Encyclopedia Of Development and Economic Sciences - Table of Contents

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, FINANCE, AND TRADE

Historical development

Trade, growth, and sustainable development

Tariffs and trade liberalization

Preferential trading agreements and integration

The geography of international trade

International finance

The balance of payments

Financial institutions

Multinational banking

Emerging capital markets

International trade law

Sustainable development

GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND WORLD FUTURES: KNOWLEDGE, ECONOMY, AND SOCIETY

Globalization

Epistemic transformations

Scenarios of the future

Structure of transformation

A post-globalization model of the future

GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN KNOWLEDGE - SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES

Why this Talk of a Knowledge Economy?

Suggestions for Enacting Knowledge Systems

What is Knowledge?

The Problem of Globalization

Inequity in the Distribution of Knowledge

The Global Commodification of Knowledge

On Change in the Global Knowledge System

GLOBAL SCIENCE

The Lessons of History

Imperial Science

Global Science and Sustainability

NON-WESTERN SCIENCE - MINING CIVILIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE

Civilizational Knowledge

The European Classical Period

Arab and Other Transmissions

Independent "Modern" Discoveries

Mining: Illustrative Examples

Some Speculative Possibilities

Social Theory for New Technologies

Using Metaphors

Some Potentials

Some Estimates

GLOBAL MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

Knowledge and Information

Operational Framework for Knowledge

TRANSFORMATIONS OF INFORMATION SOCIETY

Making Sense of Information Technology and Information Society

Evolutionary Stages of Information Society

E-commerce

FROM THE INFORMATION ERA TO THE COMMUNICATIVE ERA

The Great Leap Forward

Sharing Meaning or Watching Sit-coms

Cultural Perspectives on Immediacy and Distance

Access to Global Conversations

The Politics of Conversations and the Information Era

A Real Information Society

A Gaia of Civilizations

BUILDING "REAL" AND "VIRTUAL" HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Back to the Futures: From Gemeinschaft to Global Village and a Lasting Nostalgia

The Challenge of Globalization: The End of "Local" Community, or the Reinvention of Space and Place?

The Challenge of the "Virtual Community": Does Technology Mean the Demise of "Real" Community?

The Challenge of the Commodification Imperative: Has "Community" Become "Commodity"?

Communities of the Twenty-first Century: Some Signposts for Multiple Realities in a Complex World

NAVIGATING GLOBALIZATION THROUGH INFO-DESIGN, AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING CYBERCULTURE

The "Big Picture" where Info-Design Makes Sense

A Culture of Design

Technology, Globalization, and the New World Order

Cultural Impacts of Cyberspace

The Internet and the Modern Project

Valuing Biodiversity and Local Knowledge

Giving Voice to New Actors

Info-Design and World-making Skills

Information and Communication Technology, Sustainability, and Community-making

Design Education and its Orientation towards the Future

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

Frameworks for Understanding

Market Factors

Technology and Change

Inequalities

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

Definitional Problems

History

Current Size, Nationality, and Sectors

The Global Spread: National Ownership of Foreign Investment

Multinational Corporations and Theory

The Multinational Corporations in the Twenty-first Century: Power and Transformation

GLOBAL MOVEMENT OF LABOR

Internal Labor Migration

International Labor Migration

Forced Migration

UN Conferences and Plans on Migration

Themes and Theories

Regional Labor Migration

THE INTERNET AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

The Nature of Virtual Space

Horizontal versus Vertical Structures

Transnationalism

Information and Communication

States and Markets

ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION

Fundamental Problems and Challenges of Economic Policy

What Have We Learned in the Last Decade?

GLOBAL BUSINESS ETHICS

Framing the Questions

Change Drivers

Standards—But Which Ones?

Global Initiatives for Global Business Ethics

Beyond the Usual Suspects

Ethical Futures

GLOBALIZATION AS IF THE ENTIRE GLOBE MATTERED: THE SITUATION OF MINORITY GROUPS

Globalization, Financial Liberalization, and Structural Adjustment

Framing the Issue of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination

The "Fundamentals" of Globalization and Impacts on Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Globalization as if the Entire Globe Mattered

STRATEGIES TO ERADICATE POVERTY: AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT

Global Poverty and Inequality

Toward a Broader Definition of Poverty

Two Economic Myths

The Limits of the Development Paradigm

Toward Sustainable Economics

Economics as if All Living Beings Mattered

Beyond Poverty: Two Strategies toward Eradicating Poverty

NORTH-NORTH, NORTH-SOUTH, AND SOUTH-SOUTH RELATIONS

North–South Relations in Theoretical Perspective

A Historical Perspective on North–South and South–South Relations

North and South in a Globalized World

WORLD FUTURES: TRENDS AND TRANSFORMATIONS IN STATE, EDUCATION AND CULTURAL ECOLOGY

History Revisited: The Ever-Advancing Civilization

A Century of Light

World Order and Global Awareness

Humanity’s Conceptual Awakening

A Look at the Universe and Ourselves

Envisioning a Unified World

Questioning Some Fundamental Assumptions

Crisis and Victory

EPISTEMOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF THE FUTURE

Planning and Futures

Policy Analysis, Planning, and Futures Research

The Politics of Forecasting

Types of Futures Studies

Values

Chaos and Order

Complexity

Guiding Metaphors of the Future

Emerging Issues Analysis

Scanning

What-if Questions

Age-Cohort and Age-Grade Analysis

Causal Layered Analysis

Grand Theories of Social Change

Politics of Time

Futures and Post-structuralism

Scenarios

THE GRAND PATTERNS OF CHANGE AND THE FUTURE

Historical and Epistemic Context

Stages of History

Agency, Structure, and the Transcendental

Cyclical and Linear

Metaphors of Time

The Future from Macrohistory

Patterns in the Patterns

MULTILAYERED SCENARIOS, THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND GLOBAL MODELS

Multilayered Scenarios

Global Models—Worldviews, Forecasts, and Critics

Dealing with Complexity—the Scientific Method

Instability and Shift Points

Ordering the Complexity of the World System

The Next Generation of Scenarios

THE FUTURES OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE WORLD SYSTEM

Theoretical Assumptions

Specific Reforms

Perspectives on the United Nations

Main Trends

Policy Implications

The Long View

GLOBALIZATION AND INFORMATION SOCIETY-INCREASING COMPLEXITY AND POTENTIAL CHAOS

The Globalization Process

Information Society Equals Even More Complexity

What is Progress in a Complex World?

Chaos and Complexity Lead to an Evolutionary Perspective

GLOBALIZATION, GENDER, AND WORLD FUTURES

The Impact of Globalization

Women are Supporting Globalization but is Globalization Supporting Women?

Globalization Scenarios: Globotech versus Ecarmony

Redefining Global Priorities

NEO-HUMANISM, GLOBALIZATION, AND WORLD FUTURES

Neo-humanism

Global Society of the Twenty-first Century

SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION: IMPERATIVES FOR A VIABLE FUTURE

The Global Education Agenda

Educational Culture

Sustainability

Sustainable Futures

Educational Sustainability

Imperatives for a Viable Future

Educational Sustainability

INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

What is Sustainable Development?

When did it emerge?

What are its implications for governments?

What are its Implications for business and industry?

What are its implications for farming and agriculture?

What are its Implications for civil society, ngos and individuals: education and awareness?

What progress has been made?

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND LANDMARK WORKS CONCERNING SUSTAINABILITY

EARLY LOCALIZED ISSUES AFFECTING REGIONAL SUSTAINABILITY - THE CASE OF ONTARIO, CANADA'S NIAGARA ESCARPMENT

The Niagara Escarpment Study -- Precursor of Sustainability

The Niagara Escarpment -- A Unique and Vulnerable Environment

A Sustainable Development Strategy for the Niagara Escarpment

Forces Leading to the Strategy for the Niagara Escarpment

The On-going Struggle for Sustainability

MALTHUS' ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION

The Education of Malthus

Debate on the Views of Godwin and Condorcet

Publication of the First Essay in 1798

The Second Essay, Published in 1803

Systems of Equality

The Poor Laws

Replies to Malthus

Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages; the Corn Laws

Acceptance of Birth Control in England

The Irish Potato Famine of 1845

The Impact of Malthus on Biology

The Importance of Malthus Today

Limits to the Carrying Capacity of the Global Environment

"THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS" BY GARRETT HARDIN, 1968

The Tragedy in Review

Research and Policy: Hardin’s Legacy

Looking Back, Looking Ahead

BEYOND BRUNDTLAND: THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1990S

Building on Our Common Future

Measuring Sustainable Development

Moving Forward: The Public, the Private, and the Individual

MOVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE CHINESE CONUNDRUM

Symptoms of Systemic Malfunction

Towards a Greater Understanding of the Key Forces at Work -- Who is Responsible?

Sustainable Development Integrating Social Equity, the Economy and the Environment

INSTITUTIONS AND LANDMARK REPORTS CONCERNING SUSTAINABILITY

WORLD CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (IUCN)

Background to the World Conservation Strategy

The World Conservation Strategy

Case Study: The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy

Case Study: Northwest Frontier Province Conservation Strategy

Caring for the Earth: the World Conservation Strategy Revisited

PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABILITY

NATURAL RESOURCE PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABILITY

Renewability, Non-Renewability, and Sustainability

Capture and Sustained Yield in Modern Resource Management

Maximum Sustained Yield

Optimum Sustained Yield

Towards a New Paradigm

Adaptive Ecosystem Management

A Glance Back in Time

SUSTAINABILITY, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND THE INTERNET

Language = Communications + Informatics

Social Class and Media

Electric and Electronic Media

The Sixth Language: The Internet

Knowledge Networking

THE POLITICS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The Problematique

Current Context

Barriers to a Politics

A Canadian Experiment

Retrospective

Building on the Canadian Experience

CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES AND SUSTAINABILITY

A Conceptual Framework for Analysis

Cultural Monism and Spiritual Balance

Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Slash and Burn Cultivation: Miombo Woodland

Institutional Development of TEK and Resilience in EVI.

SUSTAINABILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

Origins of Sustainability in International Law

Sustainability as Optimal Exploitation of Living Resources

Sustainability as Respect for Ecological Limits

Sustainability as Sustainable Development

The Future of Sustainability in International Law

LAW AND SUSTAINABILITY: THE CANADIAN CASE

Introduction

The Canadian Legal System and Sustainability

Legal Mechanisms and Reforms for Promoting Sustainability, 1995-2007

Other Sustainability Initiatives

Current Sustainability Challenges Facing Canada

Sustainability on an International Level

Conclusion

CARRYING CAPACITY AND SUSTAINABILITY: WAKING MALTHUS GHOST

Introducing Carrying Capacity

Dueling Paradigms: The Debate Goes On

The Biological Roots of the Problem: Humans as Patch Disturbers

Why Cultures Collapse: The Revenge of Carrying Capacity

Is Carrying Capacity Relevant to Humans?

Epilogue: On Becoming Truly Human

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Background

The meaning of principles

Differing definitions

Origin of the concept

Ecology and sustainable development

The changing context of sustainable development

Recent efforts and their principles

Underlying factors

Psychological obstacles: seven "sins" of unsustainability

Requisites for sustainability

The present choice

INTELLECTUAL AND KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AT LOCAL, NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL LEVELS

The Importance of Intellectual and Knowledge Capital for Sustainable Development

The Challenges and Issues of Intellectual and Knowledge Capital for Implementing Sustainable Development Policies

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Social Development Information

Knowledge about Social Sustainability, Possibilities and Limits

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Introduction: Culture and Development

Land, Labour Power and Economic Progress in the "West"

Doubts about "Development" as the Universal Destiny of Humanity

Culture and the "Informal"

Outlook: Hopes for Humanity

FUNCTIONALISM VERSUS CONSUMERISM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

The Interaction between Consumers and their Life Support Systems

The Consumer’s Interest in Innovation for a more Sustainable Pattern of Consumption

An Example of a Common Resource: the Sustainable Management of Sea Fisheries for Consumers

Climate Change: Influencing Consumer Demand for Energy

GM Foods and the Consumer

Some Limitations of the Market Mechanisms for Meeting the Needs of Consumers

The World Population of Consumers and Public Health

ECOSYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Being and Knowing about Nature

Natural Capital and the Monetization Frontier

A Structural Ecological Economics Perspective

Greening the National Accounts

The passage from Information to Deliberation

NATURAL NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Theories of Depletion

Availability, Costs and Prices

From Environmentally-Corrected Prices to Sustainable Prices of Natural Resources

WATER-BASED LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Sustainability and Water’s Transformation Cycles

Water’s Value—a Problem of (Unequal) Distribution

European "Integrative" Water Resources Governance Experiments

ENERGY-BASED LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Energy from a Technical Perspective

Environmental Issues in Energy Supply

Energy Consumption and Resource Depletion

The Character of Technological Change

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Contrasts in Agricultural Food Production and Consumption—Past and Present

Development of Agricultural Technology in Industrial Nations

Developing Nations and their Double Bindings

Lookout

HUMAN SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

International Attention for Human Settlements

Sustainable Human Settlements Development

Social Aspects of Sustainable Human Settlements

Economic Aspects of Sustainable Human Settlements

Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Human Settlements

Community Development and Capacity Building for Sustainable Human Settlements

Planning, Decision-Making and Managing Human Settlements

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

NICT and the Knowledge-based Economy

Information and Coordination

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

The Lessons of Experience

The Debates of the 1990s

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Information and Communication

The Internet and the Varied Forms of Public Good

Information and Communications Technology in the Service of "Our Common Problems"

Web Linkages, Governance and Knowledge Quality Assessment

INSTITUTIONAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Roles of Infrastructure and Institutions

Interrelationships among Institutions, Infrastructure, and Knowledge

Urban Institutions, Infrastructure and Sustainability

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS (ISO 9000 AND ISO 14000) DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

ISO 9000

ISO 14000

Use of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000

ROLE OF PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Generic Causes of Accidents

Performance Engineering

Reliability

Quality

Maintenance

Life Cycle Costs

Internalization of Environmental Costs

Methodologies for Performance Engineering

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Definitions of sustainable development

Capital resources needed for sustainable development

Management for sustainable development

Legal issues

Images: the future of sustainable development

SOCIAL CAPITAL RESEARCH: A CONTESTED STATE-OF THE-ART

Conceptual Debate

The Empirical Record

One or Many Social capitals?

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: STRATEGIES FOR COPING WITH CHANGE AND UNCERTAINTY

Principles and Practice

ECONOMICS INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES

Introduction: Economics in the Twenty-First Century

Basic Concepts of Neo-Classical Economics

Environmental Economics

Natural Resource Economics

Ecological Economics

The Economics of Biological Diversity

The Economics of Health Care

A Brief Guide for Studying the Interactions Between Economics and Other Disciplines

HEALTH ECONOMICS

ISSUES IN RESOURCE ALLOCATION TO HEALTH CARE

Financing Health Care through the Insurance System

A Health Insurance Loan Program

The Single-Payer System

Employer Mandates

COSTS OF HEALTH CARE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

Costs of Health Care

Demand Factors Influencing Health Care Costs

Supply Factors Influencing Health Care Costs

Public Policies

SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE FUNDING THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE

A Model for Health Care Financing

Risk Sharing and Payment

The Rationale for Government Intervention

Health Care Funding across Nations

HEALTH ECONOMICS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Introduction: Conceptual Issues in Health Economics

Determinants of Health in Developing Countries

Resource Allocation Methods in the Health Sector

The Economics of the AIDS Epidemic in Developing Countries

Market Reforms and Health Care in Developing Countries

MAXIMIZING HEALTH IMPACT THROUGH RESOURCE ALLOCATION

Definitions and Models of Health

Global, National, and Personal Approaches to Health

Definition and Measurement of Health Resources

Decision Rules for Optimum Allocation of Health Resources

Health Impact of Medical Technology

Market-Guided Resource Allocation and the Question of Efficiency

Government Insurance and Public Health Programs

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND SUSTAINABLE HEALTH: A REVIEW OF THE CONTENDING ISSUES

The Interconnection between Community Values, Ecology, and Human Health

Lifestyle Choices, the Environment, and Health Profiles: The Case of Hunter-Gatherer Societies

Colonialism, Materialism, and Environmental Degradation

Consumerism, Lifestyles, and Health

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS

History and Demarcation

Externalities

Sustainable Development

International Issues

Spatial Issues

Macroeconomics and Growth

Monetary Valuation of Environmental Changes

Other Methods

Environmental Policy

Ecological versus Environmental Economics

Conclusion

EXTERNALITIES, EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY

Efficiency

Equity

Will Material Growth Increase Welfare?

Future Trends and Perspectives

DESIGNING INSTRUMENTS FOR RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

The need for policy instruments

The Range of Policy Options

The Selection and Design of Policy Instruments

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND POLICY CO-ORDINATION

Trade and Environmental Policies with Competitive Markets

Strategic Environmental Policy

International Environmental Problems

Empirical Evidence

Policy Implications

Directions for Further Research

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH THEORY, ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVES, AND DISCOUNTING

Introduction and Overview

Theory of Economic Growth, Natural Resources and Environment Quality

The Environmental Kuznets Curve

Future Trends and Perspectives

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Impacts of Climate Change

Impacts of Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction

Efficient Climate Control

Cost-effective Climate Control

Uncertainty and the Applicability of Models

Policy Instruments

Current Status of National and International Climate Policy

Introduction

ECONOMIC VALUATION AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Benefits provided by public goods

Market based measures of environmental impacts

Benefit based valuation methods

Future directions in contingent valuation

Benefit transfer

Meta-analysis

Cost-benefit analysis

Introduction

AN ECONOMIC THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL INCOME

National income

Welfare interpretation of national income

Green national income

Sustainable national income

Green accounting in practice

SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS IN ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS

Weak Sustainability

Varieties of Strong Sustainability

Sustainability and the Myth of Market Prices

Discounting and the Commensurability of Wants

Sustainability, Consilience, and the Role of Institutions

Strengthening Strong Sustainability

NEXUS OF ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

Elements of Ecological Economics

Elements of Ecosystem Management

Nexus of Ecological Economics and Ecosystem Management

Implications for Natural Resource Management and Policy

Implementation of Ecosystem Management

Introduction

IDENTIFICATION OF ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ISSUES

Conceptual Issues

Practical Issues

Introduction

PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Participatory Development Model: a base for Sustainable Resource Management

Search Conference (SC): A Participatory Development Model

Sustainable Resource Management in México

INDICATORS OF HUMAN CONSEQUENCES FOR ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC PLANNING AND POLICY

Quality of Life

Indicators

Human Indicators

Human Indicators for Planning and Monitoring Sustainable Development: Conceptualization

Indicator Framework Development

FEMINIST ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS

Theoretical Foundations of Feminist Ecological Economics

Theoretical Contributions of Feminist Ecological Economics

Applications of Feminist Ecological Economics

Future Trends and Perspectives

POLITICAL ARITHMETICK: PROBLEMS WITH GDP AS AN INDICATOR OF ECONOMIC PROGRESS

Background economics

Kuznets to Keuning

The Arithmetical Dimension: Is GDP a Satisfactory Measure of Current Economic Activity?

The Diagnostic Dimension: Is GDP a Satisfactory Measure of Future Beneficial Economic Activity?

The Political Dimension: is GDP a Satisfactory Measure of Economic Justice?

NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS

Non-renewable Resources

Renewable Resources

Protecting Biodiversity

Climate Protection

Non-market Valuation

WELFARE ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Welfare Economics of Sustainable Development

Economic Growth And Welfare: Intertemporal Perspectives Of Sustainability

National Accounting and Sustainability

International Perspectives of Sustainable Development

Institutional and Policy Choices in Pursuit of Sustainable Development

ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

Global and Transboundary Environmental Problems

International Distribution of Environmental Burdens

International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment

Overview of Topic-Related Articles

INTERNATIONAL TRADE, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The impact of international trade on economic welfare

The interaction between international trade, the environment and sustainable development: traditional theoretical approaches

The interaction between international trade, the environment and sustainable development: alternative theoretical approaches

The interaction between international trade, the environment and sustainable development: empirical studies

The interaction between international trade, the environment and sustainable development: some relevant policy and institutional issues

NORTH-SOUTH TRADE, CAPITAL FLOWS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

An Overview of North-South Economic Interactions

North-South Trade and Investment: Policy Issues and Models

Some Empirical Evidence

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO RESOLVE INTERNATIONAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS

Coalition Models

Factors Influencing the Success of Cooperation

Issues of Treaty Design Influencing the Success of Cooperation

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS AND THE CASE OF GLOBAL WARMING

An Integrated Assessment Model for Transboundary Stock Pollution Problems

The Theory of International Environmental Externalities

Confronting Theory and Reality for the Case of Global Warming

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS AND REGIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

Environmentally Induced Conflicts

Environmental Conflict Management

IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : INSTITUTIONAL FEATURES

Sustainable Development as a Human-Centred and Development-Oriented Concept

Theoretical Concepts of the Human-Centred and Development-Oriented Approach and Empirical Evidence

Implementing Sustainable Development

Institutional Features

THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

A Framework for Analyzing the Welfare Implications of Environmental Policy

Institutions and Environmental Policy

FREE MARKET ENVIRONMENTALISM VERSUS ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SOCIALISM : AN AUSTRIAN PERSPECTIVE ON INSTITUTIONAL CHOICE

Austrian versus Neoclassical Economics: The Socialist Calculation Debate

Environmental Policy and the Socialist Calculation Debate

Free Market Environmentalism, the Evolution of Property Rights and Sustainable Development

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING : MODELS AND INSTITUTIONS

Introduction: Land Use Planning Systems and Institutions

Models of Urban Planning For Sustainable Development

Approaches and Indicators for Sustainable Development

HEDONIC PRICE MODELLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND A HONG KONG CASE STUDY

Air pollution and property values

Noise and property values

View and property values

Neighbourhood facilities and property values

Zoning regulation and property values

Hedonic price modelling of environmental attributes on urban values in Hong Kong

ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN FISH CULTURE

Characteristics of Indicators for Sustainable Development

Economic Theorisation of Fishing

Total Factor Productivity and Relative Labour Productivity Approaches

Micro and Institutional Economic Indicators of Sustainability in Fish Culture

SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEMS : POLICY DIRECTIONS AND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS

Sustainability and Resilience

Policy Directions for Sustainable and Resilient Resource Systems

Institutions

SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

DIFFERING CONCEPTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONTENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LAW

A Brief History of IDL

Competing Views of Development

Some Thoughts on the Future Evolution of IDL

IMPLEMENTATION OF AND COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LAW

DEVELOPMENT LAW CAPACITY BUILDING: TRAINING LEGAL PROFESSIONALS FOR DEVELOPMENT

Beginnings: the Rise and Fall of "Law and Development"

Revival: Development Law Training for a Global Market

Looking Ahead: Whither Development Law Capacity Building?

DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT

History

Venues for Dispute Resolution

The Law Governing Investment Disputes

Procedural Issues

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Changing Perceptions

Agendas and Actions for Environment Protection and Sustainable Development

Challenges to Sustainable Development

Outlook for the Future

APPROACHING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM DIFFERENT ANGLES

A Historical Perspective

Human Activities and Global Environmental Changes

General Ideas about Sustainable Development

An Economics Approach

A Biogeochemical Approach

A Sociocultural Approach

International Cooperation

Principles of Sustainable Development

SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Technology and Energy Systems of the Future

Defining the Environmental Threats

Biospheric Stability

Efficient Energy Use

Biotechnology

Productivity

A Sustainable Energy System

BIOLOGICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The Water Cycle

The Carbon Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

The Phosphorus Cycle

The Sulfur Cycle

ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable Development

Trends

Ecology

Environment and Economics

Economic Instruments

Social Instruments

Role of Government

Industry’s Role

Multicriteria Analysis

SOCIAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Population Pressure

Poverty

Education

National Policy and Legislation

People’s Consumption Patterns

Public Awareness and Participation

INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION OF SCIENTIFIC EFFORTS IN SUPPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The Background to International Scientific Coordination on Environment Protection

International Scientific Coordination on Environmental and Ecological Sustainable Development

Looking to the Future

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO NEW PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The Ecology and Sustainable Development

Economics and Sustainable Development

The Social Aspects of Sustainable Development

Technology and Sustainable Development

Indicators

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISPARITIES

Growth and Equity

Social Disparity and Environmental Degradation

Globalization and Inequality

Skills and Income Inequality

Gender Discrimination and Inequality

Corruption is Aggravating Social Disparities

Policy Responses to Social Disparities

THE INTERNATIONAL POVERTY TRAP

Structuralist and Neo-Marxist Explanations of Poverty

Human Capital and Knowledge as Determinants of Development

International Aid

IMPACTS OF POVERTY AND AN INABILITY TO MANAGE THE ENVIRONMENT

The Poor: Victims and Agents of Environmental Degradation

Is Environmental Degradation Inherent in Poverty?

Policy Failure and Market Failure

Other Factors in the Poverty–Environment Link

Attempts to Alleviate Poverty, Thus Relieving Pressure on the Environment

IMPACT OF AFFLUENCE AND OVEREXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Human Activities and Loss of Biodiversity

Destruction of Natural Resources in the Name of Development?

Grow Now and Clean Up Later

Can Privatization Miraculously Save the Situation?

Institutional Weakness of Developing Countries’ Management of Natural Resource Exploitation

Using Economic Instruments To Protect the Environment

Payment for Access to Genetic Resources

Promoting Sustainable Development

MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVING ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Linear Growth Model and Stages of Development

The Money of the Rich May Bring Luck to the Poor

Relying On One’s Own Strength or Borrowing a Hen To Have Its Eggs

Technological Progress and Human Capital

RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF DISPARITIES AND UNSUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Global Crises: Natural and Social

Relationships between Unsustainable Resources Use and Disparities

Technological Responses

Social and Economic Responses

STRATEGIES FOR RATIONAL USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Urgency

Feasibility

Strategic Policy

IMPROVED BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY, RECYCLING, AND REUSE

The Environment and By-Products and Wastes

Cyclic Use of By-Products and Wastes

The Recovery of By-Products and Wastes

Clean Production

From Clean Production to Industrial Ecology

DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS TO ALERT GOVERNMENTS TO MAJOR CHANGES IN RESOURCE USE

Categories of Resources

Market Failure: When the Invisible Hand Doesn’t Work

Government Failure

Making Environmental Data Useful for Policy Makers

International Progress in Development of Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Development

RAW MATERIALS USE REDUCTION, REPLACEMENT, AND RECYCLING

The Direction of Development—Ecomaterials

Life-Cycle Assessment

Raw Material Substitutes and Conservation

CAPACITY FOR DEVELOPING INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

Finite, Infinite, and Sustainability of Resources

Contributions of Technological Innovation to Sustainable Development

General Theory of Technological Innovation

Institutional Analysis of Systems of Technological Innovation

NARROWING DISPARITIES USING TAXATION AND OTHER ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES

Increasing Economic and Social Disparity

Globalization, Disparities, and Sustainability

Overview of Economic Policies for Narrowing Disparities

Obstacles for Governments to Overcome

Global Efforts for Poverty Reduction: World Bank Strategic Shifts

Microcredit Programs: Successful Economic Incentives for Poverty Reduction

MINIMIZING DISPARITIES BY CHANGING PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS, AND BY IMPROVING EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

Changing Perceptions of Poverty

Exploration of Human Resources and Economic Development

Improving Education in Developing Countries

Other Impacts of Improving Education

Creating Brighter Future with Sustainable Development

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND ECOBUSINESS

Economics and the Environment

The Limits of Conventional Accounting

The Necessity for a System of Environmental Accounting

The System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

The System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting and the Conventional System of National Accounts

Defending Against the Depletion and Degradation of the Environment

Enterprise and Household Activities in the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

The Environment as Stock

Change in Volume of Natural Assets

Valuation of Natural Assets and Welfare Economics

More Discussion on Change in Volume of Non-Produced Natural Assets

The Method of Valuation of Natural Assets or Natural Resources

The Valuation of Natural Productivity in Natural Assets

The Valuation of Natural Asset Elements in Accounting and the Development of Ecobusiness

Natural Assets Valuation, Optimal Resource Allocation, and Maximization of Social Welfare

Externalization of Pollutant Materials Disposal

Administrative Regulation and Taxation

Life-Cycle Assessment

CONCEPTUAL ISSUES INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL, NATURAL RESOURCES, AND ECOLOGICAL ACCOUNTING

Sustainable Relations between Economic Activities and the Environment

Environmental Accounting

Accounting for Natural Resources and the Ecosystem

Including the Environment in Economics and Accounting

Valuation of the Environment

Accounting Views of Environmental Costs Caused and Borne

Actual and Imputed Environmental Costs

PHYSICAL AND MONETARY ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING

Treatment of Environmental Elements in the System of National Accounts and the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

Environmental Costs Caused, Costs Borne, Actual Costs, and Imputed Costs

Importance of Introducing Environmental Physical Data into Accounting

The Concept of Material/Energy Balance

Changes in Natural Assets

Natural Resource Accounts

Physical Accounts

The System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting Matrix

ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING BY SATELLITE ACCOUNTING

Satellite Accounting for Sustainable Development

The Development of Environmental Accounting

Handbook of National Accounting To Be the Standard

The Necessity for Two Data Systems

The Structure of the Satellite Accounting System

Limitations of the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

The Physical and Monetary Data Systems

The Versions of the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

The Matrix Tables of the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

INTEGRATED NATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING

Environmental Elements and Accounting in System of National Accounts

The Utility of Natural Assets

The Environment in the System of National Accounts

Recent Developments in the System of National Accounts

The System of National Accounts and the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

Environmental Accounting and the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

Accounting for the Natural Environment

Early, Reasonable Economic Treatment and Input-Output Analysis

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALISM AND GREEN CONSUMERS

Green Consumerism and Major International Conferences

Awareness of the Relationship between Consumption and the Environment

Lessening Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Forests and Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide as an Indicator of Global Environmental Difficulties

Environmental Accounting

Identifying the Origin and Destination of Carbon Dioxide

The Importance of Households and Individuals

Green Consumerism in Economic and Material Terms

Consumer Behavior

The Concept of the Regional and Global Community

ECOBUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND GLOBALIZATION OF ECOBUSINESS

Ecobusiness and the Behavior of Consumers and Producers

Regulations and Taxation

The Effect of Consumers’ Demands on Enterprises

Ecobusiness and Administration

Administration and Environmental Accounting Systems

The Valuation of Economically External Environmental Elements

Ecobusiness, Life Cycle Assessment, and International Standards

NEED FOR ECOENTERPRISE AND ECOTECHNOLOGIES

The Development of Ecoenterprise and Ecotechnology

Ecobusiness Management

Social Demand for Environmental Protection Services and Goods

New Demand for Ecoenterprise

Five Categories of Ecoenterprise

Residual-Reducing Industries

Reuse and Recycling of Residuals

Treatment of Residuals

Recycling and the Natural Environmental Recycling System

THE EVOLVING ECONOMICS OF WAR AND PEACE

Perspectives on the Economic Origins of Conflict

Wars of Communist Succession and Capitalist Decline

MICROECONOMICS: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Introduction

Past

Present

Future

Conclusion

ECONOMICS OF PEACE PROCESSES

Military Spending, Production and Employment

United States Experiences of Post-War Adjustment

The Role of Deficit Spending for Growth and Employment

Peace Agreements and the Cost of Conflict

Aid, Trade and Investment

Economic Barriers to Peace

Conversion, Dual-Use Technologies and the Peace Dividend

International Post-Conflict Adjustment

Demobilization, Retraining, and Alternative Use Planning

Reintegration in Conflict-Ridden Nations

Building Institutions for Peacemaking and Peacekeeping

Design Principles to Institutionalize Peacemaking and Peacekeeping

The Concept of United Nations Armed Forces for Peace

THE EFFECT OF ENDING HOSTILITIES ON OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENT

The Early 1900s

The 1940s

From the 1950s to the 1960s

The 1970s to the Present

ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF PEACE AGREEMENTS

Economic Incentives for Peace Agreements

Economic Barriers to Peace

ECONOMIC CONVERSION, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION

Historical Background

The Nature of the Problem Today

Policies for Solving the Problems

BUILDING INSTITUTIONS FOR PEACEMAKING AND PEACEKEEPING

Peace as a Collective Action Problem

Institutions Matter

Design Principles

PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS

A Review of More than 50 Years of Peace-Keeping Operations

The Concept of a United Nations Armed Force

Political Problems Confronting the United Nations as the World’s Peace-Keeping Agency

ECONOMICS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PEACE OR CAUSE OF WAR

The Liberal Peace

Problems of the Liberal Peace

Economic Instruments as an Alternative of War

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT