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   ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND GEOMECHANICS

STRUCTURAL STABILITY

Introduction

Types of Instability

Stability of Columns

Effects of Geometrical Imperfections and Material Inelasticity

Stability of Beams

Stability of Plates

Stability of Shells

Stability Analysis of a Two-Bar Truss

Design for Stability

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

CHEMICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Introduction

Types Of Study

Some Common Issues In Chemical Crystallography

Applications of Results

Economic Impact Summary

Conclusions

TRIBOLOGY AND SURFACE ENGINEERING

FRACTURE MECHANICS AND MODELING OF CONTACT FATIGUE

Introduction

Review of Experimental and numerical contact fatigue data, identification of the parameters most strongly affecting fatigue. Review of some existing contact fatigue models

Stress intensity factors for Cracks in a loaded elastic half-plane

Two-dimensional fracture mechanics based model of contact fatigue

Extension of Fatigue Model on Cases of Non-Steady and Periodic Cyclic Loading

Subsurface originated contact fatigue of rough surfaces

Three-dimensional fracture mechanics based model of Contact and Structural Fatigue

Conclusions

NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION

ETHNOCULTURAL DIVERSITY OF SPORT

Introduction

Methodology

Ethnosport

Typology of ethnocultural diversity of sport

Religious foundations

Structural analysis

Post-sport as an antithesis of ethnosport

MIND GAMES

Introduction

Collective Intelligence (Methodology)

Cultural Genesis of Mind Games

The Problems of Institutionalization of Mind Games

Mind Sports

Conclusion

MAJOR CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN SPORTS ECONOMICS

A globalizing sports economy

Sports economics: the economic determinants and Impact of Sport Activities

Conclusion

COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND MARINE TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

Various Definitions of Cold Regions

Characteristics of Cold Regions

Impact of Climate Change on Cold Regions

Evolution and Development of Cold Regions

Environmental Impact

Science and Technology Development

Conclusion

POLAR METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE

Introduction

Components of the Polar Climate System

Meteorological Data Collection in the Polar Regions

Large-Scale Circulation

Synoptic and Mesoscale Weather

Clouds and Radiation

Precipitation and the Hydrologic Cycle

Climate Change in the Polar Regions

Conclusions

MODELS OF AIR-ICE-SEA INTERACTION

Introduction

Ice Modeling

Ice-Ocean Modeling

Air-Ice-Ocean System and Climate

Conclusions

THERMO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Introduction

Thermal Properties of Materials

Thermo-Elastic Properties of Materials

Plastic Properties of Materials

Fracture Properties of Materials

Conclusions

PHYSICS AND STRUCTURE OF SNOW AND ICE, FORMATION PROCESSES AND PROPERTIES

Introduction - Importance of Ice and Snow Fundamental Properties, Physics and Structures

Ice Physics

Snow and Ice Formation Processes

Sea Ice Growth of Sea Ice as a Two Phase Material

Glaciers and Ice Sheets Snow to Glacier Ice Transformation

SNOW AND ICE CONTROL AROUND STRUCTURES

Introduction

Nature of ice jams in waterways

Control of ice jams

Other Ice Control Techniques

Snow Control around Structures

Conclusion

ICE GROWTH ON SEA SURFACE AND DRIFT OF ICE

Introduction

Material properties of ice on natural waters

Thermal growth and melting of ice

Dynamics of sea ice

Sea ice dynamics models

Concluding Words

PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT OFFSHORE AND ONSHORE

Introduction

Environmental Conditions

Drilling and Production Onshore

Transportation Onshore

Drilling and Production Offshore

Transportation Offshore

Environment and Social Objections

Conclusion

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES IN ICE-INFESTED WATERS

Introduction

Offshore Structures in Ice-Infested Waters

Ice in Nature

Significant Aspects Determining Ice Loads on Structures

Ice Actions on Offshore Structures

Performances of Offshore Structures in Ice Infested Waters

Conclusions

AIR POLLUTION IN COLD REGIONS

Introduction

Arctic Air Pollution

Antarctic Pollution

Conclusions

POLAR ICE BY SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

Introduction Importance of Satellite Remote Sensing

Microwave Data

Sea Ice Condition

Sea Ice Motion

Northern Sea Route

SHIP – ICE INTERACTION IN SHIP DESIGN: THEORY AND PRACTICE

Introduction

Ice and Weather Conditions

Ice Operations

Ice Action on Ships

Conclusion

DESIGN OF ICE BREAKING SHIPS

Designing an Ice Capable Ship

Historical Development of Ice Capable Ships

Performance in Ice

Machinery Layout

Hull and Machinery Strength

Winterisation Aspects

Conclusion

INTRODUCING CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

The Purpose of this Introduction

The Importance of CAS

Circuits and Systems

Integrated Electronics

Digital, Analog, and Mixed Circuits

The Great Convergence of Telecom and Computers

CAS Technologies

CAS Design

The Future of CAS

Conclusive Remarks and Theme Organization

TRANSISTORS

Introduction

Elementary Bricks of Electronics

The Basic Electronic Device

Device Characteristics

The BJT

MOSFET

Basic Transistor Physics

Conclusions

ANALOG CIRCUITS

Analog versus Digital

The basic inverter

Very high frequencies

Active versus Passive Circuits

Voltage gain

Multistage amplifiers

Switched capacitor circuits

A to D and D to A Converters

Conclusion

DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Introduction

Boolean Logic and Combinational Circuits

VHDL Description of Combinational Circuits

Logic Gates in CMOS Technology

Design of CMOS Circuits

Finite State Machines

Binary Decision Diagram (BDD)

Binary Decision Machine (BDM)

Design of a Very Simple Microprocessor

Microcontrollers

DSP Processors

Low Power in Digital Circuits

Conclusion

VERY-LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION

Introduction

Architectural Issues

Circuit-Design Issues

Technology-Related Issues

Complementary Issues for VLSI Implementation

Conclusions

SMART POWER INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Introduction

Smart Power Technologies

Application Examples

Diagnostic and Protection Circuits

Driver Circuits

ADVANCED OPTOELECTRONIC CIRCUITS: DETECTORS AND IMAGE SENSORS

Introduction

Detectors for Advanced Detectors and Imagers

Advanced Image Sensor Architectures

Examples and Experimentation Results

Conclusions

ASSEMBLY AND PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) PACKAGE

Introduction

Basics of IC Packaging

Electronic System Integration

Basics of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)

Fabrication Issues

Signal Integrity Issues

Future Trends

Conclusions

CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR RADIOFREQUENCY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Introduction

Radio systems architecture

RF Amplifiers and Mixers

Signal Sources: PLL and DDS

ADC and DAC for Telecommunications

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

Power Electronics Principles and Specificities.

Power Transfer Control Techniques

Trends in Power Electronics

Conclusion

MICRO-SCALE ENERGY HARVESTING

Introduction

Energy Transducer Characterization

Power Converter

MPP Tracking Approaches

Harvesting-aware Application Unit

Conclusions

INTEGRATION LIMITS

Introduction

The Growth of Microelectronics

Which are the Limits?

How Far from the Red Brick Wall?

Beyond Simple Scaling

New Devices and Architectures

The Limits of Computation

Conclusions

EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS

DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION

Introduction

Two-dimensional Digital Image Correlation

Examples

Conclusion

PHOTOELASTICITY

Introduction

Light

Linear Polarizers

Wave Plate

Plane Polariscope

Circular Polariscope

Model of Birefringent Material

Loaded Model in a Plane Polariscope

Loaded Model in a Circular Polariscope

Measuring the Partial Fringe Order using the Tardy Compensation Method

Jones Calculus

White Light Photoelasticity

RGB Photoelasticity

Determination of the Material Fringe Value

Reflection Photoelasticity

Stress Separation

Similitude in 2-D Photoelasticity

Photoelastic Materials

Three Dimensional Photoelasticity

MECHANICS OF TIME DEPENDENT MATERIALS BASED ON LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY

Introduction

Model Representations of Viscoelasticity

Concept of Fading Memory

Response to Sinusoidal Stress or Strain Input

Measurement of Viscoelastic Characteristic Functions

Multiaxial Stress and Strain in Linearly Viscoelastic Body

Conclusion

FRACTURE MECHANICS AND TOUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS

Introduction

Defect Inspection Methods

Griffith’s Energy Balance

The Stress Intensity Factor

Indirect Measurement of Toughness in Charpy or Izod Impact Tests

Validation of LEFM Projections

Competition between Plastic Collapse and Brittle Fracture

Use of K1in Thin Pieces

Correlation between K1and G

The R Curve

Essentials of Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics

CTOD as Fracture Criterion

Integral J as a Fracture Criterion

Measuring the Stress Intensity Factor

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS

Introduction

Modeling the Measurement

Uncertainty Analysis

Calibration

Interpolation

Uncertainty of Material Property Measurement

Conclusion

EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Introduction

Basics of Composite Materials

Characterization of Composite Material Properties

Conclusion

EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Introduction

Bone

Soft Tissues

Cell

INVERSE PROBLEMS IN EXPERIMENTAL SOLID MECHANICS

General Introduction to Inverse Problems in Solid Mechanics

Identification of Constitutive Behavior of Materials: Theory

Identification of Constitutive Behavior of Materials: Applications

Conclusion and Perspectives

BASIC MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Introduction

The State of Stress at a Point of the Loaded Structure

Principal Stresses and Principal Planes

Plane Stress

Analysis of the State of Stress using the Mohr Circle

Strain Analysis

Relations between Strains and Displacement Fields

State of Strain on the Free Surface of Structural Elements

Linear and Elastic Stress and Strain Relations

Stress-Strain Relations for Anisotropic Materials

Orthotropic Materials

Elasticity Equations

SIMILITUDE AND THEORY OF MODELS

Introduction

Dimensional Analysis

Models

Similarity - A Formal Definition

Scaling Analysis

Conclusion

AN INTRODUCTION TO AND OVERVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS

Review of Different Areas of Physics

Economical and Social Implications of physics

Conclusion

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS IN PHYSICS

Newtonian Physics

Electricity Magnetism and Optics

Thermodynamics

Quantum Mechanics

Theory of Relativity

Final Remarks

EVOLUTION OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS IN THE 20TH CENTURY

Atoms, Nuclei and Radioactivity

Ultraviolet and Atomic Catastrophes

Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Theory of Complex Atoms

Nuclear Structure

Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

The Force Messengers

The Weak Force

The Lepton and Baryon Families

The Quark Model

The Unified Theory

Quantum Chromodynamics

What comes next?

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Historical Notes

General Considerations

Clasical Theory of Elasticity

Fracture

Finite Elasticity

Computational Mechanics

Granular Materials

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Electrostatics

Electrical Conduction

Magnetostatics and Electromagnetism

Electromagnetic Induction

Maxwell Equations

Electromagnetic Waves

Concluding Remarks

Mathematical Tools

Introduction

PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS

Geometrical Optics

Wave Optics

Photon or Quantum Optics

Optical Instruments

Optical Metrology and Interferometry

Holography

Lasers

Applications of Optics

PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS

History

Basic Concepts

The Ear

Applications

HISTORY OF NOBEL LAUREATES IN PHYSICS

Atomic and Particle Physics

Quantum Mechanics

Condensed Matter

Astrophysics

Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Development of Experimental Methods and Technology

LAWS OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

Concepts, Theory and Experiments

Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Cosmology

General Relativity

Loop Quantum Gravity

String Theory

M-Theory and Holography

Emergent Phenomena

Plasmas

Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

Complex Systems and Chaos

SYMMETRY PRINCIPLES AND CONSERVATION LAWS

Symmetries and Conservation Laws; Noether’s Theorem

Internal Symmetries in Physics

Symmetries and Mathematics

Discrete Symmetries: P and C

Isospin and SU(2)

The Group SU(3) and the quark model

Gauge symmetries and fundamental interactions

Symmetry and Observables

SPECIAL AND GENERAL RELATIVITY

Relativity in physics

General relativity

Contemporary developments circa 2004

QUANTUM MECHANICAL LAWS

Black Body Radiation: The Lateral Problem Becomes Fundamental

The Discovery of Photons

Compton’s Effect: Collisions Confirm the Existence of Photons

Atoms: The Contradictions of the Planetary Model

The Mystery of the Allowed Energy Levels

Luis de Broglie: Particles or Waves?

Schrödinger’s Wave Mechanics: Wave Vibrations Explain the Energy Levels

The Statistical Interpretation

The Schrödinger’s Picture of Quantum Theory

The Uncertainty Principle: Instrumental and Mathematical Aspects

Typical States and Spectra

Unitary Evolution

Canonical Quantization: Scientific or Magic Algorithm?

The Mixed States

Quantum Control: How to Manipulate the Particle?

Measurement Theory and Its Conceptual Consequences

Interpretational Polemics and Paradoxes

Entangled States

Dirac’s Theory of the Electron as the Square Root of The Klein-Gordon Law

Feynman: The Interference of Virtual Histories

The Locality Problems

The Idea of Quantum Computing and Future Perspectives

Open Questions

THERMODYNAMICS, STATISTICAL PHYSICS AND THEIR LAWS

Introduction: On the Nature and Importance of Thermodynamic Laws

Thermodynamic Systems and Their Description

The Thermodynamic Laws

The Thermodynamic Potentials

Statistical Physics - A Briefing

Selected Illustrations

COMPLEX SYSTEMS AND NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS

Complex Systems

Non-Linear Dynamics and Chaos

Topics Involved

Concluding Remarks

PLASMAS

Astrophysical plasmas

Geophysical Plasmas

Laboratory plasmas

Conclusions

PARTICLES AND FIELDS

ELEMENTARY AND FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

Historical, Semantic and Formal Aspects

Elementary Today

Interactions and Fundamental Symmetries

A Bit of Formalism

Final Remarks

TYPES OF INTERACTIONS

Description of Interactions in Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory

Gauge Symmetries and Interactions

The Known Fundamental Interactions of Nature

Unification of Interactions

A Theory of Everything?

MOLECULES, ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Atoms

Molecules

Nuclei

Final Remarks

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Introduction: Physical Reality of the Field

Maxwell’s Equations

The Propagation of Electromagnetic Fields

Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Standing Waves

Energy and Momentum

Radiation Pressure

Radiation from an Antenna

Black Body Radiation

Cosmic Microwave Background

Polarization

Wave Phenomena: Interference and Diffraction

The Quantum States of Radiation: Photons

Atomic Line Spectra

Energy Levels in Atoms

The Laser

Electromagnetic Communication

QUANTUM SYSTEMS

Origin and Development of Quantum Mechanics

Bose-Einstein Condensates

Quantum Information Theory

STATIONARY STATES IN A POTENTIAL WELL

Introduction

Stationary Orbits in Old Quantum Mechanics

Stationary States in Wave Mechanics

The Infinite Square Well: The Stationary States Most Resembling the Standing Waves on a String

1D Parabolic Well: The Stationary States of the Quantum Harmonic Oscillator

The 3D Coulomb Well: The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom

The 3D Parabolic Well: The Stationary States of the Isotropic Harmonic Oscillator

Stationary Bound States in the Continuum

Conclusion

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Introduction

High Precision Atomic Spectroscopy

Negative Ions

Atomic Collisions

Rydberg Atoms

Parity Nonconservation in Atoms

Exotic Atoms

Atom Optics

Molecules

Gases

Molecules in Solids and Liquids

Basic Molecular Principles

Water Molecules and Some Chemical Reactions

Photosynthesis

QUANTUM-MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION OF SOLIDS

Energy Bands

Bandstructure Calculation Methods

Interface States

Introduction

Conclusions

QUANTUM PHENOMENA IN LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS

Making Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures

Physics in Quantum Systems of Reduced Dimensions

Two-Dimensional Quantum Systems

One-Dimensional Quantum Systems

Zero-Dimensional Quantum Systems

QUANTUM-MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION OF MENDELEEV PERIODIC TABLE

Introduction

Historical Notes

The Atomic Models

The First Quantum Atomic Model

The Standard Schrödinger Quantum Hydrogen Atom

Multielectron Atoms

Quantum Mechanical Construction of the Periodic Table

The Block Structure of the Periodic Table

Extra Labels in the Periodic Table

Conclusions and Perspectives

ORDER AND DISORDER IN NATURE

STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS:CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

The basic principle of atomic structure determination

Crystallography of crystals

Crystallography of glasses and liquids

A note on systems with intermediate order

Concluding Remarks

FLUCTUATIONS

Fluctuations and physical properties

Fluctuations, time correlation functions and transport properties

Quantum Fluctuations

Conclusions

PHASE TRANSITIONS AND SPONTANEOUSLY BROKEN SYMMETRIES

Ferromagnetism

Continuous Global Symmetry: Nambu-Goldstone Bosons

Continuous Local Symmetry: Higgs Bosons

Electroweak Unification

UNIVERSALITY IN CHAOS: EVOLUTION OF TURBULENCE

Introduction

The Universality

The Tools to Characterize Chaos

Time Series Analysis

Turbulence Phenomena

NON-EQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES

Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics

Microscopic Foundations

Concluding Remarks

TOPICAL REVIEW: NUCLEAR PROCESSES

Comments on different aspects of nuclear processes

Political and Social Implications of Nuclear physics, past, present and future

Conclusions

NUCLEAR MODELS: SHELL STRUCTURE AND THE EXTENSION OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM

Cold valleys in the potential

Shell structure in the superheavy region

Asymmetric and superasymmetric fission - cluster radioactivity

Fission observed with the gamma-sphere: long living nuclear molecules

Extension of the periodic system into the sections of hyper- and antimatter

Concluding Remarks - Outlook

NATURAL AND HUMAN-PRODUCED RADIOACTIVITY

Half-life

Types of radioactivity

Natural radioactivity

Human-produced radioactivity

Human exposure to radioactivity

Conclusions

NUCLEAR REACTIONS

Cross Section and Collision (S-) Matrix

Compound Nucleus Reactions

The Optical Model

Direct Reactions

Nuclear Reactions with Heavy Ions

INTERACTION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION WITH MATTER

Basic Concepts

Energy loss by heavy charged particles

Energy loss by electrons and positrons

Energy deposition by ?-rays

Interaction of neutrons with matter

Nuclear radiation detection

Dosimetry and biological effects

NUCLEAR SYNTHESIS IN NATURE

The General Concept

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

Core Collapse Supernovae

Nucleosynthesis in Explosive Binary Systems

Nucleosynthesis and Cosmic Rays

Conclusions

MATHEMATICAL HISTORY OF WAVE AND MATRIX QUANTUM MECHANICS

Introduction

Old Quantum Theory

Early Quantum Mechanics

On the Mathematical Equivalence of Wave and Matrix Mechanics

Conclusion

AN INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM GRAVITY

Introduction

Classical and Quantum Foundations

Canonical Quantum Gravity

From Old To New Unification

Functional Integrals and Background Fields

Spectral Zeta-Functions in 1-loop Quantum Cosmology

Hawkings Radiation

Achievements and Open Problems

WELDING ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES

Introduction

Welding Technology

Basic Principle of Welding Processes

Basic Principle of Soldering and Brazing

Thermal Spraying

Thermal Cutting

FUNDAMENTALS OF RESISTANCE WELDING PROCESSES

Introductory Explanations

Historical Outline

Physical Foundations

Division of Processes

Most Important Resistance Welding Processes

Resistance Welding Equipment

Evaluation of Weld Quality

HIGH ENERGY DENSITY WELDING PROCESSES

Introduction

High energy density welding processes

Basic principle of Electron Beam Welding

Basic principle of the Laser Beam Welding

Conclusion

JOINING OF PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

Introduction

Polymers

Polymeric Materials Welding

Hot Tool Welding

Hot Gas Welding

Extrusion Welding

Induction Welding

Resistance Welding

Ultrasonic Welding

Vibration Welding

Spin Welding

Infrared/laser Welding

Dielectric Welding

Microwave Welding

Welding of Plastics Micro- and Nano-Components

Welds Evaluation and Testing

Conclusion

UNDERWATER WELDING

Introduction

Classification of underwater welding

Underwater wet welding

Underwater Dry Welding

Weld Quality Evaluation

Conclusion

MICRO/NANO MATERIAL PROCESSING

Introduction

Micro- and Nanotechnology

Conclusion

WELDING JIGS AND FIXTURES

General

Main types of Jigs, Fixtures and Machines

Conclusion

THERMAL SPRAYING

Introduction

The basic principle of thermal spraying

The structure of thermally sprayed coatings

Thermal spraying processes and applied coatings

Properties of thermally sprayed coatings

Conclusions

THERMAL CUTTING

Introduction

Oxygen Cutting

Arc Cutting

Beam Cutting

WELDING METALLURGY

Variety of metallurgical welding processes

Oxidation and reduction

Desulphurisation of liquid metal

Dephosphorisation of liquid metal

Supplying alloying components to weld

Welding slags

Dissolution and liberation of gasses in liquid metal

Crystallisation

Blisters and gas pores in welds

Non-metallic inclusions in welds

Hot cracks in welds

FUNDAMENTALS OF WELDING-RELATED METAL SCIENCE AND WELDABILITY OF MATERIALS

Welding process

Welding thermal cycle

General zones of welded joints

Special zones of welded joints

Heat treatment of welded joints

Definition of weldability

Types of weldability

Methods of weldability assessment

Steel crack sensitivity tests

HEALTH AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF ARC WELDING

Introduction

Hazards of Arc Welding

Adverse Effects of Welding on Health

Risk Management (Including Risk Assessment)

Conclusion

SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

Introduction

Environmental and Operational Demands

THEORY, ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY, RESISTANCE AND PROPULSION OF SHIPS

Introduction

Conservation Laws

Potential Flow

Boundary Layer

Propeller Flow

Free-Surface Waves

Estimation of Full-Scale Drag

CFD

THEORY, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR SHIP MANEUVERABILITY

Preface

Principle of Steering

Basic Equation of Ship Steering Motion

Response to Rudder Steering

Navigation and Maneuverability

Safety and Maneuverability

Maneuverability in Ship Design

Closing Remarks

LIFE CYCLE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES INSPECTION AND SURVEY OF SHIP STRUCTURES: AN INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Who

When

Where

What

How Inspections are Carried Out

The Inspection Matrix

LIFE CYCLE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES RISK-BASED STRATEGIES FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROGRAMS

Introduction

Risk-Based Approaches

Rationale and Benefits of RBI

Reliability-Centered Maintenance

Conclusions

LIFE CYCLE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES HULL INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

Introduction

Stakeholders - Hull Condition

Drivers and Opportunities

Traditional Hull Inspection

Managing Hull Inspections Using Software

Compartment Scoring System

Critical Areas Inspection

Inspection Data Processing

Benefits

Training

Conclusions

OFFSHORE STRUCTURE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Introduction

Types of Offshore Structures

Functional Requirements

Fundamental Design Requirements

Meteorological and Oceanographical Information

Geotechnical Information

In-Service and Temporary Design Situations

Loading Categories

Loading Combinations

Structural Analysis

Materials and Welding

Topsides Design

Jacket Design

Piling and Foundation Design

Introduction to Corrosion Protection

THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT AND PHENOMENA

Properties: Fresh Water; Salt Water; Air

Water Waves

SHIP DESIGN AND BUILDING

Types of Ships

Requirement

Ship Design Process

Structure and Layout

Shipbuilding Process

Shipbuilding Methods / Techniques

Production and Manufacturing

Cost Estimation

Shipbuilding Yards

NANOSCIENCES AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES

HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Introduction

Background of nanotechnology

History of Nanotechnology

Conclusion

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF NANOSTRUCTURES: WHY NANO IS DIFFERENT

Introduction

Surface Effects and Quantum Confinement Effects

Learning from Surface Physics and Chemistry

The Average Coordination Number and the Stability of a Particle

Magic Numbers: Geometric and Electronic Closed Shells

Why Nanoparticles and Pore-Confined Matter Melt at Temperatures different from the Bulk

Size-Induced Insulator-To-Metal-Transitions

The Color of Metallic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles

Size- and Dimensionality-Dependent Magnetic Properties

Catalysis by Nanoparticles: Dependence on Size, Shape and Support

Concluding Remarks

SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY: FROM MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES TO FUNCTIONAL ASSEMBLIES

Introduction

Tuning the Amphiphilicity Of Building Blocks For Controlling Self-Assembly And Dis-Assembly

Supramolecular Chemistry for Organized Thin Films

Driving Forces of the Molecular Self-Assembly

Conclusion

MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL-SYSTEMS (MEMS)

Definition

Main Technology in MEMS

Applications

NANOELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Introduction

The Principles of Functioning and the Construction of Microelectromechanical and Nanoelectromechanical Converters of Energy, Mems, Nems

The Prospects of Nanoelectromechanical Systems, NEMS

Conclusion

NANOSTRUCTURES

Introduction

Low-dimensional structures

Properties of nanostructures

Nanofabrication and characterization

Concluding remarks

MOLECULAR AND NANO-ELECTRONICS

Introduction

Molecular and Nano Electronics in General

Approaches to Nanoelectronics

Molecular and Nano Devices

Summary and Perspective

NANOCARBONS THROUGH COMPUTATIONS: FULLERENES, NANOTUBES, AND GRAPHENE

Introduction

Grounds of Computational Science of Nanocarbons

Chemical Portraits of Fullerenes C60 and C70; Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, And Graphene: Enhanced Chemical Reactivity

Synopsis of Features Concerned With Chemical Reactivity of Nanocarbons

NANOSENSORS - BASED ON METAL AND COMPOSITE NANOPARTICLES AND NANOMATERIALS

Introduction

Metal Nanoparticle Sensors

Carbon Nanotube Sensors

Microcantilever Sensors

Bionanosensors

Polymer Nanoparticle Sensors

Semiconductor Nanoparticle Sensors

Conclusions and Outlooks

DETONATION NANODIAMONDS: TECHNOLOGY, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS

Introduction

Technology of Production of Detonation Nanodiamonds

Structure of Detonation Nanodiamond

Properties of DND

DND Applications

Historical Note and Present State of DND Production

Conclusion

NANOTOXICOLOGY: TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NANOMATERIALS

Introduction

Target Organ Toxicity of Nanoparticles

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Nanoparticles (ADME)

Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles

Molecular Toxicology of Nanoparticles

SCULPTURED THIN FILMS

Introduction

Fabrication

Constitutive Relations

Applications

Advantages and Disadvantages

Concluding Remarks

NANOMATERIALS AND COATINGS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES

Introduction

Application of Nanostructures and Biologically Active Metals

Cosmetics and sanitary products based on natural nanomaterials

Textile Materials with Antibacterial Properties

Antibacterial Processing of Nonwoven Materials and Leather with Nanosystems

Medical Polymers with Antimicrobial Properties

Lacquer Coatings with Biocidal and Fungicidal Properties based on nanomaterials

Conclusion

ASIA NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Nanotechnology Policy in China

Nanotechnology Policy in Japan

Nanotechnology Policy in Korea

Nanotechnology policy in Singapore

Nanotechnology Policy in India

LAYERED NANOSTRUCTURES

Introduction

Layered Nanostructures with the Simplest Geometry

Spherical Nanolayers

Nanolayers with Cylindrical Symmetry

Conclusion

ELLIPSOIDAL AND LENS SHAPED QUANTUM DOTS

Introduction

Electronic States in a Weakly Oblated (Prolated) Ellipsoidal QD (Impermeable Walls)

The model of finite deep rectangular ellipsoidal well

Strongly Oblated Ellipsoidal QD

Strongly Prolated Ellipsoidal QD (SPEQD)

Electronic States in a Cylindrical QD Having Elliptical Lens-Shaped Cross-Section

Electronic States in a Cylindrical QD Having Thin Falciform Cross-Section

Electronic States in the Coated Lens-Shaped QD

Direct Interband Light Absorption in a SOEQD

Direct Interband Absorption of Light in a SPEQD

Conclusion

ELECTROCHEMICAL NANOSTRUCTURING

What is Electrochemical Nanostructuring?

Basic Principles of Electrochemistry

Top-Down Electrochemical Nanostructuring

Electrochemical Nanostructuring Using the Bottom-up Approach

Optical Properties and Possible Applications

Conclusion

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS

Preliminary Concepts: Definition and Theoretical Framework

Kinematics of Deformation

Balance Laws

Constitutive Behavior

INTRODUCTION TO CONTINUUM MECHANICS

Introduction

The Continuum Setting: Kinematics and Balance Equations

Mathematical issues

A Primer on Constitutive Equations (Solids)

More on Constitutive Behavior (fluids) and Coupled Fields

Rethinking Basic Issues

HISTORY OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS

History of the General Theories and Fundamental Equations

History of Constitutive Equations; Rheology

Development of the Mathematical Methods of Solution of the Equations

KINEMATICS

Preliminaries

Body, Configurations, and Motion

Deformation Gradient

Rotation Tensors and Rigid Body Motion

Singular Surfaces

BALANCE LAWS

Integral Theorems

Surface Interactions

Balance Laws and Jump Conditions

CONSTITUTIVE THEORIES: BASIC PRINCIPLES

Introduction

Frame of Reference, Observer

Motion and Deformation of a Body

Objective Tensors

Galilean Invariance of Balance Laws

Constitutive Equations in Material Description

Principle of Material Frame-Indifference

Constitutive Equations in Referential Description

Simple Materials

Material Symmetry

Remarks on Material Models

Elastic Materials

Viscous Fluids

Thermodynamic Considerations

SIMPLE CONSTITUTIVE MODELS FOR SOLIDS AND FLUIDS

Basic Results in Continuum Mechanics

Elastic and Hyperelastic Materials

Elastoplasticity and Viscoplasticity

Viscous Fuids And Solids

Continuum Damage Models

LINEAR ELASTOSTATICS

Introduction

Traction and Stress

Transformation of Coordinates

Hooke’s Law

Loading and Boundary Conditions

Strain Energy and Variational Methods

Two-Dimensional Problems

Solution of Boundary-Value Problems

The Prismatic Bar under Shear and Torsion

Three-Dimensional Problems

Concentrated Forces and Dislocations

Asymptotic Fields at Singular Points

Anisotropic Materials

LINEAR ELASTODYNAMICS AND WAVES

Introduction

Bulk Waves

Surface Waves

Interface Waves

Concluding Remarks

ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS

Fundamental Concepts of Fluids

Fluid Statics

Hydrodynamics

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Aerodynamics-Gas Dynamics of the Inviscid Fluid

Fluid Mechanics in Energy Machines

NONLINEAR ELASTICITY AND ITS ROLE IN CONTINUUM THEORIES

Introduction

Nonlinear Elasticity

Nonlinear Viscoelastic Solids

Mixtures, Interacting Continua

Concluding Comments

FUNDAMENTAL APPLICATIONS: SOLID MECHANICS

Introduction

Application to Metals

Application to Composite Materials

Application to Biological Materials

APPLICATIONS TO FLUID MECHANICS: WATER WAVE PROPAGATION

Introduction

Classification of Wave Models

Phase-Averaged Models

Phase-Resolving Models

Models based on Navier-Stokes Equations

Concluding Remarks

TURBULENCE

What is Turbulence?

Energy Cascade and Dissipation

Vorticity Dynamics and Energy Cascade

Turbulence Scales

Turbulence Modeling

Reynolds-Averaged Approach

Large Eddy Simulation

Future Research Directions

NONLINEAR ELECTRO- AND MAGNETOELASTIC INTERACTIONS

Introduction

Electrostatics

Magnetostatics

Faraday's Law of Induction

Maxwell's Equations

Boundary Conditions

Deformable Electromagnetic Materials

Nonlinear Magnetoelastic Interactions

Representative Boundary-Value Problems

LIQUID CRYSTALS

The Liquid Crystalline Phase

Frank Director Theory

Nematic Displays: Freedericksz Transition

Dynamics

Landau-De Gennes Order Tensor Theory

Topological Defects

Nematic Elastomers

CONFIGURATIONAL FORCES

Introduction

Concepts of Piola stress and configurational stress

Configurational force

Pseudo-inhomogeneity and pseudo-plastic effects

Inhomogeneous pure elasticity : conservation laws

General continuum mechanics : canonical conservation laws

Configurational forces acting on field singularities

Configurational forces and numerics

Conclusion : the World of Configurational Forces

INTRODUCTORY TOPICS IN THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS

Introduction

The Well-Posed Problem

Introduction

Material Description

Spatial Description

Constitutive Theories

Introduction Existence and uniqueness

Continuous Dependence Stability

Backward Heat Equation Ill-Posed Problems

Non-Linear Heat Conduction

Infinite Thermal Wave Speeds

Introduction

Thermoviscous Flow Navier-Stokes Fluid

Linearized and Linear Elastostatics

Linearized Elastodynamics

Linearized and Linear Thermoelastostatics

Linearized and Linear Thermoelastodynamics

Viscoelasticity

Non-linear Elasticity

Non-Linear Thermoelasticity and Thermoviscoelasticity

Introduction

Isothermal Models

Thermal Models

AN OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS

Ancient roots

Classical physics

Modern physics

Conclusion

DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTALS IN PHYSICS

Newtonian Mechanics

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Principles of Optics and Acoustics

Electricity and Magnetism

PHYSICAL SYSTEMS AND LAWS

Symmetry Principles and Conservation Laws

Special and General Relativity

Statistical Physics

Complex Systems and Non-linear Dynamics

PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Elementary and Fundamental Particles

Types of Interactions

Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei

Electromagnetic Waves and Fields

QUANTUM SYSTEMS

Quantum Mechanical Laws

Stationary States of Quantum Systems

Atoms, Molecules and Solids

Interaction of Radiation with Matter

ORDER AND DISORDER IN NATURE

Structure of Solids and Liquids

Phase Transitions and Spontaneous Broken Symmetry

Non-equilibrium Processes

PHYSICS AND DEVELOPMENT

Milestones of Physics

Overview of Applications

Direct Effects of Basic Research

Indirect Effects ("Spin-off")

Basic Knowledge at the End of the Century: The Legacy

The Education Crisis

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICS

Introduction

Philosophy of Physics As An Autonomous Discipline

Philosophy of Physics and Physics

Philosophy Of Physics And History Of Physics

Philosophy of Physics and Philosophy

Conclusion: Where to Go

LOGIC AND METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Introduction: Nature and function of the Philosophy of Science

Scientific Concepts and Hypotheses

Scientific Laws and Explanation

Scientific Theories

THE NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

Introduction

The Problem of the Meaning of Scientific Concepts

The Axiomatic Construction of a Scientific Theory

The Formalist Conception of Theories

Theories as Interpreted Calculi

The Radical Empiricist View of Scientific Theories

The Two-Levels View of Empirical Theories

Model Building as a Bridge Between Theory and Experience

The Modelistic Determination of Empirical Theories

Are Successful Scientific Theories True?

Conclusion

NATURAL SCIENCE

Introduction

Characteristics of Science As A Rational Way of Knowing

Testing Hypotheses by Observation and Experiment

The Philosophical Bases of Modern Science: Terminology

Philosophies of Science: Historical Development

"Laws" in the Natural Sciences

Science and Technology

Conclusion

A SHORT HISTORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Methodological Introduction

Some Important Lines of Development between 1930 and 1950

The Structure of DNA and the Establishment of a New Paradigm (1950-1965)

Molecular Biology and the Origins of Gene Technology

Molecular Biology and Evolution

THE STRUCTURE OF THE DARWINIAN ARGUMENT IN THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

Introduction: The Hypothetical-Deductive Reconstruction

Analyzing The Hypothetical-Deductive Reconstructions

The Historical Reconstructions

Bringing Together History and Philosophy of Science

Towards a New Analysis

HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT THEORY

Measurement and Measurement Theory

The formation Period

Suppes on Representation and Uniqueness

The mature Theory

EPISODES OF XX CENTURY COSMOLOGY: A HISTORICAL APPROACH

Introduction

Cosmological Lessons from Earlier Centuries

From Nebulae to Galaxies

The Emergence of the Idea of Expansion

The Principal Cosmological Models of the First Half of the Century

The Discovery of Cosmic Background Radiation and Some Implications

The COBE Results and the Analysis of the Fluctuations

Changes in the Epistemological Status of Cosmological Research Programmes

A Brief Panorama of Contemporary Cosmology

PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS

Introduction

The Point of View of “Pure Economics”

Economically Qualified Entities

Abstraction and Idealization

Ideal Objects

Epistemological Views

Fundamental Measurement

Economics and Philosophy

SOCIAL SCIENCES: HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW OF METHODS AND GOALS

Early History

The Nineteenth-Century Scientific Study of Society

Responses to Positivist's Proposals for a Genuine Social Science

Developments in the Twentieth Century

Prospects for the Twenty-First Century

INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science, Techniques, Technology and Technoscience

Ethics and Morality

Ethical Questions Regarding Science and Technology

Values in Science and Technology

Instrumental Rationality: "Rationality of Means to Ends" and "Rationality of Ends"

The Ethical Responsibility of Scientists and Technologists

Evaluation of Technological Systems and Ethical Problems

Justifiable Damage

Technology, Technoscience and Risk

Duties of Scientists, Technologists, Techno-Scientists and the Institutions

Experiments on Animals and Animal Rights

THE ETHICS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

The ‘Touch’ of Ethics and Science

The ‘Penetration’ of Ethics into Science: Questions About Impartiality

The ‘Penetration’ of Ethics into Science: Relations between Research Methodologies and Holding Ethical Values

Conclusion

THE CONTROL OF NATURE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN FACT AND VALUE

Introduction

First Idea: Sufficiency and Impartiality of the Natural Method

Second Idea: The Distinction between Natural and Moral Disciplines

Third Idea: Scientific Method and the theological Backdrop

Fourth Idea: The Difference between Descritpion and Norm and Cognitive Neutrality

Fifth Idea: Scientific Understandign and the Descontextualized Strategies

Modern Science and the Control of Nature

Conclusion

SCIENCE AND EMPIRE: THE GEO-EPISTEMIC LOCATION OF KNOWLEDGE

A Historiographical Construction

Empire and Geo-epistemology

The Evolution of the Ideas

The Translation Effect

From Building the Empire to Constructing Science

Modernity, Science, Knowledge

Towards a Scientific Imaginary and an Invisible Empire: From Historiography to Visual Culture

SCIENCE AND RELIGION

Introduction

What Do We Mean by Science?

What Do We Mean by Religion?

Relations Between Science and Religion in History

The "Scientific Revolution" of the Renaissance

The Partition between Matter and Spirit and the Cartesian Compromise

From the Ontological to the Epistemological Dualism: Kant

Evolutionism and Religion

Knowledge, Belief, Faith and Rationality

The Point of View of "the Whole"

The Point of View of the Whole and the "Problem of Life"

Science and the Question of the Whole

Conclusions

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE - SIGNIFICANT EPISTEMOLOGICAL REFERENCE POINTS

The Constitutive Principles of Modernity.

The Enlightenment. The religious consciousness as illusion.

Epistemological mutations in the paradigm of contemporary science.

WHAT IS THAT THING CALLED PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY?

Introduction

Locating technology with respect to science

Locating philosophy of technology

Early philosophies of technology.

Recent Philosophies of technology

Technology and values

Conclusions

TRANSITIONS FROM FUNCTION-ORIENTED TO EFFECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGIES - SOME THOUGHTS ON THE NATURE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

The Technology of Machines T I – Instrumental and Efficient

Instrumental Rationality as the Rationality of Actions

Unspecified Technology and its Consequences

TECHNICAL AGENCY AND SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGICAL PESSIMISM

Contemporary experiences with technology

Mechanisation and the origins of technological pessimism

The idea of technical agency and power

COLONIALISM, ANTI-COLONIALISM AND THE IDEA OF PROGRESS

Introduction

Civilization and Progress

The Idea of Progress

Universal History and Colonialism

Justifying Colonialism

America: From Colony to Colonizer

Conclusion: Anti-colonialism

PHYSICAL METHODS, INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS

Physical Units and Fundamental Constants

Electricity and Magnetism

Optical Sources, Detectors, and Communications

Nuclear and Particle Physics

Sensors

Microscopy

Electronic Distance Measurements (EDM)

Elemental Analysis

High Pressure and Temperature

Physics for Medicine

Physical Methods in Industry

MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENT STANDARDS

Metrology: Science, Philosophy, and Scientific Basis for the Art of Measurement

Measurement Standards

Metrology: Trends of Future Development

LIMITS AND ACCURACY IN MEASUREMENTS

Mathematical formalism

Robust approach

Resolution of digitized signals

MEASUREMENT AND STANDARDS OF SPACE AND MASS

Space, Time, and Mass-Philosophical Categories and Objects of Measurements

The Need for Measurements and Metrology

The History of the Standard of the Meter

Apparatus and Instruments for Dimensional Measurements

Angular Standards

The Role of Angle in Measurements of Distances

Mass Standards

High-precision Mass Comparators

Mass Artifacts and Balances

Accurate Methods for Mass Measurement

MEASUREMENTS AND STANDARDS OF TIME AND FREQUENCY

Time Units and Scales

Clocks and Frequency Standards

Future Prospects

The Knowledge of Time as One of the Bases for Human Life

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS

Dimension of Physical Quantity and its Value

Units of Physical Quantities: Systems of Quantities and Systems of Units

Equations Between Quantities

Dimensions of Physical Quantities

Le Système International d’Unités (SI)

Systems of Units of Physical Quantities

Natural Systems of Units

MEASUREMENTS AND STANDARDS OF MECHANICAL MOTION QUANTITIES

Quantities to Be MeasuredIntercommunication of Mechanical Motion Quantities

Methods for Construction of Reference Systems

Methods and Units for Measurement of Mechanical Motion Quantities

Metrological Characteristics of Instruments Measuring Mechanical Motion Quantities

Standards in the Field of Measurement of Mechanical Motion Quantities

Devices and Systems Used to Establish Standards

Development of New Trends of Metrology of Mechanical Motion Quantities

TEMPERATURE: TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION

The International Temperature Scale

Electrical Resistance Methods

Radiant Methods of Temperature Measurement

Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement

Liquid in Glass Thermometry

Calibration Methods

Common Errors

SOURCES OF PARTICLES AND RADIATION, DETECTORS AND SENSORS

Sources of particles

Sources of high-energy radiation

Detectors

PARTICLE DETECTORS

Gaseous Counters

Semiconductor Detectors

Methods of Neutron Detection

Track-Etch Detectors

(?E,E)-Technique for Identification of Detected Particles

Position-Sensitive Detectors

Time and Amplitude Measurement Techniques

Statistical Character of Nuclear Events

DETECTORS OF RADIATION

Gamma and X-Radiation

Radiation Detectors

Ionization Detectors

Scintillation Detectors

Microcalorimeters

Detector Performance Indicators

OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS

Spectrum of optical radiation

Optical units, radiometry and photometry

Thermal radiation.

Sources of optical radiation

The Laser

Thermal detectors

Photon detectors

Photoemissive devices

Wave interaction effects

Noise in radiation detectors

Figures of Merit

State of the art of optical detectors

OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS

Radiation Sources and Receivers

Intensity OFS

Frequency Sensors

Phase Sensors

Polarization Sensors

ACOUSTICS AND ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS

Basis of Sound

Effects of Acoustic Waves on the Human Beings

Criteria for Evaluation of Noise

Noise Sources

Instrumentation for Noise Measurement

Noise Control and Sound Quality

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

The Storage Ring

Beamlines

Experimental Methods

Future Prospects

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR PARTICLES

Cosmic Rays

Natural Radioactive Sources

Accelerators

Neutron Sources

Accelerators in Industry

GRAVIMETRIC MEASURING TECHNIQUES

Absolute instruments.

Differential instruments.

Major sources of perturbations and corrections.

Gravimetric networks and points positioning.

Measurements at sea.

Airborne gravity measurements.

IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZING - TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Optical microscopy

Electron microscopy

Tunneling microscopy

Interferometry and holography

Emission and transmission tomography

Nuclear methods of bulk and surface elemental analysis

Laser spectroscopy

OPTICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Optical microscopy

Electron microscopy

Hybrid and derived instruments

Current trends and perspectives

SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION

Auger Electron Spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Secondary ion mass spectrometry

Scanning probe microscopy

HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY

Wavefront Recording and Reconstruction

Methods of Wavefront Comparison

Fringe Localization

Determination of Wavefront Phase

Measurement of Static and Dynamic Displacements

Flow Measurement

Shape Measurement

Holographic Flaw Detection

MEDICAL AND INDUSTRIAL TOMOGRAPHY

Principles of Reconstructive Tomographic Imaging

Instrumentation

Applications of Computer Tomography

RADIOACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND ISOTOPIC TRACERS

Activation Theory

Quantitative Determination by Radioactivation Analysis

Experimental Modes of Activation

Practical Applications of Radioactivation Analysis

APPLICATIONS OF LASER SPECTROSCOPY IN BIOMEDICINE AND PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

Tumor Detection and Localization

Atherosclerotic Plaque Identification

Diagnostic Accuracy of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

LIFS and LIBS as an Analysis Tool in Pigment Identification

LIFS and LIBS as a Means of Controlling Laser Cleaning

REMOTE SENSING

Radiolocation

Laser Location, Lidar

The Remote Sensing Earth from Space

Modern Trends in the Development of Remote Sensing Methods

TECHNOLOGY OF PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS

Matter and Techniques at Low Temperatures

Magnetic Fields and Magnetometry

Low and High Pressure Technology

PERMANENT MAGNETS

Magnetic Properties

Magnet Materials

Magnet Processing

Magnet Structures

Magnet Applications

Prospects

MAGNETIC FIELDS

Generation of Magnetic Fields in Laboratories

Measurement of Magnetic Fields

MASS SPECTROMETRY

Mass Spectrometry, Principles and Instrumentation

Main Analytical Instruments and Methods in Mass Spectrometry, and their use

VACUUM TECHNOLOGY

Units and Ranges of Vacuum

Pumping Process

Pumps

Measurement of Pressure

Analysis of Gas Composition

Leaks and Leak Detection

CRYOGENICS AND ULTRA LOW TEMPERATURES

Temperature scales

History

The methods of refrigeration

Physics at lower temperatures.

Applications

HIGH-PRESSURE: GENERATION AND MEASUREMENT

Methods for Studying Physical Properties of Solids under Pressure

Polymorphism and X-raying under pressure

Graphite-to-diamond transformation and new materials

One more Carbon modification—Fullerenes

Behavior of Conduction Electrons Under Pressure

Electron transitions

Superconductivity

Insulator-to-metal transition. Metal hydrogen

APPLICATIONS OF MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

Radiation physics

Radiation treatment

Radiation technology

Non-destructive testing

Lasers Applications

Thermal-plasma processing

Superconductive instruments

RADIATION BIOLOGY

Cell Cycle Growth Control and Damage Repair

Molecular Biology of Radiation Sensitivity in Tumors and Normal Tissue

From Cell Survival Curves to Dose Response Relations for Organized Tissue

Radiation Quality and Radiation Effects

SQUIDS IN NEURO-AND CARDIOMAGNETISM

General comments

Magnetoencephalography and magnetocardiography

SQUIDs

Multichannel instrumentation for MEG

Examples of MEG studies

Cardiomagnetic studies

Comparisons of MEG, MCG, EEG, ECG, PET, and fMRI

PLASMA PROCESSING AND ION IMPLANTATION

Plasma Processing of Surfaces

Ion Implantation

Modification of Materials by Powerful Pulsed Ion Beams

Implantation-Plasma Treatment of Materials

RADIATION PROCESSING

Radiation Processing

Interaction of Radiation with Matter

Industrial Applications of Radiation Processing

LASERS IN TECHNOLOGY

Industrial High-Power Lasers

High-Power Laser Beam Characteristics and Beam Absorption

Laser Cutting

Laser Welding

Laser Drilling

Laser Surface Engineering

Laser Micromachining

Other Laser Material Processing Techniques

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING: NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY

Principle of Neutron Radiography

Neutron Sources

Imaging Techniques

Neutron Radiography Instrumentation

Radiography Investigations in Research and Development

RADIATION THERAPY

Overview of the Radiation Therapy Process

Radiobiological Bases of Radiation Therapy

Radiation Therapy Objectives and Target Definition

Treatment Techniques

Treatment Delivery

Modern Developments of Radiation Therapy

FEMTOPROCESSES

Introduction

Generation of Ultrashort Light Pulses

Measurement of Ultrashort Pulse Duration

Femtosecond Technologies

Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Optical Spectroscopy

Laser Femtochemistry

Quantum Control

Nanophotonics

Some Fundamental Applications of Femtolasers

Conclusion

FEMTOLASERS AND HIGH-INTENSITY LASER-MATTER INTERACTIONS

Race for Laser Intensity

High-intensity Laser-matter Interaction

Applications

Relativistic Engineering

FEMTOSECOND NANOPHOTONICS AND MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Femtosecond Nanophotonics

Femtosecond Biophotonics

Femtosecond Microscopy

Ultrafast Structural Dynamics During Reaction

Conclusion

FEMTOCHEMISTRY

Introduction

Experiments Of Physicochemical Processes On Femtosecond-Subpicosecond Time Scale

Femtochemistry Of Elementary Reactions

Coherent Processes And Reactions

Conclusion

FEMTOSECOND MEASUREMENTS COMBINED WITH NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Experimental Setup Configuration and Issues Of Concern In Ultrafast NSOM

Applications of Ultrafast NSOM

Conclusion

COHERENT CONTROL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Introduction

Coherent Control of Dynamics of Chemical Processes and Product Yield

Specific Features of Experiments on Coherent Control

Processes and Elementary Photoreactions in Gases and Solutions

Coherent Control in Nanosystems

Coherent Control in Biological Systems

Prospects for Coherent Control in Chemistry

Coherent Control of Acoustic Phonons in Bulk Semiconductors

MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND ITS EVOLUTION

The role of Measurement in Science, Technology, Society

Basics of measurement science

The Past and the Present of Measurement Science

Some current trends

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Structure of Materials

Defects in Crystals

Processing of Materials

Efficient Production and use of Materials

Materials in Combination

Some Active Areas of Materials Development

OPTIMIZATION OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES

Optimization through Solidification Processing

Optimization through Mechanical Processing

Optimization through Heat Treatment

Optimization by local Microstructural Modification

BONDING IN SOLIDS, STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Atomic Orbitals: their Origin and their Shapes

Forming Bonds between like Atoms: Bonding and Anti-bonding Molecular Orbitals, Sigma and Pi-bonds

Forming Bonds between Unlike Atoms: Polar Covalent and Ionic Bonds, Two Extremes of the Same Process

A Simple Model for an Ionic Solid: A Balance between Coulombic Attraction and Short-range Repulsion

From Hybridization to Conjugation to Band Structures: Why Diamond and Graphite have such Different Properties

More about Bands: Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors

Molecular Solids, van der Waals Solids and Hydrogen Bonding

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS

Macromolecules and Polymers

Synthesis of Polymers

Structure of Macromolecules

Structure of Polymers

Design of Polymers with Specific Properties

Mechanical Properties of Polymers

Rheology and Viscoelasticity of Polymers

Electric and Optical Properties of Polymers

Additives

Polymer Processing

Polymers and the Environment

Methods of Polymer Characterization

Specialty Polymers

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS

Deformation Behavior of Polymers

Statistical Molecular Theories

Large Deformation Theory

Finite Element Idealization

Experimental Stress-Strain Plots

Dynamic Mechanical Properties

Ultimate Stress and Ultimate Strain of Polymers

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

Stress-strain Curves

Elastic Deformation

Anelastic Deformation

Viscous Deformation

Geometry and Crystallography of Plastic Deformation

Plastic Deformation of Polycrystals

Work-hardening, Recovery and Recrystallization

Fracture of Metals

Fatigue of Metals

Creep and Creep-rupture

Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Materials

PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND MICROSTRUCTURE

Phase Equilibria

Phase Diagrams

Microstructure

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Structural Materials

Functional Materials

MAGNETIC MATERIALS

The Origin of Magnetism

Magnetic Terminology and Units

Types of Magnetic Materials

Intrinsic Properties of Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Domains

Magnetic Hysteresis

Observation of Magnetic Domains

Hard Magnetic Materials

Applications of Hard Magnetic Materials

Soft Magnetic Materials

Applications of Soft Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Recording

Other Magnetic Materials

MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Semiconductor Materials for Electronic Devices

Nonsemiconductor Materials for Electronic Devices

HIGH TEMPERATURE STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Review of Current High Temperature Structural Materials

Applications

The Future

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIALS

Electrochemical Characteristics of the Corrosion of Metallic Materials

Anodic Dissolution in the Active State

Passivity of Metallic Materials

Passivity Breakdown

Effects of Alloying Elements

Sulfur-induced Corrosion

BENEFITS OF FIBER AND PARTICULATE REINFORCEMENT

Types of Reinforcement

Mechanical Behavior of Composites

Processing of Composites

Reinforced Polymers

Reinforced Metals

Reinforced Ceramics

MATERIALS PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

Processing via the Liquid State

Powder Methods

Mechanical Working

Polymer Matrix Composites

Processing of Fibers

Recycling and Reuse of Materials

Joining of Materials

PROCESSING FROM THE LIQUID STATE

Liquid State

Fundamentals of Processing from the Liquid State

Processing Methods

POWDER METHODS

Technical Advantages

Example Applications

Industry Structure

Growth and Economic Trends

MECHANICAL WORKING OF MATERIALS

Types of Plastic - Effects on Manufacturing Methods

Manufacturing Methods for Plastic Parts

MANUFACTURING OF POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITES

Applications of Polymer-Matrix Composites

Constituent Materials

Composite Properties

Manufacturing Techniques

Outlook

FIBER PRODUCTION

Plant Fibers

Animal Fibers

Manufactured Fibers

Regenerated Cellulosic Fibers

Melt-spun Synthetic Fibers

Solution-spun Synthetic Fibers

High-performance Fibers

RECYCLING OR REUSE OF MATERIALS

Why Reuse or Recycle?

Current Practice

Options for Near Term Improvement

The Ultimate Goal: Recycling in a Steady State Economy

JOINING OF ADVANCED MATERIALS

Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys

Joining of Magnesium Alloys

Supermartensitic Stainless Steels

DETECTION OF DEFECTS AND ASSESSMENT OF SERVICEABILITY

Defects in Solids

Structural Defects

Nondestructive Testing and Nondestructive Evaluation

Nondestructive Testing Methods

The Performance and Reliability of Nondestructive Testing

The Assessment of Serviceability

Dealing with Defects

DEFECTS INTRODUCED INTO METALS DURING FABRICATION AND SERVICE

Primary Production Defects

Defects Introduced During Fabrication

Defects Introduced in Service

The significance of defects entering service

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND EVALUATION OF METALS

Defects in Metals

Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Detecting Defects in Metals

Evaluation of Non-Destructive Testing Data

COMPOSITE DEFECTS AND THEIR DETECTION

Types of Defect in Composites

Ultrasonic Inspection Methods

Low-frequency Vibration Methods

Acoustic Emission and Acousto-Ultrasonics

X-Radiography

Optical Methods

Thermal Methods

CORROSION DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS

Inspection Organization

Inspection, Detection and Monitoring Methods

Treatment and Analysis of Inspection Results

From Diagnosis to Determination of Solution(s), Recommendations and Preventive Actions

MATERIALS OF THE FUTURE

Synthesis and Processing

Biomedical Materials

Smart Materials

Biomimetics and Self-assembly

Nanoscale Materials and Assembly

Future Information Technologies

Display Technology

Ultrastrong Fibers

Materials Made To Measure

SMART MATERIALS

Responsive Materials in Engineering

Instrumented Structures: Add-ons for Smart Materials

Conventional Smart Materials

Micromechanics: MEMS

Chemically Triggered Mechanically Responsive Materials

Carbon: Nanotubes and Bucky Balls

MATERIALS FOR CLEAN ENERGY CONVERSION

Comparison between Combustion Processes and Fuel Cells for Energy Conversion

Materials Requirements as Electrochemical Energy Converters

High-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Future Trends

AEROSPACE AND SPACE MATERIALS

Aluminum Alloys

Titanium Alloys and Aluminides

Superalloys

Ceramics

Composites

Outlook

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Pre-1800: Charged Times

Electricity as a Science: Electromagnetism and Circuit Theory

Engineering Electricity: Important Direct Current Devices

Selling Electricity: Asphyxiating Gas

Centralized Power: Battle of the Currents

A Material World: Conducting Materials

Sending the Right Signals: Communications, Control, and Measurements

Modern Trends in Power: the Next Generation

MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

Introduction

Basic Electrical Quantities

Voltage, Current and Power Representation in Time and Frequency

Parameters of Electrical Quantities

Measurement Methods and Instrumentations

Conclusions

OPTIMAL OPERATION OF COMBINED HEAT AND POWER BASED POWER SYSTEMS IN LIBERALIZED POWER MARKETS

Introduction

CHP Systems and Liberalized Power Markets

CHP System Modeling

Solution Approches for Determininistic CHP Models

Optimization under Uncertainty

Concluding Remarks

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL DRIVE CONTROLS

Introduction

Elements of controlled electrical drive

Adjustment of DC motor speed

Design of DC drive cascade control system

Design of tracking system

Control of permanent-magnet synchronous motor

Compensation of transmission compliance, friction, and backlash effects

Conclusion

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND FIELDS

Electric and Magnetic Circuits and Fields

Integration of Circuit and Field Theories

Introduction to Amplifiers

Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement

Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

Electrostatic Fields

Magnetic Fields

ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Magnetic materials

Magnetic circuit

Energy and co-energy calculation

Electromagnetic devices

DIRECT CURRENT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT SYSTEMS

Theory of Electric Circuits

Three-phase systems

The Electric Power System

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)

Power Quality

NETWORK ANALYSIS

Passive Components

Voltage and Current Sources

Circuits

Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Node and Mesh Analysis

Network Theorems

Two-Port Networks

Advanced Circuit Analysis techniques

ELECTRIC POWER CONVERSION SYSTEM SYNTHESIS - THEORY AND PRACTICE

Rapid Increase in Electronically Powered Applications

Switched Power Converters

Resonant Converters

Applications

ACTIVE NETWORKS

Types of Electric Networks

Active Filters

Power in Three Phase Systems

Simulation

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

The Elements of Signals and Systems

The Mathematical Approach to Signals and Systems

Signal Representation

Systems Theory

Applications

SIGNAL THEORY

Properties of Signals

Elementary Signals

Linear Time Invariant Systems

Fourier Analysis

Discrete-Time Signals

Random Processes

ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING

Analog Signals and Systems

Linear Time Invariant Systems

Theory of Filters

Analog Signal Processing Circuits and Hardware Implementation

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING - APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE

Digital Signal Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

Sampling of Continuous-Time Signals

Digital Signal Processing Systems

Transfer Functions and Structures

Discrete Fourier Transform

Random Signal Representation

Implementation of Digital Signal Processing Systems

IMAGE PROCESSING

Some Comments on Vision

What Is An Image?

The Relationship between Digital And Analogue Images

The Concept of An Image Processing System

The Process of Image Formation

The Image as a Representation

The Image Processing Hierarchy

The Pre-Processing Level

Low Level Image Processing

Medium Level Image Processing

Image Interpretation

Interpolation in Image Processing

The Edge Detection Problem

Applications of Image Processing

Some Image Processing Packages

MODULATION AND DETECTION

Principles of Modulation

Detection and Receiver Structures

Future Development, Economic and Environmental Implications

MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Conductive Materials, Wires and Cables

Dielectric Materials and Devices

Semiconductor Materials and Devices

Magnetic Materials and Devices

Superconducting Materials and Devices

Fiber Optic devices and Systems

CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS, WIRES, AND CABLES

Basic concepts of electrical conduction

Electronic band model

Conductive materials

Electrical wires

Wire sizes

Current carrying capacity

Skin effect

Types of electrical wire

Cables components

Cable performance in fire

Environmental issues

Conclusion: Sustainable Use of Metal Resources

DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES

Dielectric Materials

Dielectric Devices

MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND MAGNETIC TECHNIQUES

Basics of Magnetism

Magnetic Behaviour of Materials

Types of Magnetic Materials

Applications of Magnetism

Promising Developments

SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AND DEVICES

Superconducting Properties

LTS Materials

HTS Materials

Devices

FIBER OPTIC DEVICES AND SYSTEMS

Basic Construction of Optical Fibres

Multimode and Single mode Fibres

Types of Non-communication Fibre

Medical Applications of Optical Fibres

INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS

Characteristics and Response

Errors and Error Control

Standards

Analog and Digital Instruments

Control of Instruments

Design, Testing, and Calibration

Applications of Instruments

GALVANOMETERS, ELECTROMECHANICAL VOLTMETERS AND AMMETERS

Measurement Fundamentals

Electromechanical Voltmeters and Ammeters

Thermal-Type Instruments

Potentiometers

ELECTRONIC VOLTMETERS AND AMMETERS

Analog Meters

Digital Meters

Radio-Frequency Microvoltmeters

Vacuum-Tube Voltmeters and Oscilloscopes

HIGH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS

Requirements for High-Voltage Measurements

Voltage and Current Transducers

Measurement Techniques and Algorithms

Integrated High-Voltage Measurement Systems

MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS

Magnetic-Field Fundamentals

Vector Instruments

Scalar Instruments

Characterizing Magnetometer Performance

POWER AND ENERGY MEASUREMENTS

Electric Power Measurements

Power and Energy-Measuring Instruments

DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

AD and DA Signal Conversions

Theory of Signal Acquisition

Data-Acquisition Systems

Instrument Communication

Examples of Digital Instruments

Virtual Instruments

SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS

Motion Sensors

Velocity Sensors

Force Transducers

Temperature Sensors

Magnetic-Field Sensor

Chemical Sensors

New Research Trends

INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS

Instruments and Instrumentation Systems

Digital Systems, Microprocessors, and Computers

Networks and Communications in Instrumentation Systems

Advanced Systems

Applications of Instrumentation Systems

TELEMETRY

Basic Telemetry Concepts

Modulation Approaches

Telemetry Applications

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGIES

Electro-technologies for Generation and Transmission of Electricity

Electro-technologies for end-uses of electricity

Electric Vehicles

DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

Magnetism and Electromagnetic principles

Current Carrying Wires and Coils

Basic Motor Principles

Machine equations and circuits

Types of dc Machine

Stepper Motors

TRANSFORMERS

Basic Operating Principles of a Transformer

Induction Motors

Surges caused by the Vacuum Circuit Breaker

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Types of Synchronous Machine

Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generators

Synchronous Motors

Excitation System

INDUCTION MOTOR AND SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR

Basic Construction

Principle of Action

Power Relationship and Torque-Slip Characteristics

Motor Starting

Speed Control

Motoring, Generating, and Plug-Braking Modes of Operation

High-Torque Induction Motors

Single-Phase Induction Motors

Self-Excited Induction Generators

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MACHINES

2-D Magnetostatic Model

2-D Complex Eddy-Current Model

Rotating Model

Coupled Model

Representation of Skewed Slots

Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation

3-D Model

SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MACHINES AND PERMANENT MAGNET DC BRUSHLESS MACHINES

Rotationary Switched Reluctance Motor

Rotationary Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Machines

The Linear Permanent Magnet Brushless Synchronous Motor (LPMSM)

The Variable Reluctance Linear Motor

INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF MOTORS

Control Methods for Motors

Sensor and Estimation

Intelligent Motors

The Challenges of Intelligent Control

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Why Electric Vehicles?

Past, Present and Future of EVs

Present Status

Engineering Philosophy of EV Development

EV and HEV Configurations

Electric Propulsion

Energy Sources

EV Infrastructure

ELECTRIC POWER ASSISTED STEERING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES

Essential components of an EPAS system

Torque sensors for EPAS

Other sensors

Actuators for electric power steering

Operating Conditions and Specifications

EPAS System controller

From EPAS to Steer by Wire

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

Energy Storage Systems

Power Electronic Interface

Flexible AC Transmission Systems Devices Most Compatible with Energy Storage Systems

FACTS Plus Energy storage: Utility Application Performance

Energy Storage: Distribution Level Performance

Summary of Performance Consideration

Cost Consideration

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Basic Plasma Properties

Plasma Physics

Types of Plasma

Plasma Diagnostics

Plasma Surface Interactions

Biomaterials

Biomicroelectromechanical Systems (bioMEMs)

ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Introduction

Distribution System Planning

Distribution Lines and Substations

Distribution System Operation

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS, OPERATION AND CONTROL

Introduction

Modeling of Power System Components

Load Flow Analysis

Power System Dynamic Simulations

Automatic Generation Control

Power System Stability and Control

Power Electronics and its Applications to Power System Control

Voltage Control and VAR Management

Sub-synchronous Resonance

State Estimation

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Historical Background of Civil Engineering

Functions of Civil Engineering

Social Development Of Civil Engineering

Prospects for the Twenty-First Century

FIELDS WITHIN CIVIL ENGINEERING - PORTS AND CANALS AS WATERBORNE TRANSPORT FACILITIES

Ports and Canals in the Ancient World

Ports and Canals in the Seventh to Fifteenth Centuries

Ports and Canals in the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries

Ports and Canals in the Twentieth Century

Towards the Twenty First Century

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Traffic Flow Fundamentals

Transportation Planning

Geometric Design of Highways

Traffic Management

Safety

URBAN AND COMMUNITY PLANNING

Planning System

Urban and Community Systems

Policy Measures

Analysis and Planning Techniques

Institutional Set-Up

Finance

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING

Wastewater Management

Solid Wastes Management

Concluding Remarks

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Recent Development in Water Resources Engineering

Real Problems in Human Societies

New paradigm—Water Ethics

Introduction

SURVEY ENGINEERING

Fundamentals of Plane Surveying

Basic Survey Measurements

Control Surveys in Plane Surveying

Topographic Surveys

Other Branches of Surveying

Surveying and Geographic Information System

Introduction

CONTROL POINT SURVEYING AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING

Geometric Background

Horizontal Control

Vertical Control

Topographic Mapping

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Overview of GPS

Relative Positioning by GPS

Surveying with GPS

The future of GPS

PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Orientation

Calibration

Matching

Accuracy in digital photogrammetry

Application examples of digital photogrammetry

Into the 21st century

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

Principles of Remote Sensing

Overview of Representative Satellite Remote Sensing Systems and Their Characteristics

Fundamentals of Data Processing

Recent Trends of Satellite Remote Sensing

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Types of data used in GIS

Data acquisition and data base maintenance

Spatial data analysis and output production

GIS applications

Other similar systems

CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Structural Type

Structural Materials

Structural analysis

Structural Design

Construction Management

STRUCTURAL TYPES

Definition of Structure

Tension Structure

Arch

Column and Tower

Truss

Beam

Rigid Frame

Plane Structure

Spatial Structure

Selection of Structural Type

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural system

Structural modeling.

Linearity of the structural system.

Definition of kinematics

Definitions of statics

Balance of linear momentum

Material constitution

Reduction of 3D constitutive equations for 2D plane problems.

Deduction of Euler-Bernoulli Beams from Solid.

Methods of structural analysis

Discrete modeling of structures

Matrix force method

Matrix displacement method

Trends and perspectives

EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION

Some Recent Earthquakes: Important Observations and Lessons

STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR

Nonlinear Materials and Members

Structural Limit States

Structural Failures

Inelastic Behavior

Earthquake Energy Partitioning

Structural Deterioration

Damage Index

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

Seismic Coefficient Method

Response Spectrum

Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

Elasto-Plastic Response and Ultimate Strength of Structures

Performance-Based Design

Earthquake Ground Motion for Design

Dynamic Response Analysis

Response Displacement Method

Seismic Diagnosis and Retrofitting

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BASES AND FOUNDATIONS

Ground Failures Other than Soil Liquefaction

Ground Failures Associated with Soil Liquefaction

Ground Motion Characteristics in Soft and Liquefied Soils

Simplified Procedure for Soil Liquefaction Evaluations

Liquefaction Remediations

Simplified Design Method for Pile Foundations

Base Isolation

EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Historical Development

Seismic Actions

Performance Requirements of Buildings

Capacity Design Method

Seismic Isolation and Vibration Control

Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

SAFETY ANALYSIS

Design Principle

Uncertainties for Structural Systems and Acting Loads

Safety Factor and Probability of Failure

Design Practice

Safety Goals and Structural Performance

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Subsurface Investigation for Site Characterization

Foundations

Earth Pressure and Open Cuts

Ground Improvement

Underground Development

SOIL MECHANICS

Definition of Property Indices

Compaction of Soils

Seepage of Water through Soils

Consolidation of Clay

Strength of Soil

Earth Pressure

Bearing Capacity of Foundations

Stability Analyses of Slopes

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

Characteristics properties of Minerals

Igneous Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

Ores, Industrial Minerals and Fossil fuel

The Shape of the land surface

Erosion and Deposition by Gravity and Ice

Geological Maps

The Record in the rocks

The Dynamic Earth

MINING ENGINEERING AND MINERAL TRANSPORTATION

A Historical Review of Mining Engineering

Features of Mining

Development and Operation of Mine

Mining and Mining Equipments in Underground Mine

Mineral Transportation in Underground Mine

Rock Pressure and Support System in Underground Mine

Surface Mining

Water Drainage and Mine safety

Environmental Impact and Reclamation in Mining

Conclusion

SURFACE MINING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

Surface Mining Methods

Surface Mining Machinery

UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

Underground Mining Methods

Underground Mining Machinery

DRILLING MACHINES

Construction of Drilling Equipment

Mechanical Principles of Percussion Drill

Classification of Rock Drills

Applications of Drilling Equipment

Introduction

OFFSHORE DRILLING AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

Outline of Rotary Drilling Method

Offshore Drilling Structures

Offshore Oil/Gas Production Systems

MINERAL COMMINUTION AND SEPARATION SYSTEMS

Significance of Mineral Beneficiation

Overview of Mineral Processing Systems

Components of Mineral Beneficiation Technology

Comminution System

Gravity Separation

Flotation

Magnetic Separation

Electrostatic Separation

Solid-Liquid Separation and Waste Treatment

Other Methods of Mineral Extraction

Disposal of Solid Wastes and Waste Water Treatment

Conclusion

SURFACE MINING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Surface Mining

Equipment Used for Surface Mining

Transportation Management System for Surface Mining

UNDERGROUND MINING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

From Surface to Underground/Vice Versa

Underground Transport for Materials and Equipment

Ore/Coal Transport

Personnel Transport

MINING AND EXPLORATION FOR MINERAL RESOURCES

Geologic Prospecting

Geophysical Prospecting

Geochemical Prospecting

BRIDGE ERECTION MACHINES

Introduction to Bridge Construction Methods

Main Features of Bridge Erection Machines

Beam Launchers

Self-Launching Gantries for Span-By-Span Precast Segmental Erection

Movable Scaffolding Systems (MSSs) for Span-By-Span Casting

Self-Launching Machines for Balanced Cantilever Construction

Carriers and Gantries for Full-Span Precasting

Design Loads of MSSs and Form Travellers

Design Loads of Heavy Lifters

Modelling and Analysis

Instability of 3D Trusses

Instability of Vertical Support Members

Load Testing

Conclusions

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND PLANNING

Historical Development of Transportation

Transportation Problems

Mobility and Social, Technological, and Environmental Changes

Can Transportation be Sustainable?

HISTORICAL TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT

Building Blocks for the Modern Systems

The First of the Modern Modes: Rail and Water

Development Logistics

Diffusion and Improvement of Rail and Marine Systems

Further Development of Modern Modes

The Latecomers: Planes, Trucks, Autos, and Others

Transportation Systems as Life Support Systems

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES AND TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT

Transportation Technology and Innovation

Structure, Behavior, and Performance

Service Providers as Innovators

Innovations within User Systems

Inputs to Service Providers

Transportation and Communication Synergies

TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

US Transportation System Evolution before the Railroad

A New Consensus: The Railroad Era in the US

A Change in Consensus Again

HISTORY OF GOODS TRANSPORTATION

Prehistory of Goods Transportation

The Middle Ages and the Development of Trade Economies in Europe

From 1500 to 1780: The Age of Sail, Worldwide Exploration, and Gains from Trade

The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Goods Transportation, 1780–1870

Defining the Role of Modern Government: Goods Transportation from 1870 to the Present

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Definitions

Roles and Effects of Transportation Systems

Planning and Control of Future Systems

HIGHWAYS AND PRIVATE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

Highways and Paths

Highway Law

Highway Planning

Highway Design

Highway Costs

Highway Funding

Highway Engineering

Drivers

Vehicles

Cars and Trucks

Traffic Behavior

Motorcycles

Bicycles

Pedestrians

URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Classification of Transit Systems

Bus Transit System

Trolleybus System

Rail Transit Systems

Tramway/Streetcar and Light Rail Transit - LRT

Rapid Transit or Metro

Automated Guided Transit Systems

Regional and Commuter Rail

Special Technology Transit Systems

Transit Line Scheduling

Transit Planning and Selection of Transit Modes

Present and Future Role of Urban Transit

PARATRANSIT SYSTEMS

Description of Paratransit Services

Technology

Paratransit Issues

WATER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND PORT DEVELOPMENTS

Alternative Propulsion Systems and Vessel Designs

Cargo-Handling Technologies and Port Development

Other Technologies

How Fast Will New Technologies Be Adopted?

RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION

Railroad Technology

Terminals

Railroad Cost Structure

Decreasing Marginal Costs and Regulation

Operations and Service Planning

NETWORK DEVELOPMENTS IN AVIATION

Deregulation of Aviation Markets

Airline Strategies

Airport Strategies

Slot Allocation

AIRPORT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning for Airport Development

Financing Airport Projects

Economic Impacts and Economics of Airport Development

Impact of Aircraft Characteristics on Airport Design

Airside Design

Terminal Design

Airport Design for Safety, Environmental Protection, and More

Toward Better Concepts for Airport Design and Development

URBAN TRAVEL

Travel Choices in Large Urban Areas

Equilibria of Travel Choices

Mobility and Vitality

INTERNATIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL TRANSPORTATION

Brief History of Interregional/ International Transportation

Role of International/ Interregional Transportation –Current Situation

New Challenges in Interregional Transportation and Future Prospects

SAFETY OF TRANSPORTATION

Transportation Safety Around the World

Transportation in the United States

MOBILITY AND SOCIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Mobility and Accessibility

Social and Economic Change, and Technology

Sustaining and Improving Mobility

SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEMAND FOR MOBILITY

Economic Growth and Urbanization

Globalization and Internationalization

Household and Gender Issues

Leisure and Age Distribution

The Telecommunications Revolution

Environmental Awareness

Institutional Change

TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY

Exhaust Emissions

Air Quality Standards

Historical Trends

Present Trends

Assessment Methods

Reducing Emissions

TRANSPORT AND ENERGY

The Problem

Patterns of Transport Energy Use

Explaining Transport Energy Use Variations

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

The Technology and Related Services

Benefits

Barriers to Deployment and Related Issues

TELECOMMUICATIONS SUBSTITUTION FOR TRANSPORTATION

Comparing Telecommunication and Transport

Comparing Remoteness and Proximity

How Telecommunication Influences Transportation Demand

The Linkage Between Trip Purposes and Telecommunication Applications

Specific Telecommunication Applications Reduce Travel

Comparing Characteristics and Costs of Travel and Communication

Travel Telesubstitution and Traffic Dynamics

Travel Telesubstitution and Location Dynamics

The Challenge and Opportunity of Telecommunications for Location and Mobility

TRANSPORTATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

Transport Innovation Process

Transportation in 2000: Past as Prologue to the Future

Transportation in the Twenty-First Century

PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT

Praise for Mobility

Shadowsides of Mobility

The Future of a Mobile Society

Epilogue

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

Sustainable Transport: A Policy Challenge

Conceptual Issues

Transport and Environment

Spatial Aspects

Social and Behavioral Aspects

Technological Aspects

Dynamic Aspects

The Role of Policies in Creating Sustainable Transport

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT AND PUBLIC POLICY

Global Perspectives on Public Policy

Local Perspectives on Public Policy

Barriers to Implementation

INSTITUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT: PRINCIPLES AND EVOLUTION

Background

The Sustainability Concept in Institutional Decisions

Trade, Technology, and Institutional Arrangements in International Transportation

Recent Transportation Institutional Evolution in the United States

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mechanical Engineering Stages

Scientific and Technological Progress and Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering in the Twenty-First Century: State of the Art and Prospects for its Development

MECHANICS: STATICS AND DYNAMICS

Introduction

Statics

Dynamics

Conclusions

HEAT TRANSFER

Conductive Heat Transfer

Convective Heat Transfer

Two-Phase Boiling Heat Transfer

Radiative Heat Transfer

NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER AND OTHER TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AND MODELING APPROACHES WITH RESPECT TO CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN FUEL CELLS

Introduction

Multi-phase Transport Processes and Reactions in Fuel Cells

Fuel Cell Modeling and Analysis Approaches

Fuel Cell System Modeling

Fuel Cell Stack Modeling

CFD Models for Unit Fuel Cells

Microscopic Models for Fuel Cell Catalysts and Components

Conclusions and Final Remarks

HYDRODYNAMIC AND ELASTOHYDRODINAMIC LUBRICATION

Introduction

Stress-Induced Lubricant Degradation

Basic Equations Governing the Fluid Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Line and Point Contacts

Steady Isothermal EHL Problems for Lightly Loaded Non-Conformal Line Contacts

Steady Isothermal EHL Problems for Heavily Loaded Regimes in Pre-Critical Non-Conformal Line Contacts

Steady Isothermal EHL Problems for Heavily Loaded Regimes in Over-Critical Non-Conformal Line Contacts

Steady Isothermal EHL Problems for Heavily Loaded Regimes in Non-Conformal Point Contacts

Steady Thermal EHL Problems for Heavily Loaded Non-Conformal Line Contacts