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| ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES |
RHEOLOGY
The major components of rheology discussed in this book
CONTINUUM MECHANICS AS A GROUND FOR RHEOLOGY
Solving Problems in Continuum Mechanics
A Review of Main Conceptions in Continuum Mechanics
THE NEWTONIAN FLUID
Estimation of Viscosity: Temperature and Pressure Dependence
LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY
The Boltzmann Superposition Principle
Derivative Models for the Relaxation Modulus
Small Strain Material Functions
NONLINEAR VISCOELASTICITY
A Continuum Mechanics Description of Nonlinear Phenomena
Molecular Theories of Viscoelasticity
A Tube Model Interpretation of Nonlinear Phenomena
Stress Growth and Relaxation in Steady Shear and other Transient Shear Tests
Experimental Methods for Shear Measurements
Experimental Methods for Extensional Flow
CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS
Fluid Mechanics Basics of Rheology
COMPUTATIONAL RHEOLGY
Numerical Discretization - Generalization and a Local Scheme
The Contraction Flow Benchmark
Specific Applications - Topical Case Studies
TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF SOLID POLYMERS
Material Functions Expressed in Terms of Relaxation and Retardation Spectra
Determination of Discrete Spectra Using the Windowing Algorithm
Interrelations between frequency- and time-domain material functions
Mixed Uniaxial Deformation/Stress Histories
Effect of Temperature and Pressure
The Effect of Moisture and Solvents on Time-Dependent Behavior
RHEOMETRY
Basic Definitions of Shear and Extensional Flows
Viscoelastic Measurements at Small Stresses/Strains
Viscoelastic Measurements At Large Stresses/Shear Rates
Stress or Strain Controlled Rheometers?
Fluid and Machine Inertial Problems in Shear Rheometry
Some Current Commercial Rheometers
HIGH PRESSURE RHEOLOGY
Experimental Techniques for High-pressure Rheology
Models for High-pressure Rheology
High-pressure Rheology Applications
INTERFACIAL RHEOLOGY
High interface systems and the importance of surface rheology
Two dimensional systems as platforms for flow visualization
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID MECHANICS
The Various Strands of Research Activity in Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
Solution of Rheological Flow Problems
The Flow of Elastic Fluids in Complex Geometries -Experimental
Comparison of Theory and Experiment in Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
MIXER-TYPE RHEOMETRY
Mixer-type rheometry applications
NON-NEWTONIAN HEAT TRANSFER
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Heat Transfer in Other Fully-developed Confined Flows
Combined Free and Forced Convection
Some Considerations on Fluid Degradation, Solvent Effects and Applications of Surfactants
RHEOLOGY IN MATERIALS ENGINEERING
Materials and Their Properties
Influence of Rheology on Materials Processing
POLYMER RHEOLOGY
General Rheological Behavior of Polymers
More Complex Systems: Liquid Crystalline Polymers
SUSPENSIONS, EMULSIONS AND FOAMS
FOOD RHEOLOGY
Food Rheology vs. Food Texture
RHEOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS: WORMLIKE MICELLES AND LAMELLAR LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES
Surfactant Lamellar Liquid Crystal Phases
BIORHEOLOGY
Blood as a Liquid-Like Material
Blood as a Solid-Like Material
Alternative Techniques for RBCs Elastic Behavior Evaluation
Effects of Pathologies on Blood Rheology
Other Types of Biological Fluids
ENVIRONMENTAL RHEOLOGY - RHEOLOGY AND THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE
Examples of Progress towards a More Sustainable Practice
The Impact of Environmental Rheology
PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY
Biosynthetic Origin and Role of Natural Products
Extraction and Analysis of Natural Products
Future Trends of Natural Products and Bioprospecting Programs
Implication in Uses and Conservation of Biodiversity
ETHNOBOTANY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
Contributions of Ethnobotany to Modern Medicine
Challenges Facing Ethnobotany-Guided Natural Product Drug Discovery
OCCURRENCE AND FUNCTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PLANTS
Classes and Numbers of Secondary Metabolites (SM)
Occurrence and Properties of Major Groups of SM
Physiology of Secondary Metabolism: Biosynthesis, Transport and Storage of SM
Molecular Modes of Action of SM
Chemosystematics of Plants and Distribution Patterns of SM
Origins and Evolution of Plant Secondary Metabolism
ALKALOIDS AND THEIR BIOSYNTHESIS
Alkaloids Derived from Ornithine
Alkaloids Derived from Phenylalanine/Tyrosine
Alkaloids Derived from Tryptophan
Alkaloids Derived from Miscellaneous Amino Acids
Alkaloids Derived from a Xanthine Nucleus
Other Important Alkaloid Groups
PLANT TERPENES
NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM MARINE MICROORGANISMS
Secondary metabolites from Gram-negative marine bacteria
Secondary metabolites from marine Cyanobacteria
Secondary metabolites from Gram-positive marine bacteria
Secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi
Secondary metabolites from marine phototrophic eukaryotes
NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM BACTERIA AND FUNGI
NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY
Established natural product antimalarial drugs
The promise of natural products
Classes of natural products with antimalarial activity
CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION
Natural Product Chemopreventive Agents
The Future of Cancer Chemoprevention
NATURAL PRODUCTS AS A SOURCE OF ANTITUMOR AGENTS
Antitumors Agents From Terrestrial Plant Sources
Antitumor Agents Derived from Marine Sources
Antitumor Agents from Microbial Sources
Targeting Natural Products (Figure 10)
MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
Biotransformations of Terpenoids
Biotransformations of Steroids
Biotransformation of Alkaloids
Biotransformation of Flavonoids
NATURAL PRODUCTS AS SOURCES OF SPICES, DYES AND COSMETICS
Natural Sources for Cosmetic Ingredients
XX-NA-XX
CATALYTIC INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Introduction: Drivers for Development
From Fossil Resources to the Needs of Human Beings
Catalytic Processes Development: The Long Journey of an Idea
Perspectives in Catalytic Process Development
CATALYSIS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE
Introduction and General Aspects
Catalysts for Pollution Reduction from Mobile Sources
Nox Emission Control From Stationary Sources
Catalysts for the Control of Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution
Role of Catalysis in Energy Sector
Problem Related to the Use of Environmental Heterogeneous Catalysis
CATALYSIS AND SURFACE SCIENCE
The Role of Surface Science in Catalysis
Steady State and Batch Reactions
CHARACTERIZATION OF CATALYSTS: SURFACE AND IN-SITU METHODS
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering Methods
Spatially-Resolved Spectroscopic Techniques
TESTING OF CATALYTIC PROPERTIES
Definition of Catalytic Properties
PHOTOCATALYSIS
Electronic and optical properties of semiconductors
Principles of semiconductor photocatalysis
Semiconductor photocatalysts and methods of improving performance
Applications of semiconductor photocatalysis
PHOTOELECTROCATALYSIS
Photoelectrocatalysis for Water Treatment
Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
ORGANIC AND BIO-MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY
Structure of organic compounds
Classification of organic compounds, the functional groups
Attractive interactions and molecular recognition
Reactivity of organic compounds
Organic compounds in the market.
Isolation, purification and analysis of organic compounds
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND STRUCTURES, NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Type(s) of Nomenclature Operations
Numbering of Some Heterocyclic Rings
Numbering of Multiple Ring Systems
STEREOCHEMISTRY
Conformation and configuration
Dependence of the properties of chiral molecules on the enantiomeric composition
How to obtain steroisomerically pure compounds
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Environmental friendly synthetic procedures
ORGANIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Classification of Organic Reactions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -BIOCHEMISTRY
From molecules to living systems: complexity is obtained from simple building blocks
Nucleotides and nucleic acids: information, energy transport, catalysis
Sugars : energy, structures, modulation of proteins properties
Lipids: energy, membranes, protein targeting and signal transduction
CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS
Chemistry of natural products: a general perspective
Amino acids, peptides and proteins
Nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
From Bioactive Molecules to Drugs
Drug Discovery and Development
CHEMISTRY OF NUTRACEUTICS, FLAVORS, DYES AND ADDITIVES
COMPUTATIONAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Computational approaches based on classical physics: molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics
Molecular orbitals theory and its Hartree-Fock implementation
Density functional theory (DFT)
ORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Photophysics: interaction of light with matter and photostimulated processes
Technical and experimental aspects
ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
Organometallic compounds of the group IA and IIA
Transition metal-based organometallic compounds
POLYMER CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Environmentally degradable polymers
ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY
INORGANIC AND BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chemical Elements and their Discovery
The Inorganic Chemical Industry
FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX COMPOUNDS
Metal amine complexes: bonding and geometry
Metal complexes of multidentate ligands: deviations from regular geometries
Linkage isomerism: the nitro–nitrito interconversion
Multidentate ligands with more sophisticated shapes: rings and cages
The metal template synthesis of macrocycles
The metal template synthesis of catenanes
Self-assembling driven by metal centres: helicates and grids
Coordination assemblies made on PdII building blocks
The coordination chemistry of anions
CHEMISTRY OF METALS
Structural and physical properties of metals
General aspects of extracting metallurgy
INORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Coordination compounds: generality
Coordination compounds: reactivity
RADICAL REACTIONS AND METAL COMPLEXES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Radicals and Their Role in Chemical Processes with Emphasis on Biological Systems
The Role of Transition Metal Complexes in Radical Chemistry
MAGNETIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Electronic structure of transition metal ions
Principles of optical spectroscopy
Magnetism in polynuclear complexes
Highlights of recent research breakthroughs
INORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
Definition of Inorganometallic vs. Organometallic Chemistry
Inorganometallics and Catalysis
Special Applications of TM-E Compounds
HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS AND SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
Chemical Classification of Solids
Properties and Technological Applications
Selected Classes of Inorganic Solids
INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY
The philosophy of model chemistry
The role of special metal cofactors
INORGANIC REACTION MECHANISMS
A Classification of Inorganic Reactions
Ligand Substitution at Square-planar Complexes
Ligand Substitution at Octahedral Complexes
Stereochemical Nonrigidity of Ligands
HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
CLUSTERS AND POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS
Clusters of the p-block Elements
STRUCTURE AND BONDING IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Ligand-field Theory for Octahedral Complexes
Ligand-field Theory for Square Planar Complexes
Ligand-field Theory for Tetrahedral Complexes
Charge-Transfer Absorption Bands
Current Work and Further Reading
SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPY OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES
Synthesis of Transition Metal Complexes
Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes
NANOSYSTEMS
Inorganic-organic hybrid nanosystems
COMPUTATIONAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Goals and Strategies of Computational Methods
Derivation of Molecular Properties
Types of Chemical Information from MO Calculations
Architectures of Molecular Orbitals
Energy Partitioning Analysis and Bond Dissociation Energy
Analysis of the Electron Density (QTAIM Methods)
ENERGY AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Molecular level energy conversion devices
Photoelectrochemical solar cells
Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
FUNDAMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
Chemistry of Organic Pollutants
Radioactive Compounds in Soil, Water and Atmosphere
Pollution Control Using Accelerated Biodegradation
GREENHOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL WARMING
Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
Non Greenhouse Gas Radiative Forcing
CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Aromatic Carbocyclic Compounds
Aromatic Rings containing Nitrogen, Oxygen or Sulfur
TROPOSPHERIC OZONE POLLUTION
Historical Development of the Ground-Level Ozone Problem
Photochemical Sources and Ozone Sinks
Diurnal Variations of Ozone in Urban Areas
Ozone and Atmospheric Oxidising Capacity
Ozone and Urban Air Pollution: Some General Observations
CHEMISTRY OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
Formation and Distribution of Stratospheric Ozone
Chemistry of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Trends of Stratospheric Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation
Expected Development of Stratospheric Ozone
RADIOACTIVITY IN LAND, WATER AND ATMOSPHERE
Biological Effects of Radiation
Behavior of Radioactivity in the Environment
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
SUSPENDED MATERIAL / AEROSOL
Aerosol properties related to environmental effects
OXIDES OF CARBON
SULFUR DIOXIDE AND SULFUR CYCLES
Introduction: Atmospheric Sulfur Distributions, Cycles, and Global Material Balances
Sources, Concentrations, and Chemistry of Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Deposition Processes
Atmospheric Residence Times, Spatial Scales, and Global Models
OXIDIZED AND REDUCED NITROGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Chemical Transformations and Transport
Effects of nitrogen emissions on our environment
Effect of policies to reduce emissions and future perspectives
ACID DEPOSITION
Atmospheric transport and Chemical Conversion
Life Times and Transport of Acidifying Compounds.
Effects of Acid Deposition and Eutrophication
GAS-PHASE (PHOTO) CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE TROPOSPHERE
Tropospheric Chemical and Photochemical Reactions
The Oxidizing Capacity of the Troposphere: Global Change
HYDROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
FORMATION AND EFFECTS OF SMOG
EMISSION PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Introduction to Combustion-Generated Pollutants
Control of Pollutants from Internal Combustion Engines
Control of Pollutants from Stationary Power-Plants and Industrial Furnaces
SOIL CHEMISTRY
Chemical Behavior and Reactions in Normal and Contaminated Soils
ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY OF SOILS
World Distribution of Acidic and Alkaline Soils
Soil pH and pH Buffering Capacity
Soil Properties and Processes Controlling Acidity and Alkalinity
The Importance of Scale and Variability in Soil Acidification and Alkalinization Processes
The Future Need for Management of Soil Acidity and Alkalinity
PERSISTENT ORGANIC WASTES
TRACE ELEMENTS
Sources and occurrence of Trace Elements in Soils
Physico-chemical and biochemical processes in soils
Bioavailability in the Soil-Plant System
Volatilization of trace elements
Bioavailability through human ingestion
SPECIATION OF HEAVY METALS AND RADIOISOTOPES
Sources of Heavy Metals and Radioisotopes in Soils
Soil Processes and Speciation of Heavy Metals and Radioisotopes
Measurement and Interpretation of Heavy Metal and Radioisotopes Speciation in Soils
Predicting Speciation by Modeling
BIOREMEDIATION FOR SOIL RECLAMATION
Bioremediation Technology Selection and Design
Common Bioremediation Technologies
Monitoring Bioremediation Performance
Future Trends in Bioremediation
AQUATIC CHEMISTRY
WATER QUALITY
Microbiological Quality Parameters
Physico-Chemical Quality Parameters
Priorities and Trends in Water Quality and Management
INFLUENCE OF COLLOIDS AND SEDIMENTS ON WATER QUALITY
Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Material
Colloid and Sediment Dynamics in Surface Water Systems
Colloid Dynamics in Groundwater Systems
Trace Elements Fate and Transport
Fate and Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
Typical values for waters and wastewaters
EUTROPHICATION AND ALGAL BLOOMS
Consequences of Eutrophication
Control and Remediation of Eutrophication
CHEMISTRY OF WASTEWATER
OIL POLLUTION AND MICROBIAL REGULATION
Hydrocarbon Contamination of Coastal and Estuarine Waters and Sediments
Petroleum Contamination of Soil, Freshwater and Groundwater
Physical Processes of Oil Degradation
Toxicity and Environmental Effects
Effects on Different Organisms
THERMAL POLLUTION IN WATER
REMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATED WITH RADIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
Adsorption and Ion Exchange Processes
Reactive Sorption in In Situ Treatment Walls
Typical Radionuclides in Contaminated Groundwater and Treatment Methods
ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Release of Chemicals in the Environment
Predictive Methods for Fate Determining Processes
PATHWAYS OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION IN ECOSYSTEMS
Sources and input of organic pollutants to the environment
Transport pathways within ecosystems
Spatial scales of pollutant transport pathways
Use of geochemical tracers to track contaminant pathways through ecosystems
ECOTOXICITY, GENOTOXICITY, AND CYTOTOXICITY OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR DEGRADATION PRODUCTS
Pesticide Usage and Distribution
General Factors of Ecotoxicology
Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Pesticides
Mechanisms of Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity
Importance and Implications of Genetic and Cytotoxic Damage
AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO VEGETATION
Historical Development of Interest
The Mechanisms of Pollutant Damage to Vegetation
Experimental Methods for Investigating Air Pollutant Effects on Vegetation
Examples of the Impacts of Air Pollutants on Vegetation
The United Nations Efforts to Reduce the Impacts of Pollutants on Vegetation
ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF FOREST PEST CONTROL
Introduction and Historical Pesticide Use
ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATED SOILS
CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS INCLUDING AGROCHEMICALS
Types and Properties of Organic Pollutants
Chlorohydrocarbons - Insecticides, Industrial and Waste Chemicals
Petroleum and Polycyclic Aromatic Hyrocarbons
Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Containing Insecticides
Plastics – Polymers and Monomers
Organometallic Compounds with Mercury, Tin and Lead
ORGANIC POLLUTION FROM AGROCHEMICALS
Contamination of the Environment
Ecotoxicological and Toxicological Effects
Alternatives for Higher Efficiency in Agriculture
MULTIMEDIA FATE AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Persistence and Long-Range Transport Potential
Strengths and Limitations of Multimedia Models
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE FOR IRRIGATION
Worldwide Sanitation Perspective
Wastewater Composition and Characteristics
Advanced Treatment of Effluents
Public Health and Environmental Aspects
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
Ultraviolet Radiation and Ozone Depletion
Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation
International Agreements Related to Ozone Depletion
CHEMICALLY-BASED COMMODITIES INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Landfill versus Incineration and the Introduction of "Externalities"
Mineral Mining as an Essential and Future Commodity
How Biotechnology Contributes to Sustainable development
THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY
Centrality of Chemistry in Human Activities, Life, and Culture
The Impact of Chemistry on Technological Development
Peculiarities of Chemical Processes
Relevance of the Molecular Approach
Engineering of Industrial Processes
Advanced Materials, Nanostructures, and Mechanical Electronics
HISTORY AND FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
A HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
The Birth of Chemistry as a Science
Definition of the Building Blocks of Chemistry
Discoveries of New Products and Less Expensive Processes
CHEMICAL MATTER: ELEMENTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION THROUGH THE PERIODIC SYSTEM
Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms
The Building Up of the Periodic Table
The Periodical Trends of Some Physical Properties
Some Periodical Trends of the Chemical Behavior
THE CONTRIBUTION OF NOBEL LAUREATES TO CHEMISTRY
The Dynamics of Chemical Reactions
New Synthetic Routes for Useful Products
The Understanding of Natural Processes
The Identification of Chemical Entities
The Expansion of Thermodynamics
CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTATION AND INSTRUMENTATION
CHEMICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
Isolation and Purification Techniques
GAS AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Evolution and Classification of Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
VOLUMETRIC AND CALORIMETRIC TECHNIQUES
Calorimetric Methods and Instruments
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Solid, Liquid, and Partially Oriented Samples
THEORETICAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY
SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION AND QUANTUM CHEMISTRY
MOLECULAR ENERGETICS: VALENCE BOND AND MOLECULAR ORBITAL METHODS. DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Methods for obtaining approximate electronic wavefunctions
Density functional theory of atoms and molecules
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS: COLLISIONAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH TO REACTION RATE
Theoretical Aspects of Collision Dynamics
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF MOLECULAR SCALE PHENOMENA
Theoretical Principles of Quantum Control
Laboratory Realizations of Quantum Control
Control-Assisted Extraction of Microscopic Information
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND STATE FUNCTIONS
Internal Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Second Law of Thermodynamics
Equilibrium Conditions in Simple Systems
Graphical Representation of Equilibrium States
Stability of Thermodynamic Equilibrium States
Eulero and Gibbs–Duhem Equations
Entropy and Transformation of Heat into Work
Entropy and its Absolute Value: Third Law of Thermodynamics
Other State Functions for Equilibrium Conditions in Chemical Systems: Enthalpy and Free Energies
Relationships among State Functions
State Functions for Multicomponent Systems: Molar and Partial Molar Functions
ENERGY BALANCE OF REACTING SYSTEMS
Rules for Writing Down the Energy Balance
Energetic Properties of Chemical Reactions
Calculation of State Functions Involved in Energy Balances
Evidencing Reactions Contributions to Energy Balances
EQUILIBRIUM IN MULTIPHASE REACTING SYSTEMS
Equilibrium conditions from thermodynamic laws
The phase rule and the Duhem’s theorem
STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THERMODYNAMICS
Microscopic behaviour of ideal gases.
Internal energy and zero point energy.
Statistical interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics.
Probability, entropy and laws of thermodynamics.
Properties of the ideal monoatomic gas.
Translational partition function.
Gibbs approach to statistical mechanics.
General treatment of real fluids.
IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES: PHENOMENOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH
Transport coefficient for gaseous mixtures
Onsager’s Reciprocity Relations from the Boltzmann equation
The macroscopic theory of irreversible processes
Irreversibility, patterns and chaos
CHEMICAL KINETICS AND DYNAMICS
RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: THEIR MEASUREMENT AND MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
Reaction Rate, Kinetic Equation, Catalysis
Dependence of the Rate on Temperature
MICROKINETICS VERSUS MACROKINETICS: THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN DETERMING REACTIONS RATES
Fluid-Solid Interphase Diffusion and Reactions
Intraphase Diffusion and Reactions
Fluid-Fluid Homogeneous Reactions
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPLEX REACTING SYSTEMS: ROLE OF NON-LINEARITY
Rate Law of Chemical Reactions
Material and Energy Balances of Reacting Systems
Simulation of Stationary Plug Flow Reactors
Dynamic Treatment of a Reacting System
Steady States and their Stability
Analogies with Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
Turing Patterns and Self-Organization
Symmetry Breaking in Chemical Reacting Systems
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTANCES
INORGANIC AND METAL-ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Organic Synthesis based on Weak Interactions: Self-Assembly
Bio-Inspired Organic Synthesis
Synthetic Planning and Strategies
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPHASES
Structure and Properties of Nanophases
POLYMERS AND THEIR SYNTHESIS
The synthesis of macromolecules
The crystalline and the amorphous state
BIOCHEMICAL METHODS OF SYNTHESIS
Early Employment of Enzymes in Organic Synthesis
Biotransformations in Organic Synthesis
CarbonCarbon Bond-Forming Reactions
Reactions Catalyzed by Artificial Enzymes
MAIN BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
METROLOGY IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Metrological characteristics of methods and procedures in chemical analysis
Analytical signal: Conducting of a measurement
Errors in chemical analysis: Data treatment
Sensitivity factor, detection limit, and Dynamic range
Analysis of variance, correlation and regression analysis (a general overview)
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
Chemical qualitative elemental analysis
Physical methods of qualitative elemental analysis
Chemical quantitative elemental analysis
Physical methods of quantitative elemental analysis
Applications of elemental analysis
ORGANIC REACTIONS
Organic reactions in life-support processes
ELECTROCHEMISTRY: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS
Ionic conductors and their conductivity
Electrodes and electrode reactions
The structure of the electrode/electrolyte interface
The Volta problem in Electrochemistry
CONTRIBUTIONS OF CHEMISTRY TO SUSTAINABILITY IN CHINA
Chemistry Basis for Zero Pollutant Effluents
Processing Low-grade and Complex Ores
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY
PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL SIGNALS DE NOVO SYNTHESIS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES
Polyketide pathway: fatty acids and polyketides
Mevalonic acid pathway: Isoprenoids
INTER AND INTRASPECIFICITY OF CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION
Terms used in chemical communicaton
Interspecific chemical communication
Intraspecific chemical communication
ALLELOPATHY AND CHEMICAL DEFENCE
Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Chemical Defense of Microorganisms
Beyond Chemical Defense: Secondary Metabolites and Biodiversity
CHEMICAL DEFENSE AND MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES
Phytochemical Variation in Plants
Mammalian Metabolism of Phytochemicals
FORAGING AND FOOD CHOICE IN PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS
Plant secondary compounds; the determinants of diet breadth
Avoiding the effects of plant secondary compounds
Odors of plant secondary compounds
Secondary compounds and insect evolution
CHEMICAL DEFENCE IN INVERTEBRATES
Mechanisms of acquiring chemical defenses
CHEMICAL MIMICRY
Discoveries of chemical mimicry
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF ANIMAL INTERACTION
CHEMICAL TRIGGERS IN BREEDING CYCLES
Sex Pheromones as Reproductive Stimuli
Glandular Origins of Sex Pheromones
Sex Pheromones as Eclectic Natural Products
Parsimony of Sexual Pheromones
Plant Compounds and Sexual Attractants
Distribution of Plant and Animal Sex Pheromones
CHEMICALS IN HOST-PARASITOID AND PREY-PREDATOR RELATIONS
Semiochemicals influencing the behaviour of parasitoids and predators
Pesticides influencing the host-parasitoid and prey-predator populations
CHEMICAL SIGNALS AS ATTRACTANTS, REPELLENTS AND AGGREGATION STIMULANTS
Classification of Chemical Signals
Detection and Decoding of Semiochemicals
Approaches to the Isolation and Identification of Semiochemicals
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS
Why plants apparently play the losing role
How plants survive under a herbivore dominated world
Secondary metabolites and the need to communicate
The counterattack of herbivores
Plant Chemical defenses as feeding flags
Plant volatiles in multitrophic interactions
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
THE ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF BACTERIAL CELL-CELL SIGNALLING
Ecological role of bacterial signals
Natural defences against quorum sensing
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF MARINE BACTERIA AND ALGAE
Ecological Roles of Bacterial and Algal Compounds
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Defensive Compounds
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN CORAL REEFS
Chemical signaling in coral reefs
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN FISH
Reproductive Responses to Pheromones
Chemically-Mediated Anti-Predator Strategies
CHEMICAL DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
Biological Responses to Chemicals in the Environment
Detection and Assessment: Biomarkers
ENVIROMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION: CAN THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION HYPOTHESIS BE VALIDATED IN THE INVERTEBRATE PHYLA?
Endocrine Disruption: A Threat to Ecosystem Health?
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Xenoestrogens: Mechanism of Action
Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates
Detection and Assessment: Bioassays and Biomarkers
A Strategy for the Detection of Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN VERTEBRATES AND HUMAN COMPLEXITIES
THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF MUSTELIDS
The Eurasian or European Otter (Lutra lutra)
The European Badger (Meles meles)
The Future of Mustelid Chemical Ecology Research.
APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY AND PEST MANAGEMENT
Semiochemicals and their application in insect pest management
Semiochemicals and their application in vertebrate pest management
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY IN RELATION TO MEDICINE AND PHARMACEUTICALS
Parasitism: A New Approach to Studying the Biochemistry of Defenses
Natural Products with a Narrow Biological Function
When the Mechanism of Action of a Compound is More Important than its Biological Function
The Management of Vectors: a Control Tool for Vector-Borne Diseases
New Windows for Pharmaceutical Industries
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Thermal Conductivity - Thermal Diffusivity
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES OF MOMENTUM, MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES
THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics
Phase Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Chemical Reacting Mixtures and Chemical Reaction Equilibrium
Calculation of Fugacities and Activities
FLUID MECHANICS
Non-dimensionalization of the Governing Equations: The Reynolds number
Application of the Equations of Motion: Flow in a Circular Pipe
Motion of an Isolated Solid Particle in a Fluid
Particles Settling in a Suspension
MULTIPHASE FLOW
MASS TRANSFER BY DIFFUSION
Velocities and Fluxes of Mass Transfer
Binary Mass Transfer in Stagnant Systems and in Laminar Flow
INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER
Mass Transfer Coefficient in One Phase
Correlations of Mass Transfer Coefficients
CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL KINETICS AND MACROKINETICS
Analysis of Heterogeneous Systems
Theories for Predicting the Reaction Rate
CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS
Biocatalysis (Catalysis by Enzymes)
MOLECULAR SIMULATIONS
The Concept of the Amorphous Cell and of the Molecular Model
The Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) Method
UNIT OPERATIONS - FLUIDS
EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION
Thermal-hydraulic phenomena during flow boiling in small diameter channels
REFRIGERATION
New developments in refrigeration technology
DISTILLATION OR RECTIFICATION
MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS - ABSORPTION AND EXTRACTION
MASS TRANSFER OPERATION - MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS
An overview on the most industrialized membrane separation processes and emerging applications
Sustainable growth and integrated membrane operations
MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS: HYBRID MEMBRANE PROCESSES
Hybrid Membrane Desalination Systems
Integrated Membrane Systems in Agrofood Industry
Hybrid Membrane Operations for Wastewater Treatment
Integrated Membrane Operations in Gas Separation
Integration of Molecular Separation and Chemical/Energy Conversion
HANDLING OF FLUIDS
UNIT OPERATIONS - SOLIDS
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS - CRYSTALLIZATION
HANDLING OF SOLIDS - TRANSPORT
Characterization of Bulk Solids
PARTICLE GROWTH AND AGGLOMERATION PROCESSES
CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
IDEAL MODELS OF REACTORS
The Thermodynamic State of a System
The Perfectly Mixed Tank Reactor
Comparison of Different Types of Reactors
NONIDEAL FLOW MODELS IN HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTORS
The Residence Time Distribution (RTD)
Influence of Mixing Phenomena on Chemical Reactions
MULTIPHASE REACTORS
Fundamentals of Phase Contacting in Chemical Reactors
Reactor Selection and Design Issues in Multiphase Reactors
Basic Types of Multiphase Reactors and their Design Features
CATALYTIC REACTORS: A REVIEW
POLYMERIZATION REACTORS
A short history of polymer reaction engineering
Towards product-inspired polymer reaction engineering
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTORS
Backgrounds of electrochemistry
Transport and transfer phenomena in electrochemical processes
Technology of electrochemical reactors
Current distribution in electrochemical cells
Design of electrochemical cells: an introduction
Current trends in electrochemical engineering
MULTIFUNCTIONAL REACTORS
Mechanical Integrated Processes
MICROREACTORS
General Benefits of Microreactors
Selected Types of Microreactors
PROCESS MODELLING, OPTIMIZATION AND CONTROL
SOLUTION OF MODEL EQUATIONS
Classes of Problems and Computer Methods
Ordinary Differential Equation Systems
Differential-Algebraic Equation Methods
Partial Differential Equation Systems (PDEs)
PROCESS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION
Steady State Simulation of a Chemical Process
Solving a System of Nonlinear Equations
DATA RECONCILIATION
Scope, aims and benefits of Data Reconciliation
Mathematical formulation of the validation problem
PRODUCT CENTERED PROCESS DESIGN
Systematic Framework for the Manufacture of Chemical-Based Products
Identification of Product Quality Factors
Selection of Ingredients and Product Microstructure
Generation of Process Alternatives
Product and Process Evaluation
Example: Shampoo and Conditioner in One Product
CAPE SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR MODELLING AND SIMULATION
CAPE Modelling and Simulation Tools
Dynamic Process Modelling Background & Basics
A Model-Based Engineering Approach Using CAPE Tools
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL PROCESS
Scientific Basics of Process Development [Baerns 2006]
The Components of a Chemical Production Plant
Standard Approach of Process Development
Evaluation of Chemical Processes
The Future of the Process Development
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
PROCESS SAFETY
PROCESS RISK ANALYSIS
Terminology Used in This Chapter
Application of safety/risk techniques
Hazard identification and safety/risk analysis techniques
Frequency/Probability Modeling Techniques
Consequence Analysis Techniques
Safety Concepts in Process Development and Plant Design
Hazard, Safety and Risk Management in Plant Design and Operation
PROCESS ECONOMICS
Economic Evaluation of Chemical Process Projects
Economic Evaluation Techniques
Economic Evaluation of a Major Project in Practice
Economic Evaluation of Modifications to Operating Process Plants
Optimization of Operating Costs
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN 2010, QUO VAMUS?
Expectations from Modern Chemical Engineering in the Face of Challenges
A Complementary Approach in Chemical Engineering
The Future of Chemical Engineering: Quo Vamus?
PROCESS ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABILITY
History of Sustainable Development
Principles of Sustainable Development
Definition of Process Engineering
Applications of Process Engineering
History of Process Engineering
Tools of Process Engineering In Sustainable Development
Nanotechnology in Process Engineering
New Scientific Instrumentation in Process Engineering
Role of Process Engineering in Integrated Water Resources Management
New Software in Optimal Designing of the Plants
Process Engineering for Medicine
CHEMICAL PRODUCT DESIGN
MULTI-SCALE MODELING
Multi-Scale Structures in Chemical Engineering
Approaches to Analyze Multi-Scale Structures
Descriptive Multi-Scale Methodology
Correlative Multi-Scale Methodology
Analytical Multi-Scale Methodology
MAIN PRODUCTS
PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS
Petroleum Production Processes
POLYMERS
Challenges and New Trends in Polymer Science
AMMONIA AND FERTILIZERS
PIGMENTS AND DYESTUFFS
Recent developments and future trends
FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
Chemicals and pharmaceuticals made by fermentation
Fermentation products in feed and agriculture
Recent developments and future trends
RESOURCE RECYCLING AND REUSE CONTRASTING DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Resource Recycling and Reuse The Past
Resource Recycling and Reuse The Present
Resource Recycling and Reuse The Future
CHEMISTRY PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
THE STATUS OF UNDERGRADUATE CHEMICAL EDUCATION
Chemistry Curricula and Degree Production
The State of Chemical Education: Emerging Trends in Undergraduate Curriculum
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOCHEMISTRY
SYMMETRY AND BROKEN SYMMETRY IN MOLECULES
The Symmetry of Macroscopic Objects
The Point Group Symmetry of Molecules
The Use of Molecular Point Group Symmetry
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Thermodynamic Treatment of Charged Phases
The Electrochemical Double Layer
ELECTRON TRANSFER AND SINGLE MOLECULAR EVENTS
The Theories of Marcus and Hush
Beyond First Order Perturbation
From Non-adiabatic to Adiabatic Reactions
Electron Transfer through Single Molecules
SENSORS
Amperometric and voltammetric sensors
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE - BATTERIES, FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS
BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrochemistry of Water Soluble Redox Proteins
Experimental Models of Biomembranes
CORROSION AND SURFACE TREATMENT
Scope and Economic Importance of Metal Corrosion
Corrosion Cells Resulting in Non-Uniform Corrosion
Corrosion Protection and Surface Treatment
CONDUCTING POLYMERS
Nature of the Charges Appearing on the Polymer Chains upon Doping
Mechanism of Charge Transport in CPs
Ion Transport Kinetics during Redox Processes of CPs
Functionalized Monomers and Chemical Modification of Polymer Chains
ELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL TREATMENT AND RECYCLING
Electrochemical Processes for Water Treatment and a Cleaner Environment
Electrochemically Generated Oxidizing Agents, such as Cl2, OCl-, H2O2, O3
Disposal, Elimination, Recovery and Recycling of Inorganic Pollutants
Membrane-based Electrochemical Processes
Soil Remediation by Electrochemical Methods
Cleaner Electrical Energy and Storage from Electrochemical Power Sources
RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
The beginnings of RC&NC and the timeline of nuclear science
Nuclides and nuclei - isotopes, isobars, isotones, and isomers
Nuclear starter - concepts, quantities and units
Kinetics of radioactive decay and activation
Aftereffects of radioactive decay and nuclear reactions
Interaction of nuclear radiations with matter
ISOTOPE EFFECTS, ISOTOPE SEPARATION AND ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION
Isotopic Fractionation in Nature
RADIOMETRIC DATING AND TRACING
Chemical separation techniques
RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Characterization of the radioactive targets and sources
Separation techniques of radioactive elements
RADIONUCLIDES IN CHEMICAL RESEARCH
NUCLEAR METHODS IN MATERIAL RESEARCH
Methods Based on the Absorption of Radiation
Particle-induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopies
RADIATION CHEMISTRY
Absorption of Radiation Energy
Techniques in Radiation Chemistry, Pulsed Radiolysis
Radiation Chemistry of Some Classes of Compounds
RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION
RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY FOR MEDICINE
Production of Medical Radionuclides
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry for Non-invasive Molecular Imaging
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry for Endoradiotherapy
CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS
Electronic Structure and Oxidation States
Actinide chemistry in solution
Environmental Actinide Chemistry
Biological Behavior of Actinides
PRODUCTION AND CHEMISTRY OF TRANSACTINIDE ELEMENTS
Production and Nuclear Decay Studies of Transactinides
Chemical Properties of Transactinides Element
NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
Classification of Radioactive Wastes
Who is Responsible for Radioactive Wastes?
Status of Nuclear Power World-wide
Nature of HLW as a Function of Time
Important Characteristics of Actinides
Separations Technologies for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Advanced Fuel Cycle Concepts and Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T)
Non-Aqueous Chemical Processing
Transmutation Devices for the Advanced Fuel Cycle
Strategies for Implementation of an Advanced Fuel Cycle
Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
HIGH-INTENSITY LASERS IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE
Laser induced Photo-Reactions and Photo-Fission
Laser induced heavy ion fusion
Laser generation of protons and neutrons
NUCLEAR FORENSICS
NUCLEAR PROCESSES IN NATURE
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES, NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND STABILITY
Particles and Forces - the Standard Model in a Nutshell
Characterization of the Atomic Nucleus