ENCYCLOPEDIA OF REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEWS

REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW: JAPAN

Land, people, and environment

Geography

Population trends

Urbanization

Changes in agricultural land use

Changes to forest and wetland

Changes of coast and sea

Kogai: public nuisance

Changes in environmental attitudes

The situation during the 1990s, and after

Land management

Urbanization

Changes in rural areas

Changes in mountain areas

Resource management

Energy resources

Water resources

Ocean resources

Waste management

National efforts for sustainable development

Basic Environment Law

Basic Environment Plan

Towards a "recycle-oriented" society

Budget

International co-operation

Overseas development aid

Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN)

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA)

The Kyoto Protocol

Participation of local governments

Participation of the scientific community

Participation of the business community

Participation of citizens and environmental NGOs

Citizens

Environmental NGOs and NPOs

Towards domestic and global sustainable development

Future population trends

Environmental technology and its transfer

Education and environment

The roles of Japan in the twenty-first century

CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERN

Objectives of this article

Background

Industrys environmental countermeasures

Mass consumption

“Ecological Rucksack" and "Ecological footprint"

Analysis of the household carbon dioxide emissions

Driving forces Industry

Communication with consumers

Perception of Global Environmental Issues

Driving forces-consumers

Trust in Industry

Green Consumers

Gaps between consumers needs and the attributes of the environmentally friendly products

Changing Society

DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS IN JAPAN

Fertility Transition and Nuptiality Change

Mortality Improvement

Urbanization and Internal Migration

International Labor Migration

Population Aging and Policy Responses

Trends and Levels of Population Aging

Prospects of Population Aging

Socioeconomic Consequences of Population Aging

PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN HEALTH IN JAPAN

General Issues

Health and Welfare Administration

Administrative Reform

Decentralization of Government Power

Changes in Roles of Public Health Centers

Other Issues in Health and Welfare Administration

Medical System

Medical Personnel and Care Facilities

Health Insurance System and Medical Expenditures

Aging Society

Public Long-Term Care Insurance Program

Decline in Child Population

Angel Plan

Control of Communicable Diseases in Japan

Emerging / Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Japan

Tuberculosis

Influenza

Salmonella

HIV and AIDS

Verocytotoxin-Producing E Coli Infection

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Gonorrhea

Genital Chlamydial Infection (GCI)

Genital Herpes

Other Major Infectious Diseases Currently Controlled in Japan

Measles

Diphtheria

Poliomyelitis

People with Disabilities

Current Status

Overview

Residence

Education

Employment

Government Action Plan

Future Issues

Child Abuse in Japan

Current Status

Key Issues and Suggestions

Duty of Reporting

Hotlines

Intervention of CGC

Standardized, Quality Management

Urban Health Challenge

Current Topics in Occupational Safety and Health

"Karoshi"

Suicides

Occupational Accidents and Diseases

Occupational Health Administration

History

Health Examination

Total Health Promotion Plan

Environmental Pollution and Hazards

Living Environment

Water

General Waste and Industrial Waste

Environmental Risk Assessment and Environmental Risk Management

Environmental Destruction

Pollution Diseases

Air Pollution

Environmental Administration Policies in Japan

History

Basic Environment Plan

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN

Current Status of the Biotechnology Products Accepted in Japan

Food, Feed and Renewable Raw Materials

Crops

Livestock

Forest and Aquatic Products

Microorganisms

Improvement in Human Health

The management carried out for Biotechnology Techniques in Japan

Background

The Present Condition of the Management in Japan

Laboratory Level

Industrial Level

Public Acceptance in Japan

PROTECTION OF OCEANS AND THEIR LIVING RESOURCES

The marine environment around Japan

Changes in the marine environment

Topographic changes--Increases in reclaimed land and artificially altered -coastlines

Marine pollution

Hazardous chemicals

Eutrophication

Damage to fisheries by pollution

Changes in living resources

Living resources around Japan

Fluctuations in pelagic fishes

Changes in coastal resources

Case studies

Tokyo Bay

The Seto Inland Sea

Environmental protection

The viewpoint on the protection of marine environment

Characteristics of the seas and environmental protection

Marine environmental monitoring and environmental impact assessment

International partnership and cooperation

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS

Present State of Groundwater Pollution

Remediation for Organochlorines

Availability of Technology

Soil Excavation and Groundwater Extraction

Dual Extraction

Bioremediation

Maintenance Free Technology

Nitrogen Pollution

Natural Abundance of Nitrogen

Acidification due to Fertilizer Application

How to Identify Nitrogen Source

Feasible Option for Nitrate Pollution

Summary

LOCAL AUTHORITIES INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21

Overview Of  Local Agenda 21

What Is Local Agenda 21?

Local Agenda 21 Formulation In The World

Local Agenda 21 in Japan

Public Participation

Institution of Measurable Targets

Implementation System

Impacts

Case Study 1 - Toyonaka City

Abstract

Importance of Project

Public Participation

Action Approach

Consistency with Administrative Policy

Setting Concrete Measurable Targets

Follow-up

Impacts

Ongoing Issues

Case Study 2 - Kanagawa Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture

Abstract

Importance of Project

Public Participation

Consistency with Local Natural Characteristics

Impacts

Ongoing Issues

Case Study 3 - Shiki City (Saitama Prefecture)

Abstract

Importance of Project

Public Participation

Principles and Aims

Dealing with Environmental Issues

Setting Concrete Measurable Targets

Follow-up

Impacts

Ongoing Issues

Case Study 4 - Iida City (Nagano Prefecture)

Abstract

Importance of Project

Public Participation

Investigator (Environmental Watcher) System

Establishment of Guidelines for Environmental Consideration by District

Measures

Setting Concrete Measurable Targets

School Woods System

Impacts

Ongoing Issues

Case Study 5 - Hino City (Tokyo Metropolitan Area)

Abstract

Importance of Issue

Public Initiative

Subcommittees

Setting Concrete Measurable Targets

Impacts

EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING

Education

General Information about Education in Japan

Brief History of Environmental Education in Japan

Trail for Environmental Education before UNCED

Handbook "Guidance for Environmental Education Teaching"

Environmental Education in the Course of Study of 1989

Trial for Enforcement of Environmental Education after UNCED

Environmental Education in the Reports of Central Council for Education

Environmental Education in the Report of the Curriculum Council, 1997

Public Awareness

National Governments initiative in Enhancing Public Awareness

The Biodiversity Center of Japan

Environmental Partnership Office

Local Governments Initiative in Enhancing Public Awareness

Other Activities for Enhancing Public Awareness

Junior Eco Club

Junior Eco Club Asia Conference

Pupils Meeting for Global Warming Prevention

Supporting Voluntary Activities

Training for Managing Environment

Training by Business and Industry

Environmental Training Organized for Workers and Laborers

Skill Training for Employees such as Internship, In-service Training, and - Job-training

Training for Teachers

Teacher Training

Organizations related with Teacher Training

Issues and Perspectives

Major Issues or Problems in Environmental Education

Perspective on Environmental Education

NATIONAL MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR CAPACITY BUILDING

General Scheme of Capacity Building in Japan

Governmental Organizations for Capacity Building

General

Ministry of the Environment (MOE)

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW)

Other Ministries

Research Institutions

General

National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Center for Environmental Science in Saitama

Formal Education in Japan

General

Universities and Colleges

Junior Colleges

Special Training Colleges

Colleges of Technology

Graduate Schools

University Research Institutes

Acceptance of Foreign Students in Formal Education

Environmental Training for Japanese Experts

General

Japan Environmental Sanitation Center (JESC)

Japan Sewage Works Agency (JSWA)

Japan Education Center for Environmental Sanitation (JECES)

Japan Environmental Measurement and Chemical Analysis Association -(JEMCA)

Energy Conservation Center (ECCJ)

Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry (JEMAI)

Japan Consultant Engineer Association (JCEA)

International Cooperation for Capacity Building

General

Training of Japanese Experts

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV)

Foundation for Advanced Study on International Development (FASID)

Institute of Developing Economies (IDE)

Engineering Consulting Firms Association (ECFA)

Training of Foreign Experts

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Japan International Training Cooperation Organization (JITCO)

Kitakyushu International Techno-Cooperative Association (KITA)

Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship (AOTS)

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS IN JAPAN

Japans Initiatives in Response to International Movements in Environmental Conservation

Response to International Environmental Treaties and Conventions

"Voluntary Action" by Industries

COP3 and Climate Change Policy

Present condition of the GHGs emission

Target of the present policy

Policy implementation and problems

Amendment and new legislation

Response in the private sector

Policy recommendation

Bio-Diversity and Forest Conservation

Response and policy in biodiversity conservation

International forest conservation

Present condition of biodiversity conservation in Japan

Policy recommendation

Improving management in the existing protected areas

Conserving new areas

Voluntary Action in the Industrial Sector and Citizens as "Green Consumers"

The change in industrys attitude to environmental problems

Environmental initiatives by "Keidanren"

ISO 14001 Environmental Management System

The effect of ISO 14001 Environmental Management System

Citizens as "Green Consumers"

INFORMATION FOR DECISION-MAKING

Objective

Bridging the Data Gap

Improving Availability of Information

Information on pressures on the environment

Overview

Standardized Pollutant Release Inventories in Japan

Pilot project of Environment Agency of Japan (EAJ)

Evaluation of the project

Information managed by government

National government

Administrative information of the EAJ

Environmental Information Center of the National Institute for -Environmental Studies (NIES)

Local governments

Prefectural level

Municipal level

Environmental information reporting by private companies

Outlines based on several surveys

Detailed analysis in the electrical appliance industry

Towards an improved situation

Historical changes in the environmental information system

Development of indicators for evaluating environmental protection measures

Outline on the development of environmental indicators in Japan

Contents of the indicators

Promotion of Administrative Information Provision and Disclosure

Information provision

Information disclosure

FORESTRY PRINCIPLES AND JAPAN

Forestry Principles and Forestry in Japan

Active Participation in IFF

Setting a Model Forest

Promotion of Forest and Forestry Cooperation

Forest/Forestry Cooperation through International Organizations

Basic Survey and Training for Preservation of Tropical Forest

Contribution of Japanese Enterprises to Afforestation in Foreign Countries

Problem of Global Warming and Correspondence of the Japanese Forest Administration

Decision of the Global Warming Countermeasure Promotion Outline

Role of Forest, Forestry and Lumber Industry for Prevention of Global Warming

Present Condition of Japanese Forestry and Mountain Villages

Composition of Japanese Forest

The Stagnation of Japanese Forestry

The Influence of Forestry Stagnation in Japan

Problems of Depopulation, Aging and Area Maintenance in Mountain Village Area

Problem of Forest Workers

Problem of Insufficient Control of Forest and Neglect of Forest

Influence on the Preservation of Global Environment

Building of a Watershed Management System and its Subject

Forest and Forestry in the National Development Plan

AGREEMENTS: RIO DECLARATION

Objectives

Activity or Pressure

Japans position in the international community

Japans dependency on overseas for natural resources, especially energy resources

Growing awareness inside Japan

Japan's anticipation for emission reduction credits for greenhouse gases

State, Detection and Diagnosis of Situation

Laws out of date

Institutional constraints

Role of various stakeholders in the community

Correction and Response

Legislation at national level

Basic Environment Law

Basic Environment Plan

National Agenda 21 Action Plan

Environmental impact assessment

Legal follow-up regarding international efforts

Integration with economic planning

National Land Development

Waste management

Environment and Trade

Initiative of local governments and other actors

Local authorities

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Business and Industry

Scientific and technological community

Women, youth and indigenous people

Cooperation at international / regional level

Environmental Congress for Asia and the Pacific (ECO-Asia)

Asia-Pacific Seminar on Climate Change

Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN)

Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET)

UN Economic and Social Committee for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

The Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the -Environment (UNGASS)

Special needs of the least developed countries

Technology Transfer

GLOBAL FORUM NGO TREATIES: LINKING JAPAN TO THE WORLD

The Pre-UNCED Period (1990-1992)

The "UNCED Process" in Japan

Networking among Japanese NGOs

The Establishment of the Peoples Forum for UNCED

Activities and Events leading up to UNCED

Relationships with the Government

During UNCED

Japanese NGOs at the Global Forum

Participating Japanese NGOs

Activities of Japanese NGOs at the Japan Peoples Center

The Peoples Voice of Japan

"Earth Charter and Agenda 21" proposed by the Japanese NGOs

 "I have the Earth in Mind, the Earth has Me in Hand"

 Policy Report

NGO Treaties and Japanese NGOs

What did the Japanese NGOs achieve at UNCED?

The Post-UNCED Period

Follow-up Activities

Activities at the International Level

Activities at the National Level

Relationships with the Japanese Government

The National Agenda 21 Action Plan

 Financial Assistance from the Japanese Government to NGOs

Lessons Learned from UNCED: Survey Results

Assessment

Agenda for the Future

THE VIEW OF NATURE IN JAPANESE LITERATURE

Four Types of the View of Nature

The State of the View of Nature in Pre-modern Japanese Literature

The Ancient Age (to 794)

The Classical Age (794-1185)

The Medieval Age (1185-1600)

The Early Modern Age (1600-1867)

The Res3.4. The Early Modern Age (1600-1867)

The Meiji Period (1868-1912)

The Taisho and Early Showa Period (1912-1940s)

The Postwar and Economic Growth Period (since 1950s)

The Experience of Unfamiliar Nature

The Recognition of the Indigenous Human-Nature Relations

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION AND SOCIETY: A SOCIO-CULTURAL ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE FROM JAPAN

What is sustainability?

The Awakening of a symbiotic and harmonious society

Characteristics of 20th century civilization

A critique of the previous development pattern

Two approaches toward sustainability

A historical perspective on Japanese agriculture and resource management

Sustainable agriculture and civilization

Socio-cultural evolution - ecological life in the rice plant

Violence of modern agriculture blending with the Green Revolution

Organic agricultural movement and alternative direct marketing

Alternative activities - changing the consumption pattern

Transformation of Modern Development

Critique and turning point in the modern Japanese system

Questions about the modern production system

The need for more comprehensive perspectives for a sustainable society

Socio-economic sector and sustainable society

FUTURE SCENARIOS: PREDICTING OUR ENVIRONMENTAL FUTURE

2005: Overwhelmed with Waste

Restriction of Waste Incineration toward Complete Separation

Serious Shortage of Final Waste Disposal Sites and Continuation of Illegal -Dumping

 2010: Expected and Unexpected Costs of the Twentieth Century

Fulfilling the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target of the Kyoto Protocol Becomes Difficult

Genetic and Reproductive Abnormalities Attributable to Dioxins and Other -Chemical Substances

Increasing Ultra-violet Radiation

Worldwide Food Crisis

2020: Energy Dependency and Insecurity in Asia-Pacific Region

Energy Crisis and its Effects in Japan

2030: Limited Metals and Untoward Effects of the Technology

Total Recovery of Lead and Mercury Required

Soil Contamination by Electronic Equipment

2050: Global Environmental Change and Human Challenges

The Decrease of Crude Oil Production and Reliance on Nuclear Power

Solar Power Satellites and Growth of the Space Industry

Impacts of global warming are visually apparent

REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW: RUSSIA

Protection and rational usage of natural resources

Mineral resources

Bioresources and conservation of biological diversity

Water resources and their protection

Protection of the atmosphere

Management of land resources and promotion of sustainable agriculture

Wastes as resources for sustainable development

Human resources

Demographic dynamics

Protection and promotion of human health

Combating poverty

Strengthening the role of major groups

Gender situation in Russia: women towards sustainable and equitable -development

Children and youth

Indigenous people and their communities

Technology and information resources

Science and technology in transition to sustainability

Information and communication resources

Institutional resources for sustainable development

Education

International co-operation

Strengthening the multistakeholders dialog

NATURAL RESOURCES AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: BIORESOURCES

Biological Resources of Plant Origin

Forest Vegetation

Forest Fund Characteristics.

Grassy and Fruticulose Non-Forest Vegetation

Usage of Wild Medicinal, Technical and Food Resources.

Biological Resources of Animal Origin

Terrestrial Vertebrate Animals

Invertebrate Animals

Hunting Resources

Measures for Conservation of Game Animal Resources

Aquatic Biological Resources

Assessment of the Condition of Aquatic Biological Resources

Use of Fish Resources within the 200-mile Zone and the Continental -Shelf

Use of Freshwater Fish Resources.

Use of Non-Fish Marine Produce

NATURAL RESOURCES AS A BASE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: WATER RESOURCES

Surface Water Resources of Russia

Caspian Sea

The Azov Sea Basin

The Extreme North

The Rivers of Russia

Use and Quality of Surface Water Resources

Groundwater Resources: Their Quality and Use

PROTECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Quality of Atmospheric Air and the Level of Local Pollution

Influence of the Main Branches of Economy on the Quality of Atmospheric Air

 Industry

Transport

Ecological Consequences of Pollution of Atmospheric Air

Local Effects

Global Effects

Condition of the Ozone Layer in Russia

Global Warming in Russia

Transboundary Pollution of Air and Acid Rains

Some Methods of Protection of the Atmosphere Used in Russia

PROTECTION OF THE OCEANS AND THEIR LIVING RESOURCES

Russian Seas of the Arctic Ocean

 Sources and Transport of Pollutants

 Chemical Pollution

 Russian Seas of the Pacific Ocean (Far Eastern Seas)

The Bering Sea

The Sea of Okhotsk

The Sea of Japan

Russian Seas of the Atlantic Ocean

The Baltic Sea

The Black Sea

The Sea of Azov

The State of the Russian Seas

Strategy of the Ocean and Living Resources Protection

Future Tasks of Ecological Investigations and Monitoring of Marine Environment

GENERAL APPROACH TO PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND RESOURCES

Worlds Land Resources

Land Resources of Russia

General Principles of Sustainable Use of Land Resources

COMBAT DESERTIFICATION, DEFORESTATION AND DROUGHT

Desertification and Drought in Russia

Deforestation in Russia

Specific Features of Russia Distinguishing it from Other Countries Subject to -Desertification and Drought

Main Directions of Combat against Desertification and Drought: Reforestation in Russia.

Legal and Normative Basis

Creation of a Network of Institutes, Enterprises and Organs

Development of Scientific Research

Collection and Analysis of Information

Elaboration of Program of Actions

Concrete Works on Fight against Soil Salinization, Sand Fixation and Forest -Reclamation are Fulfilled

Training of Personnel and Keeping the Public Informed

International Cooperation

Development of Scientific Research

The Most Important Tasks for the Near Perspective

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN RUSSIA

Current Status and Problems of Biodiversity Conservation in Russia

Russian National Biodiversity Program

National Legislation on Biodiversity Conservation

WASTES AS RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The Origins and the Essense of the Problem.

Case studies

Wastes of mining and power industry.

Solid Household Wastes

Pulling down buildings and processing of construction wastes

Means of solution and possibilities for the Russian Federation.

WASTES AND PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Classification of Wastes

Classification by Aggregative State

Classification by Cause of Waste Formation

Classification by the Stages of Production Cycle

Classification by Chemical Composition

Classification by Classes of Danger

Classification by Methods of Waste Application

Problems of Waste Storage and Recycling

Typical Wastes and Methods for their Recycling and Regeneration

Paper Rubbish

Waste Wood

Textile Wastes

Used Automobile Tires

Exhaust Oil Products and Oily Wastes

Polymeric Wastes

Mercury-Containing Lamps

Ash-Cindery Wastes

Solid Domestic Wastes

SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN RUSSIA

Types and Inventories of Radioactive Waste

Disposal of Liquid Radioactive Waste

Current Practice of the Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management

New Technologies of High-Level Radioactive Waste Conditioning

Conceptual Approach to Solution of the Problem of High-Level Radioactive Waste Safe - Geological Disposal

 Selection of Sites and Conditions for High-Level Radioactive Waste Geological -Disposal

ECONOMIC REFORM AND INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITIES INTO ECONOMIC AND SECTORAL POLICIES IN RUSSIA AND THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES

Economic reform and sustainable development

Major economy-environment nexus issues

Measuring comprehensive human development

Towards closer ties between ministries of environment and ministries of economy

Some suggested areas of further cooperation among CIT

PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN HEALTH

Health of the Population of Russia: Modern Problems and Tendencies

Social Policy and Health Improvement

COMBATING POVERTY IN RUSSIA

The notion and definition of poverty.

Poverty line definition

Poverty line in Russia.

Poverty measure.

The extent of poverty.

Composition of the poor and factors determining poverty.

Fighting poverty.

GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable Development Concept: Russian Realities

Specific Features of Womens Position

Womens Position as an Indicator of Crisis of Patriarchal Culture

Gender Grounds for the Development of World Culture

Specific Features of Russia

Expectations and Prospects

Democratization Through "Feminization"

Family and Gender Policy

Russia as a Multinational State

Practical Steps

Toward Sustainable Development

Prerequisites

CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Historic analysis of the problem

The present state of the problem of sustainable development of children and youth

Health of children and youth

Education of children and youth

Child pre-school establishments

General schools

Out-of-school education of children

Children and family

Economic welfare

Youth at labor market

Drug addiction and alcoholism among children and youth

Crime among children and youth

Perspectives for sustainable development of children and youth

RECOGNIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THEIR COMMUNITIES

Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North on the Brink of the Third Millennium

Population

Economy

State Policy

Perspectives of Indigenous People Development

EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING IN RUSSIA

Historical, social and legal aspects of ecological education in Russia.

Ecological education in state educational Institutions.

Higher educational institutions

Average and special educational institutions.

Comprehensive schools and additional general educational establishments.

Preschool ecological education.

Ecological education in libraries, museums and Reserves of Russia

Ecological education and public ecological Organizations

Ecological education and a mass-media.

A general status of ecological awareness in Russia.

MEASUREMENTS IN DECISION-MAKING

Five Different Methodologies in Decision-Making.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT)

Outranking Relations

Analytical Hierarchy Approach

Verbal Decision Analysis

Different Operations of Measurement

Operations with Criteria as Items

Operations with Alternative Estimation by Criteria

Operations with alternatives

Verbal and Numerical Probabilities

In Which Form Do People Prefer to Give and Receive the Evaluations?

The Comparison of Pro and Contra

Experimental Comparison

Preference Reversal

Comparative Verbal Probabilities

Importance of Measurement in Practical Decision Tasks

Replacement of Qualitative Evaluations by Numbers

Sensitivity Check

The Correspondence of Measurement and Type of Problem

The Base for Qualitative Measurements

Case-Study: An Application of the Method ZAPROS for R&D Evaluation

DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY IN RUSSIA

Zero-waste technology

Carbonate and cement production from nepheline

Galvanic production

Principal and auxiliary processes

Impacts of industrial activity

The energy sector

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF GROUND TECHNOLOGY

Zero-waste technology

Carbonate and cement production from nepheline

Galvanic production

Principal and auxiliary processes

Impacts of industrial activity

The energy sector

SMALL HIGH-TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable Development and Science

Definition of Sustainable Development

The Role of Science in Sustainable Development

Outline of the Relationship between Science and Sustainable Development

Particular Features of Science and Enterprise Development in Russia

Russian Science and High-Technology Business

Implementation of Scientific Developments

Psychological Factors

Economic Factors

Organisational Factors

Russia and the Paradigm of Sustainable Development

Small High-Technology Business

Definition of Small High-Technology Business

The Role of Small Business in Sustainable Development

Particular Features of Small Hi-Tech Business

Framework for the Implementation of Scientific Developments

Forms of Hi-Tech Production

Independent Production

Production under Licence

Joint Venture

Strategic Alliance

Particular Features of Small Hi-Tech Business

Particular Features of Small High-Technology Concerns

Criteria for Small-Scale High-Technology Products

Comparison of Research and Enterprise Activities

The Relationship of Small High-Technology Business to Sustainable Development

The Regulatory Mechanism for Small High-Technology Business

Feedback loop between Small High-Technology Business and Community

Organisation and Self Organisation of Small Hi-Tech Business

STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF WORKERS AND THEIR TRADE UNIONS

A Short History of Development of Labor and Trade Union Movement in Russia

Trade Unions and Labor Movement in Present Public and State System of Russia

Legal Basis of Trade Unions Activity

Trade Unions Functions in Social and Economic Life of the Country

About the Role of International Labor Standards in Lawmaking and Law -Protecting Activity of Trade Unions

Rules and Mechanisms of Trade Unions Regulation of their External Relations

Problems Facing Trade Unions

Perspectives of Development of Labor and Trade Union Movement in the Twenty-first Century

SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Russian Science during the Transition to a Market Economy

The Economic Significance of Science

Science and Social Stability

Science and the Informatization of Society

Science and International Cooperation

Problems of Reforming the R&D Sector in Russia

TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN -RUSSIA

Russia's technological sector: structure and management

Russia's technological complex in the transition period

Opportunities of scientific and technological complex and prospects for development of innovation

INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

The role of information in sustainable development

Efficiency of information dissemination

Information resources

A paperless society?

The Infosphere

TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE CHANGES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA

Historical Survey

State of Affairs in the Field of Telecommunications in the USSR before 1991

The Program of Telecommunications Developments in the USSR on the Period 19902005

New Economic Conditions: Demand Exceeds Supply

The Program of Telecommunications Developments in Russia for 19932010

Today State of Affairs in Russian Telecommunications

Some Prognoses of Telecommunications Developments in Russia

HIGH TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH CARE IN RUSSIA

Information Technologies

Lasers in Medicine.

Sorption Methods in Medicine

Artificial Organs and Tissues

Artificial Heart and Electric Cardiac Pacemaker

Artificial Liver

Artificial Bone Tissue

Membrane Technology

Hemodialyzer as an Artificial Kidney

Membrane Oxygenator as an Artificial Lung

Water Purification

Biotechnological Methods in Drug Production

Achievements in Immunobiotechnology

Creation of Modern Vaccines

Production and utilization of monoclonal antibodies

Isotopes in Diagnostics and Therapy

Radioactive Isotopes in Diagnostics and Therapy

Stable Isotopes in Diagnostics

Ultrasonic Techniques

TECHNOLOGY OF EXPLORATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Stages of Development of Natural Resources

Natural Resource Management, Utilization and Conservation: The State-of-the Art

Mineral Resources

Primary Material Resources

Fuel and Energy Sources

Directions and Prospects for the Development of Mineral Reserves and Resources in the Twenty-first Century

Strategy for Mutual Development of Natural Resources and People

PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Modernization of Agriculture and its Problems

Summery of Japanese Agriculture

Traditional Agricultural System in Japan

Modernization of Japanese Agriculture

Agricultural Land Infrastructure Development and Modernization of Agriculture

Transition of Productivity Enhancement and Management in Agriculture

Agricultural Modernization and Issues in Agriculture and Rural Areas

Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture in Japan

Development of Measures for Sustainable Agriculture in Japan

Conservation Oriented Agriculture in Japan

Technical Aspects of Conservation Oriented Agriculture

Economic and Social Aspects of Conservation Oriented Agriculture

State of Implementation of Conservation Oriented Agriculture in Japan

Characteristics of Conservation Oriented Agriculture in Japan

Typology of Conservation Oriented Agriculture

The Case of Conservation Oriented Agriculture

Agricultural Productivity as a Motivating Factor - The Case of Miura City, Kanagawa Prefecture

Degradation of the Local Environment as a Motivating Factor – The Case of Kagamihara City, Gifu Prefecture

Responding to Consumers and Markets – The Case of Sasakami Village, Niigata Prefecture

Promotion of Rural Areas in Japan

Fostering of Future Farmers

Application of Agricultural Multiple Functions

Conservation of Local Resources and Reviving of Rural Communities

Conservation of Hilly and Mountainous Areas

Advantages and Problems of Sustainable Agriculture and Development of Rural Areas in Japan

PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA. STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF FARMERS

Soil-climatic, relief and weather conditions in the main agricultural zones.

Natural conditions and the crop yield.

Role of AIC in Russian economy and its state-of-the-art.

The main causes of Russian agriculture crisis state.

The ways of Russian agriculture reformation.

Social and economic factors of effective land use.

The role of Government regulation in AIC development.

PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY

Conceptual Background of Intellectual Property Management in Russia

Intellectual Property and Intellectual Product

General Principles of Intellectual Property Management

Right protection of Intellectual Property in a Real Sector of the Economy of Russia and USSR

Historical Information

The United Patent Form of Invention Protection in Russia

State Regulation of the Economic Relations Concerning Intellectual Property and -Technology Commercialization in Russia

EVOLUTION OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN RUSSIA

Historical background

Forest resources

Mineral resources

Land ownership

Current public natural resource management

Areas of improvement in natural resource management

Natural resource accounting and evaluation in Russia

Limitation and Licensing of Natural Resource Use

Economic and financial mechanisms

STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF NGOS IN RUSSIA: PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

History of the Issue

Modern State of Russian Environmental Movement development

Power Bodies and Environmental Movement Partnership

Case-Studies

LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21

Objectives, Possibilities and Mechanisms of Sustainable Development at Different -Levels of Natural-Social Systems

The main UN documents defining the activity of local authorities

The main international organizations of local authorities and their activity

Activities of local authorities in Russia to support Agenda 21

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

Strategies and Priorities of Russian Federation in International Environmental -Cooperation

Cooperation with International Organizations

Participation in International Conventions and Agreements

Institutional Arrangements for Bilateral Cooperation

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE

Constitutional Provisions

The Principle of International Law Priority

Russias Participation in International Cooperation on Environmental Issues

Declarations of the UN Conferences

The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment (1972)

The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Conventions for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna 1985 and Montreal 1987)

The Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

The Convention on Biological Diversity

The Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage

Russias Participation in International Conferences

Russias Participation in International Environmental Organizations

The International Covenant on Environment and Development

DISARMAMENT AND CONVERSION

Conversion for Sustainable Development

Disarmament, Conversion and Sustainable Development in the Framework of the Global Problems

Global Problems - Agenda for Survival

Some Concepts and Definitions of Conversion.

Conversion in Russian Federation.

Soviet Military - Industrial Complex: Russia's Troublesome Legacy.

General Plan and Implementation of Conversion in Russia.

Legal and Organizational Principles of Conversion in Russia.

Conversion in Russian Space Program (High Technology Conversion)

Case Studies (Conversion in Russia Compared with Conversion in Some Other Countries)

INTERACTION OF BRANCHES OF POWER IN TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Making of Environmental Policy in Russia

Historic origins

Conceptual Norms of Socialist Resource Utilization.

Legal Principles and Mechanisms of Implementation of Environmental

Priority Problems of Branches of Power Responsible for Transition to Sustainable Development.

Environmental Norms in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in the -Standing Legislative Documents

Implementation of National Strategy of Transition to Sustainable Development.

Environmental Education on Service of Branches of Power Responsible for -Transition to Sustainable Development.

MANAGEMENT RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

The Russian Federal Government Response

Evolution of Sustainable Development Approaches in Russia

Sustainable Development in the wake of UNCED

Approaches to Sustainable Development

An overview of Russia's concept of transition to sustainable development

Economic Instruments for Integration of Environmental and Industrial Policies

Regional aspects of sustainable development

Criteria for decision making and sustainable development indicators

Russia and transition of world community to sustainable development

Stages of Russia's transition to sustainable development

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Last Update: 25 November 2006