definition and Classification of Solid Wastes
Characteristics of Solid Wastes
Situation of Solid Wastes in China
Industrial Solid Wastes
Total Generation Amount Trending towards Stability
Relatively Big Development of Comprehensive Utilization
Annual Stack-up Volume Trending towards Stability
Municipal Solid Wastes
Increase in Generation and Transport of Municipal Solid
Wastes
Existing Problems in Solid Waste Management
Problems in Management of Industrial Solid Wastes
Problems in Management of Municipal Solid Wastes
Countermeasures for Solid Waste Management
Strengthening the Legal System
Implementing the Policy of Solid Waste Minimization
Management Measures and Actions for Industrial Solid Wastes
Management Measures and Actions for Municipal Solid Wastes
Vigorously Developing Comprehensive Utilization of Solid
Wastes
ENVRIONMENTAL
SOUND MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER
Wastewater discharge and its management in China
Definition of Wastewater
Industrial and Municipal Wastewater
Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Discharge
Characteristics of the Domestic and Industrial Wastewater
Wastewater from Livestock Farms
Amounts and Characteristics of the Livestock Farms
Control Strategies
Strategic and Technical measures for environmental sound
management of wastewater discharge
Legislative Measures
Laws
Regulations
Policies
Standards
Cleaner Production in Industries, for Minimizing Wastewater
Discharge
Concept of Cleaner Production
Cleaner Production in China
Regional Planning for Water Pollution Control
Development of Appropriate Technology for Wastewater
Treatment
Movement of Water Conservation
Economic incentives for environmental sound management of
wastewater discharge
Price Policy Related to Resource Exploitation and Consumption
Charge Policy for Wastewater Treatment
Experiences and lessons
Strategy Conversions in Industrial Pollution Control
Enhancement of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Strengthening Scientific Research and Advanced Treatment
Technologies
Wastewater Reclamation
SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
The definition and classification
The definition
The classification
The principles, legal framework and infrastructure
The Principles
Legal framework
Basic Policy
Organization
Treatment and storage
Nuclear industrial wastes
Applications and radiation research nuclear technology
Disposal of radioactive wastes
The Northwest Repository
Guangdong Beilong
Repository
Hydraulic fracturing press of LILW
High-level radioactive waste
NATURAL
DISASTER PREVENTION AND REDUCTION
Environment of Breeding Disaster and Burden of Disasters
Environment of Breeding Disaster
Burden of Disaster (BD)
Factors Inducing Loss
Meteorological and Hydrological Disasters
Geological Disaster
Earthquake Calamity
Bio-disaster
Land Degradation
Action on Natural Disasters Prevention and Reduction
Management of Natural Disasters
Establishment of system for disaster prevention and control
Reduction of the man-induced or man-aggravated disasters
STRENGTHENING
THE ROLE OF NGOS: PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Acadamic symposia and policy recommendations
Promoting public understanding of sustainable development
Publicity to leaders in the party and the government
Promoting public awareness through the news media and science
museums
Sustainable development publicity to the youth
International exchange and coorperation
on sustainable development
Setting fine examples
LOCAL
ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINORITIES IN CHINA
Ethnicity and the Grassland Ecosystem
Ethnicity and the Forest
Ecological Area
Ethnicity and Mountain Agriculture
LOCAL
AUTHORITY INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21
Background and Concepts
Chapter 28 of Agenda 21, Local authorities initiatives in
support of Agenda 21
Global Progress on LA21
The Guideline Document for Local Authorities Implementing
Sustainable -Development in China
Formulation of China's Agenda 21
Brief Introduction to China's Agenda 21
Characteristics of China's Agenda 21
Implementation of China's Agenda 21 and
principles for planning and -implementing local Agenda 21
State Guideline for Local Activity: Chinas Experimental
Sustainable Community
Guidelines for Action in the Experimental Sustainable
Communities
Progress and Success Stories on Chinas Local Agenda 21
Progress in Implementing Chinas Local Agenda 21
Existing Activities for the Implementation of local Agenda 21
at the provincial level
Success Stories
Case Study 1: Institutional Biulding
of Local Sustainable development in Shanxi Province
Case Study 2: Instruments and Tools for Urban Environmental -Manegment Towards Sustainablity
in Benxi
City
Case Study 3: General Model for Administrative Department of
LA21 in China
(Panzhihua Administrative Department)
Issues in Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 and Perspectives
On Chapter 28 of Agenda 21: What is there and what is not
there?
Obstacles to the local implementation of sustainable development
General Obstacles
The main Problems and Difficulties to LA21 in China
according to the ACCA21 Survey 1998
Institutional Barriers to the Local Implementation of Agenda
21
Discussion on Local Agenda 21
How does Local Agenda 21 relate to programs such as
integrated local area -planning, landcare, and
local environment or economic development plans?
What are the concept needed to be
changed for sustainable development?
What are the principles of sustainable development?
The Local Sustainable Development Process
Policy Base
Establishing Partnerships
Issue Analysis
Action Planning
Implementation and Monitoring
Evaluation and Follow-Up
TOWNSHIP
AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES IN CHINA'S
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Review of TVE Development in China
Primary period (1979-1983)
Rapid growth period (1984-1988)
Structural adjustment period (1989-1991)
Overall improvement and rapid growth period (1992-1994)
Moderate and stable development period (from and after
1995)
The Increasing Importance of TVE in China
An important component of the national economy
The increasing share of TVE in rural economy
A major source of rural employment and farmers' income
An important force for agricultural modernization and
agricultural development
Driving force for rural industrialization and urbanization
The ownership structure and current institutional reforms of
TVE
The ownership structure of TVE
The natures of TVE with different ownership's
The dominating position of the collective TVE
The rapidly growing private TVE
Increasing foreign investment in TVE
The increasing convergence of ownership's in TVE
TVE Development and Its Impacts on the Environment
The current situation of TVE pollution
Industrial waste water
Industrial waste gases
Industrial solid waste
The causes of heavy pollution of TVE
The industrial structure of TVE
Irrational allocation of TVE
Policies to Address the Pollution of TVE
Imposing quantity targets of waste displace for TVE
Imposing strict controls on the pollution producing projects
Accelerating the extension of new technologies in TVE
Accelerating the construction of rural small towns and
industrial zones
Major Problems Challenging the Further Development of TVE
The irrational distribution and industrial structure of TVE
The lack of a well-defined property rights system
Heavy pollution and inefficient use of natural resources
The poor situation of TVE management
The heavy burden for TVE
Large gaps between the east and the west in the development
of TVE
Further Steps to Ensure a Sustainable Development of TVE
Deepening the reforms of TVE
Accelerating the technological progress of TVE
Strengthening the structural adjustment of TVE
Transforming the distribution pattern of TVE
Developing TVE in a sustainable way
Major Policies to Maintain the Sustainable Development of TVE
Accelerating legislation to realize the role of law in the
development of TVE
Making preferential policies to promote development and
structural adjustment -of TVE
Accelerating the development of TVE in the less developed
areas
Providing licenses to TVE for their engagement in
international trade
AGRICULTURAL
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN CHINA
The Background
Breakthroughs were made in the screening and cultivation of new
species and fine strains
New progress was made in major fields
Major Problems
The Contributions
Grain crop cultivation and its supporting technologies
"Seed project" proceeded smoothly
Agricultural cost reduction and efficiency enhancement
technology
Animal husbandry and fishery technologies
The Main Targets and Contents
New agricultural products
New agricultural equipment
New breeds of crops
Technical training
Means and Ways
Organizing
Guidelines according to local conditions
Project selection
The combination
Increasing input
Policy
The Measures
Reinforcing vocational training among the farmers
Setting up the three levels of agricultural technique
popularization network
Accelerating the transfer of existing scientific and technological
achievements
Deepening reform of the system for agricultural technology
transfer
Changing the agricultural increase method
THE
SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN CHINA
Basic approaches of social security system
Basic definition of social security system
Essence and basic attributes of the social security system
Historical development of social security system
Basic contents of social security system
Basic characteristics and development process of China's
social security system
Basic characteristics of China's social security system
Development course of China's social security system
Old-age social security system
Development of the old-age social security system
The current conditions of China's old-age insurance
system
Main problems existing with China's old-age insurance
system
Necessary steps in the reform of China's old-age insurance
system
China's social medical insurance system
The general situation of China's social medical and
health insurance system
Achievements of China's medical insurance
system
Main problems existing with China's social medical
insurance system
Reform of China's
social medical insurance system
China's social unemployment insurance
system
The basic features and models of employment in China
View of China's
unemployment insurance system
CHINAS
TRADITIONAL ECO-CULTURE AND ITS MODERN IMPLICATION
Preface
Abstruse and Meticulous Heaven-Earth-Man Harmonious Outlook
Great Achievements of The Eco-culture
Modern implication of Chinas Traditional Implication
FINANCIAL
FUND SUPPORTING AGRICULTURE IN CHINA
Concepts and Category of Financial Fund Supporting
Agriculture in China
Expenditure Supporting Agricultural Production
Expenditure for Agricultural Capital Construction
Operating Expenses for Departments of Farming, Forestry,
Water Conservancy -and Meteorology, etc.
Expenditure for Countryside Relief
Subsidy to Agriculture
Characteristics of Financial Support to Agriculture
Diversified Channels and Forms of Financial Support to
Agriculture
Coordination of Different Departments on Financial Support to
Agriculture
Functional Authority of Financial Support to Agriculture
between the Central -Authority and Local Governments
Changes in Scale and Structure of Chinas Financial Fund
Support to Agriculture
Increasing Total Quantity
Decreasing Proportion of Financial Fund Supporting
Agriculture in State -Financial Expenditure
Changes in Structure
Other Changes in Financial Support to Agriculture
Input to Agriculture Increased, Capital Appropriated in Time
The Focal Point of Using Fund Supporting Agriculture Stands
Out Than Ever
Propelling Agricultural Industrialization Has Been a
Characteristic of Rational -Structure Adjustment of the Financial Fund
Supporting Agriculture
Perfecting the Regulation, Strengthening Management, and
Deepening System -Reform
Main Contradictions and Problems in Current Financial Support
to Agriculture
Operation of the Financial Fund that Supports Agriculture
Remains to be -Perfected
Tardy Adjustment of Policy Target on Financial Support to
Agriculture
Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture Scale is not Large
Enough
Serious Diversion of Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture
Expenditure for agricultural Capital Construction Is Less
than Other Expenditure - Supporting Agriculture
Suggestions to Decision-Making
Adjust the Targets of Financial Support to Agriculture
Coordinate Policy Operating System and Improve the Efficiency
of Investment
Improve the Supervisory System for Financial Support to
Agriculture to Avoid -Diversion of the Special Fund
Strengthening Governments Role in Financial Support to
Agriculture
Every Local Government Should Integrate Principle with
Flexibility, and Carry -Out Agricultural Invest Project Creatively
IMPLEMENTATION
OF CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN CHINA
The Establishment of Biodiversity Coordinating Body
Establishment of State Coordinating Group
Biodiversity Working Group Under China State
Council for International -Cooperation on Environment and Development
Biodiversity Committee Under Chinese Academy
of Sciences
National University Coordinating Committee on
Biodiversity
Implementation of Article 6, Convention on Biological
Diversity
China Biodiversity Conservation Action
Plan
Report on Biodiversity of China: Country Study
Identification and Monitoring of Biodiversity
Identification
Monitoring
In-situ Conservation
Ex-situ Conservation
Botanical Gardens and Arboretums
Zoos and Breeding Centers for Endangered Animals
Preservation of Germplasm
Resources in Vitro
Research and Training in Biodiversity
Research
Training
Public Education and Awareness
Establishment of China Biodiversity Information
System
Establishment of Biodiversity Information System
Inventory of Biodiversity Information Resources
CONVENTION
ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN ACTION
Planning
China's Agenda 21White Paper on China's
Population, Environment and -Development in the 21st Century
Meteorological Action Program under China's
Agenda 21
Monitoring
China Global Atmospheric Watch Baseline
Observatory
Atmosphere Ozone Monitoring Network
Researches
International cooperation
Active promotion of the Conference of the Parties to the
"UN Framework -Convention on Climate Change"
IPCC Activities
Establishment of the China Committee for Global
Climate Observation System (GCOS)
FOREST PRINCIPLES IN ACTION
Brief Account on Forestry in China
Basic Facts
Historical Evolution of Forest
Specialties of Chinas Forestry
Richness of Biodiversity
Uneven Distribution of Forest
Strong Demand for Forest
Products
Developed Community Forestry
Chinas Forest Issues
Logging of Natural
Forest
Establishment of Forest Plantation
Protection of Natural
Forest
Environmental Protection and Sustainable Forest
Management
Revised Forest Law
Forest-based Ecological Environment Programs
Ten Forestry Programs Prior to 2001:
Three North
Protection Forest
Program
The Protection Forest Program along the Upper and Middle
-Reaches of the Yangtze River
The Coastal Protection
Forest Program
The Plain Greening Program
Taihang Mountain Afforestation
Program
The Protection Forest Program of Middle Reaches of the Yellow River.
The Program of Protection
Forest System in Huaihe River and -Taihu Lake Basin.
The Program of Integrated Management of Protection
Forest -System in Pearl River Basin
The Protection Forest Program in Liaohe River Basin.
The National Program to Combat Desertification.
Newly Launched Six Forestry Integration Programs
The Natural
Forest Protection
Program
The Shelterbelt Development Program in the Three North and
the - Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
The Program of Conversion of Cropland to Forest
and Grassland
The Desertification Control Program for Areas in the Vicinity
of - Beijing
The Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development
-Program
The Forest Industrial Base Development Program in Key Regions
with a Focus on Fast-Growing and High-yielding Timber Plantation
National Development Planning Guideline of Ecological
Environment for China
Theory on Modern Forestry
Perspective of Sustainable Forestry Development in China
Overall Objectives of Forestry Development
Major Targets (see Table 4)
Sustainable Development Strategy for Forestry
International Cooperation
CITES
IMPLEMENTATION IN CHINA:
SUCCESS AND CHALLENGES
Overview of CITES
Permit system
Appendices
Administration
Secretariat
Management Authorities
Scientific Authorities
Conferences of the Parties
Committees
Enforcement
Institutions and legislation to implement CITES in China
Institutions
The Endangered Species Import and Export Management Office
Endangered Species Scientific Commission
Ministry of Agriculture
State Forestry Administration
Legislation
Wildlife law
Regulation for Protection of Wild Plants
Regulation for the Protection and Management of Wild
Medicinal -Resources
Circular on the Trade Ban of Tiger Bone and Rhinoceros Horn
Harmonized wildlife trade control system
Regulations and rules at Provincial level
Research and monitoring
National biodiversity basic research
National baseline survey
Short-term projects
International cooperation
Beijing Statement
Xining Declaration
Challenges
Scientific uncertainty
Bewildered conservation policies
Inadequacy in legislation and enforcement
CHINA’S ACTIVITIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS IN
PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER
National activities of China in protecting the ozone
layer
Ozone observing station net in China
China’s research on global ozone variation
and the Antarctic ozone hole
CHINA’S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION
TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION
National Strategic Objectives To Combat Desertification
Main Projects in the NAP to Combat desertification
Projects to Combat Desertification Caused by Wind Erosion
The 18 national experimental and pilot projects are as
follows
Projects to Combat Desertification Caused by Water Erosion
Soil and water conservation at the middle reaches of the Yellow River
Integrated watershed management of the upper reaches of Guanting, -Miyun and Panjiakou Water Reservoirs
Protective forest systems along the middle reaches of the Yellow River
Comprehensive projects for controlling vegetative degradation
and soil salinization
Rehabilitation of degraded rangelands
Ecological reconstruction projects for rangelands along the
middle and -upper reaches of the Yellow River
water systems
Improvement of salinized lands
Establishment of natural reserves to protect biodiversity
China National Desertification Monitoring
Center and Early Warning System
China National
Training Center for Combating Desertification
China National Research and Development
Centre for Combating Desertification
Guarantee measures to implement the national action programs
Support from the Central Government
National Economic and Social Developmental Plan
Support by policies, laws and regulations
Preparation of National Master Plan to Combat Desertification
Food Security Measures
Social Guarantee measures
Supports by Local Governments
Research, Education, Extension and Dissemination
Scientific research
Education
Technology Extension
Social Participation
Media and Public Awareness
Organization
The CCICCD
The tasks of the Senior Expert Consultant Group are to:
Tasks of the Secretariat of the CCICCD are to:
The Tasks of Provincial Governments (Prefectures and County
level ) are to:
International Cooperation
Fields for Cooperation
Cooperation and exchange
Visitors Exchange and Training
Project consultation and technology transfer
Financial Sources
Attentions and Supports from Central Government
Preparatory Process for China’s NAP and LADP
Local Area Integrated Development Programs (LADP) in the
affected areas
Capacity Building and Public Awareness Rising at
National Level
Background
Objectives of the centers
Working plans of the centers
Planned financial resources of the centers
Output of the activities of the centers
Regional Thematic Network for Desertification Monitoring and
Assessment
Context of TPN1
Rationale
Mission and Mandate
Membership and Partnership of TPN1
Rights and Obligations of TPN1 Members and Partners
Activity
RAMSAR
CONVENTION AND WETLAND CONSERVATION IN CHINA
Legislation and Policies Concerning Wetland Conservation in China
Legislation
National Strategy Concerning Wetland Conservation
China’s Agenda 21A White Paper on China’s
Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century
Forestry Action Plan for China’s Agenda 21
China Biodiversity Conservation Action
Plan
Conservation and Management of Wetlands in China
Conservation of Wetland Biodiversity
Establishment and Development of Wetland Nature Reserves
Wetlands of International Importance in China
Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province
Xianghai Nature Reserve in Jilin Province
Qinghai Birds
Island Nature Reserve
Dongzhaigang Nature Reserve in Hainan Province
Poyang Lake
Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province
Dongting Lake
Nature Reserve in Hunan
Province
Maipo Nature Reserve of Hong
Kong
Control and Prevention of Wetland Pollution
Publicity and Education
Wetland Survey and Scientific Research
International Cooperation and Agreement
Devastating Flooding in 1998 and Enhanced Measures for
Wetland conservation in China
Policy Review and Counter-measures for Ecosystem Management
after the Flooding.
Major Short Term Measures (1999 to 2010)
National Natural
Forest Protection Program
Regulation of Main
Rivers and Lakes
Regional Comprehensive Development Plan
China National Wetland Conservation Action
Plan
Guiding Ideology
Principles in Promulgating the Action Plan
Objectives for National Wetland Conservation Action
General Objective
Short Term Objectives (by 2005 )
Middle-Long Term Objectives ( by 2020 )
NATIONAL
MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION FOR
CAPACITY BUILDING
National policy mechanisms for capacity building
Climate Change Convention
Biodiversity Convention
Convention on desertification
Global Environmental Fund (GEF)
Hygiene and health
Protection of natural resources and studies on their
sustainable utilization
Protection, exploitation and utilization of water resources
Solid waste management
Radioactive waste management
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
China’s Agenda 21
China’s Agenda 21 and round table meeting:
Priority projects
Extensive institutional cooperation
Index of China’s sustainable development and related
assessment methods:
State Action Plan for China’s Biodiversity Protection
Setting up transfer center for Environmentally Sound
Technology
Sustainable development of the regions along the new
Euro-Asia continental bridge China Section)
Demonstration of Eco-Environment Protection and Sustainable
Resource Use in the Qinghai-Lake Region
Development and production of Chinese herbal medicine for
Detoxification for Drug Addicts
Conservation of the natural, social and ecological systems in
the Lugu
Lake area and the
construction of the Mosuo community
China’s affluent housing industry
development in 2000
RESEARCH
AND THEORIES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
Theoretical Research
Concept and Connotation
Economic Dimension
Ecological Dimension
Environmental Dimension
Multi-Dimensions
Foundational Theories
Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem (SENCE) and Human
Ecology
Geo-systems Science and Man-Land Relationship
Developmental Ecology
Methodological Research
Single Indicator
Indicators or Index System
Related Issues of Developing Indicators
Experimental Research
Multi-use of Resources
Demonstration and Diffusion
Homestead Garden
Eco-Village
Eco-County
Eco-City
Eco-Development for Nature Conservation
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
Cooperation, Integration, Alliances, and Regimes
The Origin and Evolution of International Organizations
The Political Dimension
The Functional Dimension
A New Agenda Emerges
The UN
The Environment Emerges
The UN Becomes Involved: UNCHE
New Urgency?
UNCED
TOWARD
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
Evolving Ideas and Definitions of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
Historical Attitudes toward Sustainable Forest
Management
Earliest Attitudes
Medieval Attitudes
Early Industrial Attitudes
Twentieth Century Attitudes
Brief Definitions of Sustainable Forest
Management
Processes to Define SFM
The Forest Stewardship Council’s Principles
ITTO Guidelines for SFM
The Helsinki
Process (C&I for European Countries)
First Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe:
Second Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in
Europe
First Expert Level Followup Meeting
of the Helsinki
Conference
Second Expert Level Followup
Meeting of the Helsinki
Conference
The International Seminar on Criteria and Indicators (ISCI)
The Third Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests
in Europe
Structure of European C&I
The Montreal
Process
Comparison of the Different Processes
Establishing that SFM Exists
Government Regulation
Industry Self-regulation
Third-Party Regulation and Monitoring
SUSTAINABLE
MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE
The Mountains of Europe
Key Values of the Mountains
Sustainable Mountain Development: A New Priority
Defining Sustainable Mountain Development
Priorities from the European Intergovernmental Consultation
Priorities from the European Nongovernmental Consultation
Activities Connected with Sustainable Mountain Development in
Europe
Initiatives Within Pan-European Institutions and
Organizations
Initiatives within European Union Institutions
Cooperation in the Alps: A
Model for Other Regions?
National Activities and Actions
New Laws
New Policies
New Institutions
New Funding and Projects
Looking Forward and Upward
PROMOTING
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The Meaning of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
in Europe
Rural Regions in Europe
Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
Constraints on Sustainable Development in Rural Regions
The Restructuring of Agriculture
Rural Socioeconomic Processes of Change
Indicators of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
Promoting Sustainable Agriculture
Promoting Sustainable Rural Development
The Effects of Policies Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and
Rural Development
Agricultural Effects
Rural Development Effects
PROTECTION
OF THE QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES
Background
Objectives of Agenda 21 in the Context of River Basins
Pressures on the Water Environment in Europe
State of the Water Environment in Europe
Responses to Pressures on the Water Environment
LOCAL
AUTHORITIES’ INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21
The Nature of Sustainable Development in a Local Government
Context
Central-Local Relations
Ambient Conditions: The Case for Sustainability Planning
Responses to the Sustainability Challenge
The Current State of Play
Finland
The Netherlands
Sweden
Norway
UK
Germany
Poland
Southern Europe
Reflection
STRENGTHENING
THE ROLE OF FARMERS
Agriculture in Economy and Society
From Industrialization to Globalization in Agriculture
The Industrialization of Agriculture
The Globalization of Agriculture
The Limits to Sustainable Agriculture in Europe
The Socioeconomic Dimensions
The Environmental Dimensions
The Food Health/Safety Dimensions
Toward a more Sustainable Agriculture
Farmer Response to the Market and Reregulation
Farmer Response to the Market
Farmer Response to Reregulation
TRANSFER
TO AND WITHIN EUROPE’S RURAL AREAS
The Role and Forms of Transfer in Rural Areas in the Past
The General Approach to Transfer and Transfer in Rural Areas
The Second Agricultural Revolution
The Evolution of Transfer in Relation to Agricultural
Intensification
New Challenges and New Forms of Transfer in Rural Society
Consequences and Limits of the Second Agricultural Revolution
The New Faces of Rural Society
From the Farmer to the Farm Entrepreneur
Human-Rich Deserts
and Human-Poor
Deserts
The World of Intermediary Farm Holdings
The Development of Professional Farming Organizations and
Farming Lobbies
Differentiating Between Rural Regions
New Challenges for Rural Society
New Stakes for Innovation and Transfer
Evolution of Support Policies
Evolution of Agricultural Policies
The Emergence of Rural Development Policies
Transfer in Rural Areas Today
Transfer by Reproduction and Locally Conceived Transfer
Transfer Cycle
Transfer and Connections
Vectors and Tools of Transfer
Transfer in Rural Areas in Economic and Social Decline
EXPLORING
PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE LIVING : EMANCIPATORY ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Social Instruments in Environmental Policymaking
Environmental Education
A Brief History
Interpretations of Environmental Education
Reconnecting with Nature versus Environmental Problem Solving
Education versus Training
Ideological Underpinnings of Environmental Education
Emancipatory Environmental Education
Criteria for Emancipatory
Environmental Education
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS COVERING THE WORLD’S FORESTS
Growing Perception of Global Problems
Perception of Tropical Forestry Problems
Perception of Temperate Latitude Problems
The Problems Set in the Context of Changing Values
UN Conference on Environment and Development, and Beyond
The Approach to UNCED 1992
The Outcome of UNCED
Agenda 21
The Rio Declaration on Environment
and Development
The Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles
for a -Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable
-Development of all Types of Forests
The Convention on Biological Diversity
Framework Convention on Climate Change
Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries
Experiencing Serious - Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
Decision on the Establishment of the Commission on
Sustainable -Development
Progress Since UNCED
Global Progress
Activity by European Nations
Adequacy of International Agreements on Forestry
Agreements that Ensure Conservation and Sustainable use of
Forests
Improved Planning and Control of Land-use Changes
More and Improved Transparent Information about Forests
Improved Public Participation
Protecting the Civil Rights of Forest-Dwelling Peoples
Developing World Trade
PEACE
AND SECURITY
The Nature of Power and the Origin of Security
A Question of Perspectives
A New Orientation
Perceptions and Threats
The Utility of Military Power
Environmental Security
Threats without Enemies
THE
ETHICS OF SUSTAINABILITY
Ethics and Agenda 21
Sustainability in the European Context
Sustainability and Value
Why Ethics is Important
The Need for Ethical Debate
Dimensions of Considerability
The Role of Development
Development and the Environment
Pragmatism—A Matter of Necessity
Ethical Constraints
Rival Conceptions of the Good Life
Further Dimensions
Ethics and Sustainable Development
Ethics as a Means
The Conditions of Morality
Communitarianism
The Idea of Environment
Education, Citizenship, and Civil Society
SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORT IN EUROPE
Transport Trends in Europe
The Impact of Transport
Social Impact
Environmental Impact
Economic Impact
Policy Options
Technology
Restrictive Policies
Economic Incentives
Improving Public Transport
Encouraging Benign Modes of Travel
Land Use Planning
Promoting Attitudinal Change
Sustainable Transport at the European Level
RESORT EUROPE: THE LIMITS OF MASS TOURISM AND THE RISE OF
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
The Sustainable Tourism Paradigm
Tourist Pressures in Resort Europe
Europe’s Playgrounds: The Mediterranean and
The Alps
Urban and Rural Tourism
The Impact of Tourism and its Challenges to Environmental
Management
Tourism and Traditional Ways of Life
The Application of the Principles of Sustainable Tourism: Key
Concepts and Issues
Key Concepts
Key Issues
Sustainable Approaches in Action: Examples of Best Practice
Self-Regulation
Integrating Environmental Management
Marketing and Eco-Labeling
Traffic and Visitor Management in Destination Areas
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Last Update: 01 March 2007
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