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EARTH SYSTEM: HISTORY AND NATURAL VARIABILITY
biodiversity
earth system
future of Earth system
geological history
global cycles
origin of life
paleoclimate
survival
THE UNIVERSE AS THE EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT
Local Group
active galactic nucleus
Asteroid
astrology
atom
aurora
black hole
coma
comet
constellation
dust grain
dust tail
electron
epicycle
Galaxy
galaxy cluster
general theory of relativity
interstellar medium
ion tail
ionization
meteorite
meteoroid
Milky Way
molecular cloud
molecule
Moon
nuclear fusion
observable Universe
organic compound
panspermia
planet
planetary system
planetesimal
precession
proton
quasar
red giant
reddening of light
retrograde motion
solar flare
Solar system
solar wind
star
stellar wind
Sun
sunspot
telescope
tide
Virgo cluster
white dwarf
zodiac
zodiacal sign
Earth
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE UNIVERSE
absolute brightness
almagest
annihilation
antimatter
asteroids
astrology
big bang
black body
black hole
chemical abundance
comet
constellations
cosmic microwave background radiation
cosmological principle
cosmology
dark matter
density contrast
distance indicator
eccentricity
ecliptic
ephemeredes
epicycles
expansion of the Universe
fixed stars
galaxy
galaxy formation
globular cluster
history of astronomy
hubble constant
longitude
luminosity
nuclear burning
nuclear energy source
nucleosynthesis
orbit
planet
planetary systems
planetesimal
principle of inertia
quasistellar object
recombination epoch
spectral line
spectroscopy
supernova
velocity of light
white dwarf
world models
EARLY EARTH
accretion
age dating
archaean
early Earth
geological time-scale
giant impacts
hadean
late heavy bombardment
mantle convection
mantle plumes
moon
origin of life
planetesimals
plate tectonics
proterozoic
HISTORY OF THE SUN
active region
chromosphere
convective zone
corona
coronal mass ejection
flare
irradiance
luminosity
magnetic field
main sequence star
nuclear fusion
photosphere
primordial globule
prominence
protosun
solar cycle
solar interior
solar wind
COSMIC INFLUENCES ON THE EARTH
comets
cosmic rays
impact hazard
near Earth asteroids
space weather
sun
EARTH SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, DYNAMICS, AND MATERIALS
accretion
age dating
Archaean
geological time-scale
giant impacts
Hadean
late heavy bombardment
mantle convection
mantle plumes
Moon
origin of life
planetesimals
plate tectonics
Proterozoic
Early Earth
THE GEOSPHERE
asthenosphere
core
crust
earthquake
earths interior
isostasy
lithosphere
mantle
mantle plume
moho
seismic waves
INTERNAL FORCES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE
basin formation
compression
convection currents
deformation
earthquakes
earths mantle
extension
lithosphere
mountain building
plate tectonics
strength
stress in the lithosphere
strike-slip faulting
tectonic forces
tectonic regimes
TIME IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST OF EARTH
catastrophic events
cycles
fossil record
geochronology
geological processes
geological timescale
radiometric dating
sedimentary record
stratigraphy
time correlation
Geological time
MINERALOGY
chemical analytical methods
crystal structure methods
crystallography
environmental mineralogy
experimental petrology
geochemistry
geomicrobiology
magmatic minerals
metamorphic minerals
mineral surface
mineralogical system
ore minerals
petrography
sedimentary minerals
spectroscopic methods
teaching of mineralogy
mineralogy
VOLCANIC AND MAGMATIC ROCKS
classification
dyke and volcanic rocks
igneous rocks
intrusive and extrusive (effusive) products
landforms of volcanic products
lava
magma
magmatism
petrology
plutonic
plutonism
pyroclastic rocks
structure and texture of rocks
utilization of rocks
volcanism
volcanology
zeolites
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
accommodation
chemogenic sediments
depositional environment
detrital sediments
diagenesis
fluids
geothermal gradient
heat
limestone
metamorphic grade
metamorphic reactions
metamorphic texture
metamorphism
metasomatism
plate tectonics
pressure
relative sea-level change
rock cycle
sandstone
sedimentary basin
sedimentary facies
sedimentary rocks
sedimentary structures
stratigraphy
unconformity
weathering
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
accommodation
chemogenic sediments
depositional environment
detrital sediments
diagenesis
limestone
relative sea-level change
sandstone
sedimentary facies
sedimentary structures
stratigraphy
unconformity
weathering
Sedimentary basin
SOILS
human impact on soils
soil biota
soil classifications
soil development
soil functioning
soil-forming processes
FLUIDS IN GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES
geochemical reactions
ground water flow
heat transport
hydrothermal fluids
landslides
magmatic fluids
migration of hydrocarbons
ore deposits
solute transport
tectonic processes
ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE
atmosphere
carbon dioxide
climate evolution
fossil record
glaciation
ice ages
paleoclimate
past climate changes
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
global models
non-conventional
non-renewable resources
reserves
scarcity views
technology role
PROCESSES THAT SHAPE THE SURFACE OF EARTH
active region
chromosphere
convective zone
corona
coronal mass ejection
flare
irradiance
luminosity
magnetic field
main sequence star
nuclear fusion
photosphere
prominence
protosun
solar cycle
solar interior
solar wind.
primordial globule
PLATE TECTONICS AND LANDFORM EVOLUTION
basin formation
compression
extension
mountain building
plate tectonics
strike-slip faulting
tectonic regimes
COASTAL AND MARINE PROCESSES
barrier islands
beach nourishment
coastal erosion
coasts
coral reefs
currents
estuaries
groins
headlands
jetties
lake-level change
lakes
mainland beaches
pocket beaches
pollution
salt-water intrusion
sand
sand dunes
sea-level rise
seawalls
sediment transport
shorelines
storms
subsidence
tides
waves
wetlands
RIVERS AND LAKES
climate change
dams
drainage basin
human impact
hydrograph
hydrological cycle
lakes
rivers
sediment transport
succession
GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES
glacial landforms
glaciation
glaciers
global change
ice
periglacial landforms
quaternary
snow
WIND ACTION
aeolian processes
aeolianite
deserts
dunes
loess
natural hazards
paleoclimatology
saltation
wind activity
WEATHERING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICALLY MATURE SOILS
bauxite
ferricrete (iron crust)
gondwanean cratons
hydrolysis
laterite
oxisol (Ferrasol)
pedoplasmation
stone line
ultisol (Acrisol)
weathering
HISTORY OF THE EARTH
archean
atmosphere
cenozoic
fossils
gondwana
hominid
hydrosphere
ice age
mass extinction
mesozoic
origin of life
oxygen
paleozoic
pangea
photosynthesis
plate Tectonics
precambrian
proterozoic
quaternary
solar Nebula
solar Radiation
solar System
PROTEROZOIC HISTORY
anorthosite
archean
banded iron formation
biologic diversity
cambrian
collisional tectonics
deep crust
environmental changes
granodiorite
orogeny
phanerozoic analogs
plate tectonics
precambrian
proterozoic
stromatolite
tonalite
PALEOZOIC HISTORY
environmental change
evolution
extinctions
palaeogeography
palaeontology
palaeozoic
sediments
MESOZOIC HISTORY
ammonites
basin development
dinosaurs
fossil record
mesozoic
oil deposits
paleoceanography
paleoclimates
paleogeography
riftogenesis
TERTIARY HISTORY
cainozoic
environmental change
evolution
extinctions
palaeogeography
palaeontology
tertiary
QUATERNARY HISTORY
atmosphere
cenozoic
climate change
environmental change
fossil record
glaciation
holocene
ice-age
paleoclimate
pleistocene
quaternary
sea level
LIFE ON EARTH
bacteria
biodiversity
biogenesis
earth system
evolution
extinction
global crisis
recovery
RNA world
speciation
ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF LIFE ON EARTH
abiogenesis
complex systems
genetic code
life definition
metabolism
planetary dimension
theories of life origin
EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES
cultural evolution
evolutionary drives
evolutionary mechanisms
extinction
genetic drift
natural selection
RNA world
speciation
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CHANGES
biosphere
communities
evolution
extinction
global species richness
interspecific interactions
loss of biodiversity
speciation
species diversity
PAST GLOBAL CRISES
background settings
biocrises
bolide impacts
cascade of causal effects
earth history
environmental crises
evolution
fossil record
geochemical anomalies
interactively amplified effects
life strategies
mass extinctions
past climatic changes
phanerozoic
recoveries
sediments
triggering mechanisms
EVOLUTION AND FUNCTION OF EARTH'S BIOMES: TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS
characters of boundaries of biomes
conditions for photosynthesis
consumers
decomposers
ecological basis for differences of biomes
food chains
global change
human impact
producers
stability and dynamics of biomes
terrestrial biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
angiosperms
cretaceous
evolution
fossil record
quaternary
tertiary
tropical rain forests
EVOLUTION AND FUNCTION OF EARTH'S BIOMES: TEMPERATE FORESTS
ancient woodland.
climate change
deciduous trees
disease
early Tertiary evolution
extinction
full-glacial refugia
human impact
interglacial succession
migration
temperate forest
Evolution
BOREAL FOREST, TUNDRA, AND PEAT BOGS
aapa
boreal
conifers
mires
palsa
peat accumulation
permafrost
raised bog
timberline
tundra
ARID LANDS: CHALLENGES AND HOPES
arid lands
arid lands population
aridity index
biodiversity
carbon sequestration
climatic change
desertification
global warming
huntinggathering
land use
pastoralism
rainfed agriculture
soil degradation
sustainable development
water resources
MOUNTAINS
alpine tundra
altitudinal belt
mountain ecosystem
orobiome
refugia
treeline
GRASSLANDS AND SAVANNAS
biodiversity
climate change
disturbance
drought
ecology
fire
grassland
grazing
nutrient cycling
productivity
savanna
EVOLUTION AND FUNCTION OF EARTH'S BIOMES: AQUATIC SYSTEMS
aquatic biomes
circulation of minerals
circulation of water
coastal sites
creeks
deltas
environmental problems
estuaries
evolution of life in aquatic ecosystems
fresh water ecosystems
lakes
oceans
rivers
salt water ecosystems
the formation of life
OPEN OCEANS
environment
evolution
ocean
paleogeography
paleontology
sediments
SHELF SEAS
beach
biodiversity
biologically accommodated communities
continental shelf
delta
diversity controls
diversity trends
environmental controls
estuary
human impact
lagoon
physically accommodated communities
shelf habitats
shelf seas
MAJOR COASTAL AND TIDAL ECOSYSTEMS
barrier island
beaches
coast
coral reefs
deltas
estuaries
mangroves
nutrients
oyster reefs
primary coast
salt marsh
sea level
secondary coast
shoreline
shoreline change
tidal systems
wetlands
EVOLUTION AND FUNCTION OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS
climate change
coral
coral reefs
earth history
global change
limestone
nutrients
ozone depletion
symbiosis
EVOLUTION AND FUNCTION OF FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
environmental change
evolution
freshwater
global cycles
nutrients
paleoecology
quaternary
sediments
EPEIRIC SEAS: A CONTINENTAL EXTENSION OF SHELF BIOTAS
biodiversity
climate change
endemism
epeiric seas
epicontinental seas
geological history
greenhouse/icehouse climates
mass extinctions
phanerozoic
sea level rise
sediments
tectonic controls
GLOBAL NATURAL CYCLES
biogeochemistry
carbon
contaminants
decomposition
element cycles
global warming
methane
net ecosystem production
net primary production
nitrogen
nitrous oxide
phosphorus
photosynthesis
reduction-oxidation
respiration
rock weathering
MASS AND ENERGY: INTERACTIONS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
carbon
energy
food chain
geochemical cycles
heat
heat flow
hydrologic cycle
photosynthesis
plate tectonics
solar radiation
Mass
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF MACRONUTRIENTS
atmosphere
biogeochemical cycling
biosphere
calcium
carbon
elements
hydrosphere
lithosphere
magnesium
nitrogen
nutrients
oxygen
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
sulfur
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND OTHER ELEMENTS
arsenic
biogeochemical cycling
copper
historical perspective
human impact
iron
lead
manganese
mercury
silicon
zinc
TRACE ELEMENTS AND CONTAMINANTS
agriculture
air
As
background
bioaccumulation
biomagnification
BTEX
carcinogen
Cd
contaminants
contamination sources
DDT
deposition
dioxin
dispersion
emissions
environment
freons
geochemistry
groundwater
half-life
health impact
Hg
human activity
impact
industry
metals
mobility
mutagen
organic substances
PAHs
Pb
PCBs
pesticides
pollution
sediments
soil
speciation
TCE
teratogen
Toxicity
trace elements
traffic
water
EARTH AS A SELF-REGULATING SYSTEM
atmosphere
biogeochemical cycles
climate
earth system
feedback mechanisms
gaia theory
geophysiology
land surface
life
ocean
self-regulation
MINERAL RESOURCES FOR LIFE SUPPORT
abandoned mine
biocomplexity
environmental protection
recycling
sustainability
ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: EARTH SYSTEM
air (atmospheric) pressure
anticyclone
atmosphere
circulation
cloudiness
Coriolis effect
cyclone
environment
freshwater
geography
geological process
geosphere
geostrophic wind
glaciation
glacier
gradient wind
greenhouse effect
groundwater
heat radiation
heterosphere
homosphere
hydrosphere
hydrosphere
ice sheet
lake
land forms
landscape
lithosphere
mesosphere
mineral resources
pedosphere
permafrost
radiation
river
sea level
sea water
snow cover
soil genesis
solar radiation
stratosphere
troposphere
variability
water cycle
weather
astenosphere
VLADIMIR VERNADSKY:COSMOS, EARTH, LIFE, MAN, REASON - FROM BIOSPHERE TO NOOSPHERE
anthropocosmos
biocosmos.
biosphere
naturalist
noosphere
planetary cosmic synthesis
cosmos
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
acid rain
biogeochemistry
biomarkers
COSFE cycles
evolution of the atmosphere
greenhouse gases
iron hypothesis
mass extinctions
methane hydrates
origin of life
oxygen
paleoclimate
stable isotopes
sulfate reducing bacteria
sulfur
Acid mine drainage
NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE WORLD
air
biodiversity
conservation
land resources
minerals
renewable and nonrenewable resources
solar
sustainability
wind
WORLD NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY (WITH FOCUS ON MINERAL RESOURCES)
Energy and Mineral Resources
Non-renewable Resources
Sink Problem.
Sustainable Development
Renewable Resources
THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN SOCIETY
Agriculture
Chemical Fuels
Entropy
Exergy
Exergy destruction.
Food Production
Forestry
Hydropower
Industry
Liquid Fuels
Metals
Natural Resources
Nuclear Fuel
Petroleum
Solar Heating
Solid Fuels
Thermal Power
Energy
WORLD NATURAL RESOURCE POLICY AND MANAGEMENT
biological resource.
ecosystem
energy resource
land resources
natural resource policy
water resource
natural resource
THE DEVELOPMENT AND VARIABILITY OF BIODIVERSITY
preservation
variability
Biodiversity
WHY CARE ABOUT BIODIVERSITY?
agriculture
environmental deterioration
habitats
natural resources
rural environment
Biodiversity
TROPICAL MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF THE WORLD:A TREASURE WORTH PRESERVING
Bays
Biosystematics
Carbon Dioxide
Continental Shelf
Ecosystems
Estuaries
Global Warming
Mariculture
Marine System
Ozone
Species
Sustainability.
Taxonomic Problem
Water Pollution
Biodiversity
A HISTORY OF CONSERVATION
Environmental Revolution
Global Organization
National Parks
National Reserves.
Sustainable Development
Conservation
FOREST RESOURCES,SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Deforestation
Forest Biodiversity.
Forest Degradation
Forest Destruction
Plantation Forestry
Sustainable Development
INTERNATIONAL FOREST RESOURCE POLICY AND MANAGEMENT
Forest Policy
Global Forestry Networks
International Forestry Regimes.
National Forest Programs (NFPs)
Globalization
AGROFORESTRY:INTEGRATING TREES WITH CROP-AND-LIVESTOCK-PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Alley Cropping
Crop- and Livestock- production Systems
Homegarden
Multistrata Systems.
Shaded-Perennial
Taungya
Tropical and Temperate Systems
Agroforestry Systems
NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEM CHALLENGE : CLIMATE CHANGE, HUMAN SYSTEMS, AND POLICY
climate change
cost implications
effects and impacts
global warming
greenhouse gases
policy instruments
response strategies
Climate system
HISTORY, STATUS, AND PREDICTION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
climate change
climate models
feedbacks
forcing
GCMs
greenhouse gases
history
paleoclimate
prediction
proxy
scenarios
CLIMATE CHANGES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON HUMAN HISTORY
Barbarossa stratagem
carbon cycle
climate changes
Dansgaard expedition
energy consumption
Phanerozoic
photosynthesis
population density
Broecker conveyor
ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE INFLUENCES
anthropogenic influence
atmospheric aerosol
climate change
deforestation
desertification
greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas
human impact
ozone
urbanization
THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)
climate change
climate convention
climate policy
developing countries
impact of climate change
mitigation of climate change
research community
scientific assessment
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON WETLANDS
climate change
global warming
greenhouse effect
wetlands
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON MOUNTAINS
global warming
hydrology
mountain agriculture
natural systems
policy response
socioeconomic systems
tourism
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON FORESTS
carbon dioxide fertilization
drought
ecotones
fire
forest
insects
migration
mortality
productivity
tree-line
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
benthos
circulation
ecological factors
fishes
marine environment
paleoecology
plankton
primary production
sea mammals
seabirds
trends
trophic chains
water temperature
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON WATER RESOURCES AND SUPPLIES
climate impact
hydrological cycle
sensitivity analysis
water resources
global warming
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION : AN AREA WITH MANY KNOWLEDGE GAPS
acidification
aerosols
chemical time bombs
ecologically active substances
hot-spot regions
long-range transports of air pollutants
organic substances
photochemical oxidants
toxic metals
Stratospheric-ozone depletion
GLOBAL WARMING, POVERTY, AND ETHICAL ISSUES
ethical issues
International politics
Justice
Moral imperative
poverty
Global warming
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON HUMAN CULTURAL DIVERSITY
agriculture
climate change
cultural diversity
environmental refugees
global warming
human disease
intervention principles
island cultures.
research priorities
social violence
GLOBAL WARMING AND HUMAN MIGRATION
carrying capacity
desertification
early warning
environment
global warming
migration
strategic environmental planning
urbanization
THE IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL WARMING FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
carbon abatement
energy options
energy production
global warming
sustainable cities
transportation
CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE
adaptations
agriculture
climate
crop and livestock effects
economic responses
environmental consequences
human dimensions
mitigation
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON TOURISM
climate change
extreme weather
health
mobility
safety
tourism
travel
EFFECTS OF SEA-LEVEL RISE ON COASTAL CITIES AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS
beach nourishment
coastal cities
coastal erosion
coastal residential areas
defensive structures
evacuation
flooding
reclamation
salt-water intrusion
sea-level rise
storm-surge
submergence
EFFECTS OF SEA-LEVEL RISE ON CORAL REEFS
coral bleaching
coral reef
global warming
sea level rise
EFFECTS OF SEA-LEVEL RISE ON SMALL ISLAND STATES
Accelerated Sea-Level Rise
AOSIS
Beach Changes
Coastal Erosion
Impacts
Sea-Level Rise
Coastal Protection.
Small Island States
ECONOMICS OF POTENTIAL CLIMATE CHANGE
damage cost
economics
fisheries
global warming
human health
sea-level rise
socioeconomic impacts
water supply
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR AGRICULTURE
adaptation
agriculture
climate change
cost effectiveness
mitigation
vulnerability
COST IMPLICATIONS FOR FORESTRY
cost analyses
cost implications
forestry
physical and environmental impacts
study overviews
THE COST IMPLICATIONS(OF POTENTIAL GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE) FOR INDUSTRY
adaptation and mitigation costs; costs for firms
carbon/energy taxes
industrial sectors
national economies
structural change
Damage
COST IMPLICATIONS FOR FISHERIES
adaptation
fish
fisheries
no-regrets approach
regional tactics
sustainable yields
zoogeographic boundaries
COST IMPLICATIONS OF STORMS, FLOODS, AND DROUGHTS
climate change
disasters
economics
extreme weather
insurance
SHARING THE COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
climate change
EU Burden sharing agreement
flexibility
kyoto protocol
UN Framework Convention
RESPONSE STRATEGIES FOR STABILIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
carbon dioxide
development
economic growth
efficiency
electricity
emissions reduction
emissions scenarios
energy
financing.
greenhouse gases (GHGs)
halocarbons
halogenated compounds
kyoto Protocol
land-use
methane
nitrous oxide
population
tropospheric ozone precursors
UNFCCC
ENERGY POLICIES FOR CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION REDUCTION
CO2 emissions
fossil fuels combustion
international cooperation mechanisms
national policy instruments
reduction measures
ENERGY SAVINGS THROUGH CHANGES IN LIFESTYLES AND ECONOMICS
economic development
economic satiation
end-use technology
energy chain
energy efficiency
energy savings
energy ware
lifestyle
primary energy
renewable energy
secondary energy
METHANE EMISSION REDUCTION AND WORLD FOOD SUPPLY
biomass burning
flooded rice
food security issues
IPCC
landfill
mitigation
ruminants
wetlands
NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION REDUCTION AND AGRICULTURE
assessment
biomass burning
denitrification
emission
fertilizers
manure
mitigation
nitrification
nitrification inhibitors
nitrogen oxides
slow release fertilizers
supply and demand
urease inhibitors
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS AND THEIR SUBSTITUTES
CFC substitutes
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
refrigeration
POLICY FRAMEWORK AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
climate Change
decision under Controversy
energy policy
equity
global Commons
history
kyoto Protocol
negotiations
precaution
public Policy
UNFCCC
CLIMATE CHANGE ASSESSMENTS
adaptation.
anthropogenic
assessment
climate change
global
greenhouse effect
impacts
mitigation
scientific
vulnerability
DECISION MAKING AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS FOR ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE
climate change
coalitions
decision analysis
decision process
FCCC
interest groups
IPCC
non-linear dynamics
response timing
robust strategy
technological change
uncertainty
CLIMATE ENGINEERING : CONCEPTS, EXAMPLES, AND RISKS
complex systems
environmental ethics
environmental risk
environmental security
geo-engineering
institutions
policy options
Climate engineering
CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS
adaptation
CO2
decarbonization
energy emission
fossil fuels
nuclear energy
mitigation
USING EMISSIONS TRADING TO REGULATE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
annual retirement
auction
bubbles
buyer beware liability
carbon taxes
clean development mechanism
compliance reserve
compulsory insurance
emissions trading
grandfathering
greenhouse gases
international competitiveness
joint implementation
kyoto Protocol
seller beware liability
world Trade Organization
DEFINITION, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEPLOYMENT OF TRADABLE PERMITS
allocative equity
economic efficiency
emission allowances
emission credits
emission permits
environmental integrity
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CARBON TAXES? AN INQUIRY INTO THEIR IMPACTS ON COMPETITIVENESS AND DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
carbon dioxide emissions
carbon taxes
climate change
climate change
distribution of income
emissions trading
energy taxes
greenhouse gases
international competitiveness
Kyoto Protocol
recycling of carbon tax revenues
Border tax adjustments
EQUITY AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE
anthropogenic climate change
burden sharing rules
differentiation
equity principles
Kyoto protocol
equity
DISCOUNTING, EQUITY, AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
cost benefit analysis
discount factor
discount rate
discounting
equity
inter-temporal welfare
social return
sustainability
GENERIC ASSESSMENT OF THE COSTS OF RESPONSE STRATEGIES
adaptation
analytical approaches
cost concepts
critical study assumptions
mitigation
response options
response strategies
INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF POLICY INSTRUMENTS TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE
climate policy
impacts
modeling
valuation
THE CLIMATE SYSTEM
Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs)
Global Climate Models(GCMs)
Global Warming.
Ice
Milankovitch
Snow
Solar Variations
Spectrum of Past Variability
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Water Vapor
Earths Climate
GLOBAL CLIMATE AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Anthropogenic Climate Change
Contraction and Convergence.
Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)
Greenhouse Effect
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Kyoto Protocol
Variability of Climate
Mitigation
LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES
land
land cover
land degradation
land evaluation
land use
land value
soil
soil erosion
LAND COVER, LAND USE AND THE GLOBAL CHANGE
Biodiversity
Complexity of land cover changes
Deforestation
Desertification
Greenhouse gases
Integrated land use models
Land
Land cover
Land use
Land use dynamics
Ozone.
Acid rain
LAND USE AND LAND COVER, INCLUDING THEIR CLASSIFICATION
classification systems
information systems
land use
nomenclature
land cover
LAND-COVER AND LAND-USE MAPPING
aerial photographs
area frame sampling
land use
mapping
remote sensing
land cover
FACTORS INFLUENCING LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE
determinants of land-use and land-cover change
land-cover change
land-use change
LAND USE CHANGES DURING THE PAST 300 YEARS
agriculture
built-up land
conversion
cultivation
deforestation
forest
historical land use
land cover
pasture
rangeland
urbanization
LAND USE CHANGES AFFECTED BY URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
change
industrialization
land use
urbanization
LAND USE/LAND-COVER CHANGES AND BIODIVERSITY LOSS
biodiversity loss
habitat fragmentation
land use
LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGES AND GLOBAL AGGREGATE IMPACTS
global impacts
land-cover change
Land-use change
THE LAND-USE AND COVER CHANGE (LUCC) PROJECT
case study comparison
implementation
land cover
land use
modeling
research
global change
AFRICOVER LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING PROJECT
Africa
G.I.S.
Natural resources mapping
remote sensing
LAND EVALUATION
categoric systems
ethno-pedology
land capability
land evaluation
land suitability
land systems approach
land vulnerability
parametric systems
SOIL SURVEY AS A BASIS FOR LAND EVALUATION
mapping and suitability
soil classification
world (soil) reference base
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE LAND EVALUATIONS
artificial intelligence techniques
biophysical requirements
data and knowledge engineering
environmental impact
land productivity and vulnerability
land resources planning and management
soil survey
soil survey interpretation
agro-ecological system
THE FAO GUIDELINES FOR LAND EVALUATION
actual and Potential Suitability
FAO
land Evaluation
matching
suitability Classification
OTHER LAND EVALUATION SYSTEMS
agriculture
categoric Systems
factor Ratings
fertility
forestry
irrigated Agriculture
land Capability
land Evaluation
land Suitability
parametric Systems
AGRO-CLIMATE-BASED LAND EVALUATION SYSTEMS
Agro-ecological zone
Corn heat units
Cumulative degree-days
Frost-free period
Frost-killing date
Growing period
Papadakis
Yield prediction
Agro-climate
LAND QUALITY INDICATORS(LQI) : MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Land degradation
Land management
Land use
Monitoring
Land quality
BIOPHYSICAL MODELS IN LAND EVALUATION
biophysical land suitability
calibration
crop yield
dynamic simulation
empirical
land evaluation
land qualities
mechanistic
modelling
validation
ECONOMIC MODELS OF LAND EVELUATION: LOCAL DECISION-MAKING
economics
farm models.
Land evaluation
ECONOMIC MODELS OF LAND EVALUATION: REGIONAL AND GLOBAL DECISION-MAKING
economics
global models
land evaluation
regional models
water valuation
watershed level
LAND USE PLANNING
Land Conflicts
Land Use
Land Use Planning
Less Favored Areas
National Soils Policy
Stakeholders Participation
Sustainability
Top-down Approach.
Decision-making
LAND USE PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
land use management
planning
sustainable development
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES ASSESSMENTS
agriculture
agro-ecological zones
cultivation potentials
environmental constraints
land resources
THE VALUE AND PRICE OF LAND
exchange value
functional market
land
land market
land value
opportunity value
price
property
real estate
value
IMPACT OF ETHNO-CULTURAL FACTORS AND LAND TENURE ON LAND USE AND LAND USE PLANNING
customary land tenure
ethnic-cultural
evolution
feudalism
ghana
land market
land reform
land tenure system
privatization
HUMAN-INDUCED LAND DEGRADATION
deforestation
desertification
erosion
overgrazing
resilience
salinization
soil degradation
sustainability
THE CORINE PROJECT ON SOIL EROSION RISK AND LAND QUALITY
geographic information system (GIS)
land improvement
land quality
rainfall erosivity
soil erodibility
soil erosion
universal soil loss equation (USLE)
THE ILUS INTEGRATED LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPT
decentralization
land-use planning
participatory approach
sustainable land management
participation
THE IMPACT OF THE PARTICIPATIVE APPROACH TO LAND-USE PLANNING
Integrated
Land use planning
Multidisciplinary
Participative.
Incentives
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
heavy metals
land reclamation and rehabilitation
mining
nature reserves
nitrate and phosphate pollution
pesticide contamination
pollution treatment
precision agriculture
roads and infrastructure
soil compaction
soil quality
sustainable land management
urban and industrial development.
erosion
MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND: CLIMATIC AND WATER ASPECTS
Drainage
Drip irrigation
Groundwater
Irrigation
Moisture deficit
Mole drains
Pipe drains
Runoff
Sprinkler
Subirrigation
Surface flow
Water harvesting
Climatic hazards
MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND: CHEMICAL AND FERTILITY ASPECTS
Boron toxicity
Fertilizers
Macronutrients
Manure
Micronutrients
Nitrogen
Organic matter
pH
Phosphorus
Potassium
Salinity
Soil acidity
Alkalinity
MANAGEMENT OF NON-ARABLE RURAL LAND, INCLUDING FORESTS, GRASSLANDS, AND SHRUB-LANDS
co-management
common pool resources
ecosystems
property rights
rights of common
rundles of rights
stakeholders
symbolic values
use values
MANAGEMENT OF DRYLAND AND DESERT AREAS
Agricultural systems
Agro-ecosystems
Desertification
Ecology
Land degradation
Land management
Drylands
MANAGEMENT OF MOUNTAINOUS AREAS
abandonment
agriculture
climate change
environmental impacts
erosion
forestry
mountain areas
policy impacts
recreation
skiing
social impacts
SOIL CONSERVATION
erosion control
soil conservation
soil erosion
water erosion
wind erosion
LAND REHABILITATION
erosion control
land reclamation
soil degradation
sustainability
LAND USE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS
infrastructure
multifunctional landscapes
planning
recreation
urban ecology
urban fringe
DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Agricultural frontier
Amer-Indian land use
Carbon sequestration
Carbon stocks
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Climate change
Deforestation dynamics
El-Nio
Terra Preta
Tropical road construction
Amazon region
DYNAMICS OF LAND USE IN RELATION TO THE GREEN REVOLUTION IN INDIA
agrarian relation
cropping pattern
growth rates
institutional changes
irrigated and rain-fed agriculture.
non-food crops
Food crops
THE IMPACT OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY ON LAND USE IN EUROPE
agenda 2000
agri-environmental measures
CAP
land use change
price support mechanisms
rural development
the Common Agricultural Policy
LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES IN RUSSIA
agriculture
land cover
land resources
land use
landscape approach
remote sensing data simulation
russia
scaling
sustainable land policy
DRY LANDS AND DESERTIFICATION
aridity
crop adaptation
desertification
dust storms
fuel wood
irrigation
land degradation
over-grazing
rangeland
water harvesting
wildfires
xerophytes.
aerosols
DESERTIFICATION AND ANCIENT DESERT FARMING SYSTEMS
Desert agriculture
Early Islamic Period
Nabateans
Negev Desert
Byzantine
DESERTIFICATION AND PASTORALISM: A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF PASTORAL NOMADISM IN THE NEGEV REGION
Bedouin
Desert agriculture
Desertification
Levant
Negev
Nomadism
Pastoralism
Archaeology
THE USE OF SHRUBS IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING IN LOW RAINFALL AREAS
Atriplex
Browse
Fodder
Livestock feeding
Nutritive value
Shrubs
Tannin.
Arid areas
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION: POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
Desertification
Enabling Environment
Institutional Capacity
Partnership
Policy Framework
Sustainable Land Management
UNCCD
Conventions
DESERT RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF DRY LANDS: FERTILITY ASPECTS
alkaline (sodic) soils
calcareous
gypsiferous
salt affected soils
salt fertilizer index
semiarid
Arid
DESERT RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF DRY LANDS: WATER ASPECTS
Drainage
Irrigation
Soil salinity
Water harvesting
Water quality
Water resources
Water re-use
Drylands
THE SALINITY AND ALKALINITY STATUS OF ARID AND SEMI-ARID LANDS
Salt leaching
Soil salinity
Soil sodicity
Water quality
Irrigated agriculture
DESERTIFICATION IN CHINA
dust storm
land degradation
land use change
over-cultivation
over-grazing
sandy desertification
wind erosion
DESERTIFICATION AND DEFORESTATION IN AFRICA
arid
drought
dry sub-humid
drylands
land degradation
land tenure
semi-arid
sustainability
WATER HARVESTING AND WATER-SAVING TECHNIQUES
Landsat
Nile Delta Region.
Radar Imaging
Radarsat
Shuttle Imaging Radar
SPOT
Thematic Mapper
Digital Imaging
COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT
Drought
Global Mechanism.
Land degradation
Salinization
Desertification
CLIMATE IMPACTS OF LAND DEGRADATION IN THE WORLD'S DRYLANDS
Climate Impacts
Drylands.
Empirical Studies
Simulation Studies
Desertification
SOILS AND SOIL SCIENCES
cation exchange capacity
color
mapping unit
organic material
permeability
pH
regolith
soil profile
soil survey
structure
texture
water retention
weathering.
Bulk density
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOIL SCIENCE
genetic soil science
history
land use planning
plant nutrition
soil biology
soil mapping
Agrogeology
PEDOGENESIS AND SOIL FORMING FACTORS
coupled system
intensification
land use
pedogenesis
soil management
soil organic matter
soil properties
soil quality
sustainable land use.
Conversion
SOIL PROPERTIES AND PEDOMETRICS
wavelet transforms.
biometrics
digital soil mapping
fuzzy sets
geostatistics
kriging
multivariate analysis
pedodiversity
pedometrics
precision agriculture
soil inventory
soil monitoring
soil survey
statistics
Bayesian maximum entropy
SOIL GEOGRAPHY AND CLASSIFICATION
soil geography
Soil Taxonomy
World Reference Base for Soil Resources
Soil classification
SOIL PHYSICS
bulk density
Darcy’s law
hydraulic conductivity
particle size distribution
porosity
soil structure.
soil texture
Stokes’ law
water retention
Aggregate stability
SOIL CHEMISTRY AND SOIL FERTILITY
fertigation
nutrient availability
nutrient toxicity
soil formation.
Eutrophication
SOIL BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
cyanobacteria
food web
fungi
macrobiota
mesobiota
microorganisms
protozoa
soil functionality
soil metabolism
soil quality indicator.
Algae
SOIL BIOCHEMISTRY
DNA
enzyme
humic substance
nitrogen
organic matter rhizosphere
phosphorus
sulfur
xenobiotics.
Carbon
SOIL MINERALOGY
land use
mineral characterization methods
mineral distribution
mineral structures
mineral weathering
primary and secondary minerals
surface properties.
Environmental impact
SOIL MICROSCOPY AND MICROMORPHOLOGY
clay translocation
fabric
fine material
matrix
micromorphology
soil
soil microscopy
soil minerals
thin sections.
Anisotropism
FOREST, RANGE AND WILDLAND SOILS
carbon sink
charcoal
ecosystem type
fire
harvesting
leaf litter
microbial symbiosis
mineralization
pedoturbation
soil disturbance
toxic plants.
Biogeochemistry
URBAN SOILS
corrosion
erosion
floods
pollution
soil classification
urban land use
urban soils
wetlands.
Anthropogenic soils
VOLCANIC SOILS
andic
Andisol
Andosol
imogolite
land use potential
short range order clays
soil toxicity
variable charge
vitric
Allophane
SOILS OF COLD AND TEMPERATE REGIONS
Anthrosols
Cambisols
carbon sequestration
chernozems
climatic influences
Cryosols
Fluvisols
Gleysols
Histosols
Leptosols
Luvisols
Planosols
Podzols
Regosols
soil development
soil sealing.
Albeluvisols
SOILS OF ARID AND SEMI-ARID AREAS
aridity
calcium carbonate
caliche
desert pavement
desert varnish
dew
gypsum
physical weathering
soil salinity
takyr
vesicular layer
volumetric expansion.
Aridisol
MEDITERRANEAN SOILS
Decalcification
Luvisol
Mediterranean
Pedogenesis
Soil classification
Terra Rossa
Xeralf
xeric moisture regime
Calcium carbonate
SOILS OF THE HUMID AND SUB-HUMID TROPICS
Ferralitic weathering
gibbsite
goethite
hematite
iron oxides
kaolinite
laterite
Oxisols
plinthite
sesquioxides
termites
tropics.
Ultisols
Ferralsols
STRESSES CAUSED BY EDAPHIC FACTORS
food production
food security
irrigation
land capability
land degradation
land quality
land resources
land stresses
soil erosion
soil taxonomy
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DECLINE AND MANAGEMENT
acidity
active carbon pool
aggregation
agroforestry
carbon dioxide emission
carbon models
carbon sequestration
charcoal
cropping
dispersion
fertilizers
forestry
greenhouse gases
labile carbon pool
legumes
nitrogen
no-till practices
organic carbon
organic matter
passive carbon pool
pasture
plant residue retention
pore size
rainfall
rangelands
salinity
slow carbon pool
sodicity
soil depth
soil erosion
soil fertility
soil moisture
soil profile
soil type
sustainable land management
temperature
vegetation
SOIL ACIDIFICATION
al toxicity
ammoniacal fertilizers
denitrification
gypsum.
Liming
nitrification
sources of acidity
NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEM CHALLENGE: OCEANS AND AQUATIC
biodiversity
estuary
fisheries
food web
global warming
island
ocean
pollution
river
wetlands
Lake
FRESHWATER WETLAND RESOURCES AND BIOLOGY
carbon cycling
conservation
ecosystem function
greenhouse gases
productivity
sustainability
wetlands
PROBLEMS, RESTORATION, AND CONSERVATION OF LAKES AND RIVERS
Exotic Species
acidification
chemical and Organic Pollution
dynamics of Lakes and Rivers
eutrophication
overexploitation of Resources
sedimentation and Siltation
technology Transfer
SHALLOW LAKES: EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT LOADING AND HOW TO REMEDY EUTROPHICATION
clear
eutrophication
restoration
shallow lakes
trophic structure
turbid
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RIVER REHABILITATION METHODOLOGIES APPLIED IN EUROPE
Denmark
effect studies
Europe
fish
habitats
invertebrates
maintenance procedures
nutrients
restoration measures
River rehabilitation
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO THE ANALYSIS OF RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES AND LAKES
aquatic macrophytes
GIS
management
remote sensing
riparian buffer zone
PRE-RESERVOIRS FOR REDUCING NUTRIENT INPUTS FROM DIFFUSE SOURCES - A CASE STUDY
Agriculture
Eutrophication
Kis-Balaton Reservoirs
Lake recovery
Nature protection
Sewage treatment
Lake Balaton
DEVELOPMENT OF DECISION-MAKING TOOLS FOR EUTROPHIC LAKES
eutrophic
hydrodynamic
model
simulation
water quality
Lakes
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF RESERVIORS: ISSUES AND MITIGATION
catchments
environmental impacts
involuntary resettlement
social impacts
sustainability
Biodiversity
DYNAMICS, THREATS, RESPONSES, AND RECOVERY OF RIVERINE-RIPARIAN FLORA
ecological impact
floodplains
recovery
restoration
riparian forests
stability
biological indicators
BIODIVERSITY OF COASTAL-REALM WATERS
coastal ocean
coastal realm
coastal zone
estuaries
lagoons
marine biodiversity
marine biogeography
marine life
waters properties
THE VEGETATED LITTORAL: MANGROVES AND SALT MARSHES
ecosystem
function
littoral
management
mangroves
salt marshes
structure
use
COASTAL EROSION AND DEFENSES AGAINST EROSION
barrier island
beach
beach profile
berm
bulkhead
coast
coastal engineering
coastal processes
current
delta
downdrift
dune
erosion
estuary
geology
glacial stage
groin
inlet
jetty
littoral zone
longshore
nourishment
planform
river
sand
sea level
seawall
sediment
seiche
setback line
shore protection
shoreline
surge
tidal inlet
tide
tombolo
updrift
washover
wave
wind
RESOLVING RESOURCE USE CONFLICTS IN COASTAL ZONES
biodiversity
coastal zone
coastal zone management
conflict resolution
erosion
mediation
participatory planning
sea level rise
sustainable development
zoning
MARINE BIODIVERSITY: RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION
human impact
research
water quality studies
marine biodiversity
FISH STOCKS AND FISHERIES IN RELATION TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND EXPLOITATION
biological interactions
climatic forcing
ecosystem dynamics
fish populations
overfishing
scientific advice
stock and recruitment
theory of fish populations
variability
TRANSFER OF NON-INDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES CONCERN TO AQUATIC RESOURCE USERS
aquatic species transfer
human health impacts
resource users
successful invaders
CULTIVATION OF MARINE ALGAE
culturing techniques
macroalgae
marine algae cultivation
microalgae
seaweeds
OCEANIC ISLANDS: INTRODUCTION
continental islands
coral cays
mangrove islands
oceanic islands
sand cays
HISTORY OF INSULAR ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
aristotle
assembly rules
biogeography
darwin
determinism
energetics
equilibrium theory
extinction
immigration
insular dynamics
islands
null hypotheses
one Tree Island
species-turnover
stochasticism
transfer organisms
trophic structure
wallace
PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS, ENDEMISM, AND DIVERSIFICATION IN OCEANIC ISLAND FLORAS
diversification of floras
endemism
evolutionary trends
floristic disharmony
habitat diversity
species richness
PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ANIMALS
adaptive radiation
body size
dispersal
endemism
extinction
geographic distribution
species richness
ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
alien species
disturbance
ecology
eradication
invasions
invasive species
islands
pest control
quarantine
rapid-response
trophic structure
DISPERSAL OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO OCEANIC ISLANDS
birds
conservation
dispersal
drift
establishment
galapagos
hawaii
krakatau
macquarie island
oceanic islands
seeds
surtsey
vagrants
wind
CONSERVATION OF ISLAND PLANT POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
conservation
deterministic threats
easter island
endangered species
habitat destruction
introduced biota
pitcairn island
populations
stochastic threats
NATURAL AND HUMAN INDUCED HAZARDS
acid rain
catastrophes
contamination of groundwater
disaster preparedness
earthquakes
emergency response
floods
forest fire
hazard and risk assessment
hazard mitigation
hazard reduction
human induced hazards
landslides
magnitude and frequency of hazards
natural hazards
ozone
prediction and early warning of hazards
recovery and redevelopment
risk
soil erosion
storms
toxic chemicals and hazardous waste
tsunamis
urbanization
volcanoes
vulnerability
NATURAL HAZARDS - INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PROCESSES
Earthquakes
Earths processes
Floods
Internal process
Landslides
Natural catastrophes
Surface process
Tsunamis
Volcanic eruption
Warning systems
Windstorms
Natural hazards
EARTH'S INTERIOR
dynamic process of the Earth’s interior
lithospheric plate
mantle convection
seismic wave.
the asthenosphere
the core
the crust
the lithosphere
the mantle
thermal plume
Structure | 
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