Encyclopedia Of Chemical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources - Table of Contents

RHEOLOGY

What is Rheology?

The major components of rheology discussed in this book

Conclusion

SUSPENSIONS, EMULSIONS AND FOAMS

Suspensions

Emulsions

Foams

RHEOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS: WORMLIKE MICELLES AND LAMELLAR LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES

Introduction

Wormlike Micellar Systems

Surfactant Lamellar Liquid Crystal Phases

Concluding Remarks

PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

Introduction

Biosynthetic Origin and Role of Natural Products

Extraction and Analysis of Natural Products

Future Trends of Natural Products and Bioprospecting Programs

Implication in Uses and Conservation of Biodiversity

Conclusions

NATURAL PRODUCTS AS SOURCES OF SPICES, DYES AND COSMETICS

Spices

Natural Dyes

Natural Sources for Cosmetic Ingredients

Conclusion

CATALYSIS

ORGANIC AND BIO-MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY

The Carbon atom

Structure of organic compounds

Classification of organic compounds, the functional groups

Attractive interactions and molecular recognition

Reactivity of organic compounds

Molecules of life

Organic compounds in the market.

Isolation, purification and analysis of organic compounds

Conclusions

CHEMISTRY OF NUTRACEUTICS, FLAVORS, DYES AND ADDITIVES

Flavors

Dyes

Additives

Nutraceutics

POLYMER CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE POLYMERS

General structure of polymers

Synthesis of polymers

Environmentally degradable polymers

INORGANIC AND BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Introduction

Chemical Elements and their Discovery

The Inorganic Chemical Industry

Conclusions

SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPY OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES

Synthesis of Transition Metal Complexes

Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

Emissions

Transport

Tropospheric Chemistry

Stratospheric Chemistry

Deposition

Lifetimes of Pollutants

Impact of Air Pollutants

Abatement Measures

SUSPENDED MATERIAL / AEROSOL

Generation

Fundamentals

Aerosol properties related to environmental effects

Epilogue

OXIDES OF CARBON

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Dioxide

SULFUR DIOXIDE AND SULFUR CYCLES

Introduction: Atmospheric Sulfur Distributions, Cycles, and Global Material Balances

Sources, Concentrations, and Chemistry of Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere

Atmospheric Deposition Processes

Atmospheric Residence Times, Spatial Scales, and Global Models

OXIDIZED AND REDUCED NITROGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Emissions

Chemical Transformations and Transport

Deposition processes

Effects of nitrogen emissions on our environment

Effect of policies to reduce emissions and future perspectives

ACID DEPOSITION

Introduction/The Problem

Emissions

Atmospheric transport and Chemical Conversion

Wet and Dry Deposition

Life Times and Transport of Acidifying Compounds.

Effects of Acid Deposition and Eutrophication

GAS-PHASE (PHOTO) CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE TROPOSPHERE

Tropospheric Chemical and Photochemical Reactions

The Oxidizing Capacity of the Troposphere: Global Change

HYDROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Sources

Fate

Analysis

Concentrations

FORMATION AND EFFECTS OF SMOG

Brief History of Smog

Plant Effects

Health Effects

Materials Effects

Megacity and Regional Impacts

EMISSION PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Introduction to Combustion-Generated Pollutants

Control of Pollutants from Internal Combustion Engines

Control of Pollutants from Stationary Power-Plants and Industrial Furnaces

AQUATIC CHEMISTRY

WATER QUALITY

Water Resources

Categories of Water Use

Microbiological Quality Parameters

Physico-Chemical Quality Parameters

Toxicity Testing

Priorities and Trends in Water Quality and Management

INFLUENCE OF COLLOIDS AND SEDIMENTS ON WATER QUALITY

Overview of Significance

Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Material

Colloid and Sediment Dynamics in Surface Water Systems

Colloid Dynamics in Groundwater Systems

Contaminant Sources

Trace Elements Fate and Transport

Fate and Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

Theory

Measurement

Typical values for waters and wastewaters

Alternatives

Applications

EUTROPHICATION AND ALGAL BLOOMS

Eutrophication

Algal Blooms

Consequences of Eutrophication

Control and Remediation of Eutrophication

CHEMISTRY OF WASTEWATER

Wastewater Analysis

Wastewater Composition

Wastewater Quantities

OIL POLLUTION AND MICROBIAL REGULATION

Measuring the Amount of Oil

Oil Pollution of the Sea

Hydrocarbon Contamination of Coastal and Estuarine Waters and Sediments

Petroleum Contamination of Soil, Freshwater and Groundwater

Physical Processes of Oil Degradation

Microbial Degradation

Toxicity and Environmental Effects

Effects on Different Organisms

Depuration and Metabolism

Clean-up and Bioremediation

Future Trends

THERMAL POLLUTION IN WATER

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Modeling Methods

Empirical Models

Numerical Models

Integral Models

Visual Plumes (VP)

Heat Loss Calculations

Restrictions and Accuracy

REMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATED WITH RADIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

Adsorption and Ion Exchange Processes

Reactive Sorption in In Situ Treatment Walls

Precipitation

Reverse Osmosis

Stripping of Volatiles

Typical Radionuclides in Contaminated Groundwater and Treatment Methods

CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS INCLUDING AGROCHEMICALS

Types and Properties of Organic Pollutants

Chlorohydrocarbons - Insecticides, Industrial and Waste Chemicals

Petroleum and Polycyclic Aromatic Hyrocarbons

Herbicides

Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Containing Insecticides

Plastics – Polymers and Monomers

Soaps and Detergents

Organometallic Compounds with Mercury, Tin and Lead

ORGANIC POLLUTION FROM AGROCHEMICALS

Use of Pesticides

Contamination of the Environment

Ecotoxicological and Toxicological Effects

Alternatives for Higher Efficiency in Agriculture

MULTIMEDIA FATE AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

Mass Balance Models

Persistence and Long-Range Transport Potential

Assessment of Models

Strengths and Limitations of Multimedia Models

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE FOR IRRIGATION

Worldwide Sanitation Perspective

Wastewater Composition and Characteristics

Wastewater Treatment

Advanced Treatment of Effluents

Land Irrigation

Public Health and Environmental Aspects

STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION

Stratospheric Ozone

Destruction of Ozone by CFCs

The Antarctic Ozone Hole

Ultraviolet Radiation and Ozone Depletion

Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation

Human Health Effects

International Agreements Related to Ozone Depletion

CHEMICALLY-BASED COMMODITIES INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Responsible Care

Landfill versus Incineration and the Introduction of "Externalities"

Mineral Mining as an Essential and Future Commodity

Food Commodities: Tanzania

Land Mines

How Biotechnology Contributes to Sustainable development

THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY

Centrality of Chemistry in Human Activities, Life, and Culture

The Impact of Chemistry on Technological Development

Peculiarities of Chemical Processes

Relevance of the Molecular Approach

Molecular Dynamics

Engineering of Industrial Processes

Polymeric Materials

Advanced Materials, Nanostructures, and Mechanical Electronics

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY

SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION AND QUANTUM CHEMISTRY

The Schrödinger Equation

Quantum Chemistry

MOLECULAR ENERGETICS: VALENCE BOND AND MOLECULAR ORBITAL METHODS. DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Methods for obtaining approximate electronic wavefunctions

Density functional theory of atoms and molecules

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS: COLLISIONAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH TO REACTION RATE

Definitions and Models

Theoretical Aspects of Collision Dynamics

Experimental Techniques

Phenomenology

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF MOLECULAR SCALE PHENOMENA

Theoretical Principles of Quantum Control

Quantum Learning Control

Laboratory Realizations of Quantum Control

Control-Assisted Extraction of Microscopic Information

The Future of Quantum Control

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND STATE FUNCTIONS

Thermodynamic Systems

Internal Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Second Law of Thermodynamics

Equilibrium Conditions in Simple Systems

Graphical Representation of Equilibrium States

Stability of Thermodynamic Equilibrium States

Eulero and Gibbs–Duhem Equations

Entropy and Transformation of Heat into Work

Entropy and its Absolute Value: Third Law of Thermodynamics

Other State Functions for Equilibrium Conditions in Chemical Systems: Enthalpy and Free Energies

Relationships among State Functions

State Functions for Multicomponent Systems: Molar and Partial Molar Functions

ENERGY BALANCE OF REACTING SYSTEMS

Historical Perspectives

Rules for Writing Down the Energy Balance

Energetic Properties of Chemical Reactions

Calculation of State Functions Involved in Energy Balances

Evidencing Reactions Contributions to Energy Balances

EQUILIBRIUM IN MULTIPHASE REACTING SYSTEMS

Equilibrium conditions from thermodynamic laws

The phase rule and the Duhem’s theorem

The chemical potential

Equilibrium constant

Applications

STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THERMODYNAMICS

Microscopic behaviour of ideal gases.

Internal energy and zero point energy.

Statistical interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics.

Probability, entropy and laws of thermodynamics.

Properties of the ideal monoatomic gas.

Boltzmann distribution law.

Translational partition function.

Gibbs approach to statistical mechanics.

Ideal polyatomic gases.

Monoatomic solids.

Interacting systems.

Charged Particle Systems.

Stability of matter.

General treatment of real fluids.

Phase transitions

IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES: PHENOMENOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH

The Boltzmann equation

Transport coefficient for gaseous mixtures

Onsager’s Reciprocity Relations from the Boltzmann equation

The macroscopic theory of irreversible processes

The reciprocity relations

Irreversibility, patterns and chaos

CHEMICAL ECOLOGY

PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY

BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL SIGNALS DE NOVO SYNTHESIS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES

Polyketide pathway: fatty acids and polyketides

Shikimate pathway

Mevalonic acid pathway: Isoprenoids

INTER AND INTRASPECIFICITY OF CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION

Terms used in chemical communicaton

Interspecific chemical communication

Intraspecific chemical communication

CHEMICAL AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

Definition and Scope

History

Fundamentals

Unit Operations

Chemical reaction engineering

Process Development and Optimization

Environmental Protection and process safety

Areas of application

FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PRINCIPLES OF MOMENTUM, MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES

Introduction

Macroscopic Balances

Microscopic Balances

Population Balances

THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Introduction

Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics

Properties of Pure Fluids

Phase Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Chemical Reacting Mixtures and Chemical Reaction Equilibrium

Calculation of Fugacities and Activities

Conclusions

FLUID MECHANICS

The Continuum Hypothesis

Conservation Equations

Non-dimensionalization of the Governing Equations: The Reynolds number

Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Application of the Equations of Motion: Flow in a Circular Pipe

Motion of an Isolated Solid Particle in a Fluid

Particles Settling in a Suspension

MULTIPHASE FLOW

Introduction

Gas/Liquid Flows

Liquid/Liquid Flows

Gas/Solids Flows

Liquid/Solids Flows

Modern Modelling Methods

MASS TRANSFER BY DIFFUSION

Introduction

Velocities and Fluxes of Mass Transfer

Binary Diffusion

Generalized Mass Balances

Binary Mass Transfer in Stagnant Systems and in Laminar Flow

Multicomponent Diffusion

INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER

Introduction

Turbulent Mass Transfer

Mass Transfer Coefficient in One Phase

Mass Transfer Models

Correlations of Mass Transfer Coefficients

Multicomponent Mass Transfer

CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL KINETICS AND MACROKINETICS

Introduction

Analysis of Common Reactions

Analysis of Heterogeneous Systems

Analysis of Experimental Data

Theories for Predicting the Reaction Rate

CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS

Brief History

Catalysis-Overview

Catalytic Kinetics

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Homogeneous Catalysis

Biocatalysis (Catalysis by Enzymes)

Catalysis and Green Chemistry

Conclusions

MOLECULAR SIMULATIONS

Introduction

Molecular Simulations

The Concept of the Amorphous Cell and of the Molecular Model

The Molecular Dynamics Method

The Monte Carlo Method

The Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) Method

Conclusion

CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING

Introduction

Fundamentals of Reactor Modeling

Balances

Equilibrium Equations

Kinetic Equations

Ideal Flow Models

Nonideal Flow Models

Mixing in Chemical Reactors

Heterogeneous (Multiphase, Polyphasic) Reactors

Catalytic Reactors

IDEAL MODELS OF REACTORS

The Thermodynamic State of a System

The Plug Flow Reactor

The Perfectly Mixed Tank Reactor

The Batch Reactor

The Cascade of Tank Reactors

Comparison of Different Types of Reactors

NONIDEAL FLOW MODELS IN HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTORS

The Residence Time Distribution (RTD)

Models of Nonideal Flows

Influence of Mixing Phenomena on Chemical Reactions

Example

MULTIPHASE REACTORS

Introduction

Fundamentals of Phase Contacting in Chemical Reactors

Reactor Selection and Design Issues in Multiphase Reactors

Basic Types of Multiphase Reactors and their Design Features

Future Outlook

CATALYTIC REACTORS: A REVIEW

Fixed Bed Reactor

Fluidized Bed Reactor

Biocatalytic Reactors

Unconventional Reactors

Conclusion

POLYMERIZATION REACTORS

Polymers

A short history of polymer reaction engineering

Polymerization mechanisms

Polymerization reactors

Towards product-inspired polymer reaction engineering

ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTORS

Backgrounds of electrochemistry

Transport and transfer phenomena in electrochemical processes

Technology of electrochemical reactors

Current distribution in electrochemical cells

Design of electrochemical cells: an introduction

Current trends in electrochemical engineering

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING

Introduction. Photoreactor Design

Reactor Modeling

The Rate of the Radiation Initiated Step

Radiation Field Properties

The Photon Transport Equation

Radiative Transfer in Participating and Reactive Media

Emission Models for Tubular Photochemical Lamps

Optical Properties

The Coupling Attenuation - Reaction Extent

Final Equations for the Example: The Annular Photoreactor

MULTIFUNCTIONAL REACTORS

Reactive Separation Processes

Mechanical Integrated Processes

Heat Integrated Processes

Conclusions

MICROREACTORS

Introduction

General Benefits of Microreactors

Selected Types of Microreactors

Selected Examples of Use

Cost Analysis

Eco-Efficiency Analysis

Process Safety

ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF FOOD PROCESSING

Introduction

Food Industry

Food Processing

Concluding Remarks

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Introduction

Thermodynamic Treatment of Charged Phases

The Electrochemical Double Layer

Outside Equilibrium

Applications

Conclusions

ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE - BATTERIES, FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS

Introduction

Electrochemical Capacitors

Batteries

Hybrid Supercapacitors

Fuel Cells

“Hybrid” Batteries/Fuel Cells

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC's)

Conclusion

RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

The beginnings of RC&NC and the timeline of nuclear science

Nuclides and nuclei - isotopes, isobars, isotones, and isomers

Nuclear starter - concepts, quantities and units

Kinetics of radioactive decay and activation

Aftereffects of radioactive decay and nuclear reactions

Interaction of nuclear radiations with matter

Conclusions

ISOTOPE EFFECTS, ISOTOPE SEPARATION AND ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION

Introduction

Isotope Effects

Isotope Separation

Isotopic Fractionation in Nature

Conclusions