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| ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WATER SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES |
LIMNOLOGY
AQUATIC HABITATS IN AFRICA
Human interactions and water Quality in African aquatic ecosystem
Land use, nutrient inputs and modification
Interruption of water flow by dams
Watershed activities: eutrophication and pollution
Urbanization and Human Settlement
Introduction of fish, others and overall fishing
Salinisation of Rivers Lakes and Streams
LIMNOLOGY OF THE RIVER NILE
Hydrology and Limnology of the Nile basin
A Limnological Feature of the Main Nile Source Lakes
Climate Change and The River Nile
Effect of Human Impacts on the River Nile
Utilization of the Nile Basin Water Resource
The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)
LIMNOLOGY OF LAKES AND RIVERS (ZIMBABWE)
LIMNOLOGY OF RIVERS AND LAKES
Inland Waters and the Water Cycle
Lake Food Chain: Autotrophy and Heterotrophy in Waters
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Composition of the Hydrosphere
Schematic Diagram of the Hydrological Cycle
On Man’s Activity Effects on the Hydrological Cycle
EXCHANGES OF WATER IN THE HYDROSPHERE
General information and classification of hydrosphere waters
Water exchange and water balance of ocean
Water exchange in the ocean-atmosphere system
General circulation of atmosphere and horizontal moisture transfer
Water exchange between reserves
Prospects for further investigations
TRANSFER OF ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
Methodology for determination of horizontal moisture transfer components
On interpreting advective and eddy flows of moisture
Factors for water vapor flow formation
Distribution of moisture flows over the Earth
Peculiarities of atmospheric moisture transfer in polar areas
Prospects for further investigations
WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN LAND AND ATMOSPHERE
Interrelation of moisture exchange processes in the atmosphere - land system
Equation of relation between atmospheric and land surface water balances
General information about moisture circulation in the atmosphere
Prospects for further investigations
WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN LAND AND OCEANS
Regional aspects of water exchange
Prospects for further investigations
SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER INTERACTION
Typical schemes of surface and ground water interaction
Surface and groundwater interaction in areas with different natural conditions
The role of groundwater function in the water balance of the land
Groundwater interaction with seas and big lakes
The impact of human activities on surface and ground water formation
HYDROSPHERE COMPONENTS
HYDROSPHERE STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Role of individual components of the hydrosphere in the global hydrological cycle
ENERGY BALANCE AND THE ROLES OF THE SUN, EARTH, OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE
Distribution of the Energy Balance Components
Energy Balance and Climate Changes
HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS AND WATER BALANCE
World Ocean and Continents of the Earth
Principles of hydrological regionalisation
Other methodological approaches to regionalisation of territories
Multipurpose hydrological regionalisation
ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
On possible change in hydrological cycle components
Classification of human activity factors
Transformation of vegetation cover and the Earth’s surface
Human impact on climate by changing atmospheric characteristics
OCEAN-LAND INTERACTION IN COASTAL ZONES AND EFFECT OF OCEAN-LEVEL CHANGE
Classification of the interaction processes between sea and river water
Classification of ocean-level oscillations
Local level oscillations related to vertical movements of coastal areas
Principal directions of further research
WORLD WATER BALANCE
Methods for Water Balance Components Computation
ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION OF THE EARTH
Atmospheric precipitation over oceans
Atmospheric precipitation on the continents and islands
EVAPORATION FROM THE SURFACE OF THE GLOBE
Evaporation from the surface of the World Ocean.
RIVER RUNOFF TO OCEANS AND LAKES
Basic Data and Methodological Approaches
Dynamics of River Water Inflow to Oceans from Continents
Dynamics of Freshwater Inflow to the World Ocean
Fresh Water Inflow to Endorheic Seas and Lakes
GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE INTO THE WORLD OCEAN
Present-day concept of groundwater discharge into seas and oceans
Methods for studying and assessing groundwater discharge into the sea
Quantitative assessing of groundwater discharge into the World Ocean
EVAPORATION
Instruments and Methods to estimate natural evaporation
EVAPORATION FROM LAND, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Experimental methods for determining evaporation from land
Comparative assessment of contemporary experimental methods for determining evaporation from land
Design methods for determining evaporation from land
Comparative assessment of design Methods for computation of evaporation from land
EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER
Evaporation from free water surface
TRANSPIRATION
Stoma opening and transpiration
Conclusion: transpiration and mineral nutrition of plants
PRECIPITATION
Spatial distribution of precipitation field
Precipitation in changing climate
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
Basic information about precipitation
Relationship between precipitation and clouds
Dynamic factors of precipitation formation
The role of the entrainment of the ambient air into the cloud
Comparison of observations and theory
Synoptic vortexes and precipitation
Microphysical processes of precipitation formation
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION
Characteristics of precipitation regime
Classification of precipitation types by annual and daily variations
Classification of precipitation by genesis
EXTREME PRECIPITATION
SNOW AND ITS DISTRIBUTION
Spatial distribution at a local scale
Purposes of future investigations
ARTIFICIAL RAINFALL
Operational precipitation enhancement projects
SURFACE WATER RUNOFF
RUNOFF GENERATION AND STORAGE IN WATERSHED
Processes and Phenomena on the Watershed Surface
Processes and Phenomena in Soil or Near-Surface Rock Layer
Runoff Transformation in Runoff Elements
The Relationship of Runoff and Storage in Watershed
The Runoff Generation Problem and Experimental Hydrology
Landscape is a Runoff Producing Complex and the Intersection of Science
The Peculiarities of Runoff Generation Conditions in Various Geographical Zones
SPACE CHARACTERS OF RUNOFF FORMATION
Principal classifications of river runoff formation and their space presentation
Methods for description of space runoff features and factors
New information types as a perspective for estimating space specific features of runoff formation.
GIS as a perspective system to study space specific features of runoff characteristics.
HYDROLOGY OF SLOPING TERRAIN
The Peculiarities of Runoff Formation in Mountain Conditions
RIVER RUNOFF MODELING
Discrepancy of the term "Mathematical Model"
Two Essentially Different Classes of Mathematical Models
Deterministic-Stochastic Modeling
River runoff Modeling Prospects
URBAN HYDROLOGY
Climatic Features of Urbanized Landscape
Quality of Surface and Underground Water
GROUNDWATER HYDROGEOLOGY
Main hydrological and physical properties of rocks
Basic law for groundwater filtration
INFILTRATION AND GROUNDWATER FORMATION
Methods for determining groundwater infiltration recharge
Peculiarities of groundwater formation.
GROUNDWATER OF LOOSE (UNCONSOLIDATED) ROCKS
Groundwater of alluvial and lake-alluvial deposits.
Groundwater of alluvial-proluvial deposits
Groundwater of glacial deposits
Groundwater of Quaternary marine deposits.
Groundwater of eolian deposits.
GROUNDWATER IN SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC AND VOLCANIC ROCKS
Groundwater of Sedimentary Rocks
Groundwater of metamorphic rocks
KARSTIC AQUIFERS
Peculiarities of groundwater in the open karst
Groundwater peculiarities in covered karst
Effect of technogenic conditions on karst and karst aquifers
Peculiarities of karst water regime and resources
GLACIERS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE EARTH NATURE
Snow and ice in the Nature system of the Earth
Potentialities for the glacier resource use
Interaction between glaciation and climate
GENESIS AND GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF GLACIERS
Cryosphere, glaciosphere, chionosphere
Basic boundary levels of snow and ice
Present-day glacierization of the Arctic
CLASSIFICATION OF GLACIERS
Geophysical classifications of glaciers
Morphological classification of glaciers. Mountain glacierization
Interaction between glaciers and the ocean
ACCUMULATION, ABLATION, MASS BALANCE, AND RUNOFF FROM GLACIERS
Regime of glaciers and energy of glacierization
Internal accumulation of glaciers
FLOW AND FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS
Glacial erosion and accumulation
MANIPULATION, USES AND BENEFITS OF GLACIERS, ICE AND SNOW
Engineering-glaciology problems
Artificial intensification of melting of mountain glaciers
INTERACTION BETWEEN GLACIATION AND CLIMATE
Global climatic role of the snow cover
Sea ice as a part of the global glaciation
The Influence of snow and ice on climate
Thermal non-equilibrium of the nival-glacial system
Forthcoming warming and the fate of glaciers
WATER HAZARDS CAUSED BY NATURALLY-OCCURRING HYDROLOGIC EXTREMES
Definition of Hazard and Disaster
Hydrological Hazards or Water Hazards
Disaster Management as a Risk Management
URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Water Management Systems: A Brief History
Conventional Sewage Treatment Techniques
Third Generation Wastewater Treatment Systems
Reassessing the Conventional Systems
Water & Wastewater Management In Future: A Preview
Advanced Treatment Technologies for the Fourth Generation Water Management
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFLUENT ORGANIC MATTER IN WASTEWATER
Typical Processes Used in Wastewater Treatment
Adverse and Benign Effects of EfOM
Characteristics of EfOM from BTSE
Specific EfOM Components Present in BTSE
Analytical Methods of Aggregate EfOM
FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
AIR STRIPPING IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Applications in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR ORGANIC REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER
Overview of Membrane Technology
Comparison of Organic Removal by MF, UF, NF and RO
ADSORPTION AND BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES FOR ORGANIC REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER EFFLUENT
Overview of Physico-Chemical Processes
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
DEEP BED FILTRATION: MODELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE
Mathematical Models for the Initial Filtration Stage
Mathematical Models for the Transient Filtration Stage
SPECIFIC OPTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMNET FOR RECLAMATION AND REUSE
Specific Non-Membrane Biological Processes
Specific Membrane Biological Processes
BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Microbiological Characteristics of PAOs
Biochemical Aspects of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Processes
Presence of Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) and their Role
Phosphorus Removal Observed in Other Processes: A Novel Process
Parameters that are Known to Control the Success of EBPR
Common Process Configurations Currently in Use
Recent Trends and Developments in EBPR Processes
SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS: PRINCIPLES, DESIGN/OPERATION AND CASE STUDIES
The SBR Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Physical Description of the SBR System
Components and Configuration of SBR System
Control of Biological Reactions through Operating Strategies
WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS (WSP) FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Advantages and Disadvantages of WSP
Upgrading of Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
Sample Application Design of Waste Stabilization Ponds
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER BY MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS
Operation of the Membrane System in MBR
Application of MBR in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR TANNING INDUSTRY
Leather Industry - Source of Environmental Pollution
Water Quality Standards and Environmental Legislations
Technology for Controlling Pollution by Tanneries
PALM OIL AND PALM WASTE POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
Palm Oil Industry Development in Indonesia
Palm Oil Waste and Waste Potential
RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS - A REVIEW
Current State of Aquaculture and Environment
Aquaculture Water Constituents
Waste Water Discharge Guidelines for Aquaculture
Introduction to Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
Recirculating Aquaculture System Applications
Primary Clarification - Suspended Solids Removal
Biological Filtration Efficiency
Major Factors Affecting Filter Efficiency
UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) REACTOR IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Case Studies on UASB Applications
Summary of Parameters for Treatment of Agro-Based and Animal Waste Processing
APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT
Leachate Characteristics and its Discharge Standards
Problems and Environmental Impacts of Landfill Leachate
Typical Landfill Leachate Treatment Technologies
WATER MINING: PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES FOR A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT
Planning a Water Mining Project
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR WATER REUSE SCHEME AND TECHNOLOGY
Framework for Technology Evaluation for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT: IN BRIEF
Benefits of Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Application of Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Nanotechnology and Human Health
MEMBRANE DISTILLATION
Fundamentals of Membrane Distillation
Membranes for Membrane Distillation
Process and Equipment in Membrane Distillation
Membrane Distillation Applications
Integrated Membrane Distillation Systems
MSF ENGINEERING
Heat Transfer Area of the Stages Condenser
Rational Basis for Energy Comparison
MSF Steam Supply to an MSF Desalting Plant from Cogeneration Turbine
Reference Dual-purpose Power/Desalination Plant
DESALINATION BY MEMBRANE DISTILLATION
Membranes and modules used in MD
Application of MD technology in desalination
HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF MATERIAL SELECTION IN THERMAL DESALINATION PROCESSES
MULTI-EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED)
Environmental, Energy Issues and Future Trends
RECENT ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SEAWATER DESALINATION - WITH TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND SINGAPORE
Membrane Processes for Desalination: Overview
Case study I: Membrane Desalination in the Middle East
Case study II: Seawater Desalination in Singapore
Conclusions and Future Outlooks
DESALINATION: TECHNOLOGY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
Health and Environmental Issues for Desalinated Drinking Water
Chemical Aspects of Desalinated Water
Sanitary Microbiology of Production and Distribution of Desalinated Drinking-water
Monitoring, Surveillance and Regulation
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Desalination Projects
OZONE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND CLIMATE CHANGE.SYNTHETIC OZONE AND ITS APPLICATIONS.21ST CENTURY AND ROLE OF OZONE
Stratospheric Ozone and Man-induced Trends
Tropospheric Ozone and Man-induced Trends
Atmospheric Ozone and Climate Change
21th Century and Role of Ozone
Non-classical ozone applications
Uses Involving Liquid Phase Ozone
Ozone Uses in Agriculture and Foods
HISTORY OF OZONE SYNTHESIS AND USE FOR WATER TREATMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OZONE
OZONE GENERATION
Ozone Generation Theory And Conventional Process Schematic
Oxygen and Ozone Safety and Exposure Limits
OZONE TRANSFER FROM GAS INTO WATER AND CONTACT EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Design principles of ozone contactors
OZONE REACTIONS WITH INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER
Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds
Oxidation of Organic Compounds
OZONE-BASED ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES
OZONE AND AOP REACTORS DESIGN
Fundamentals of ozone mass transfer into water and in aqueous systems
Design principles of AO reactors
Examples of Ozone-Based Advance Oxidation Processes
OZONE IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
Ozonation By-products in Drinking Water Treatment
Ozone System Design Considerations
OZONE IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Implementation of Large Scale Ozone Plants
Combined Biological Treatment and Ozonation
Industrial Waste Water Treatment
References for Full Scale Applications
New Trends for the Usage of Ozone in Waste Water Treatment
THE PHYTO3 TECH CROP PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR MICROORGANISM AND INSECT CONTROL USING OZONE, UV, AND DIPOLE-ELECTRICAL AIR JET SPRAY TECHNOLOGIES - TECHNICAL BASIS AND CHEMISTRIES INVOLVED
Nature of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection System (Steffen and Rice, 2008a)
Field Tests on Crops in Spain (Steffen and Rice, 2008b)
Field Tests on Crops in Brazil (Steffen and Rice, 2008b)
Some Recent Commercialization Developments
THE PHYTO3 TECH CROP PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR MICROORGANISM AND INSECT CONTROL USING OZONE, UV, AND DIPOLE-ELECTRICAL AIR JET SPRAY TECHNOLOGIES - TECHNICAL BASIS AND CHEMISTRIES INVOLVED
Nature of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection System (Steffen and Rice, 2008a)
Field Tests on Crops in Spain (Steffen and Rice, 2008b)
Field Tests on Crops in Brazil (Steffen and Rice, 2008b)
Some Recent Commercialization Developments
OZONE IN THE LAUNDRY INDUSTRY - PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Cold Water Laundering with Ozone
The OTEX Ozone Laundering System and Process
Testing of Ozone Laundering Systems in the United Kingdom
Other Benefits of Ozone Laundering
Additional Third Party Testing and Evaluation
Workplace Health and Safety Aspects of Ozone
WATER AND WASTEWATER OZONATION CAPITAL AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
Investment Cost and Consumption of Utilities of an Ozone System
Cost of Ozone for Water and Wastewater Treatment:
BASIC BIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF OZONE THERAPY IN HUMAN MEDICINE
Which are the routes of ozone administration?
Ozone can be used as a real drug in medicine
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRI-FOOD APPLICATIONS OF OZONE
Regulatory History and Status of Ozone in Agri-Foods
Agricultural Uses for Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Food Storage Applications for Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Food Processing and Packaging Applications for Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Combinations of Ozone with Other Technologies
Clean-in-Place Sanitizing Applications of Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Ozone in the Beverage Industry (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Ozone for Air Quality Treatment in Food Production and Processing (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Ozone for Home Food Preparation, Processing and Storage (Parmenter et al., 2004)
The IOA/PAG Agri-Food Task Force
GROUNDWATER
Evolution of the hydrological cycle concept
Natural chemistry of groundwater and contamination
Groundwater characterization and management
Hydrogeological process simulation
ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, FORMATION, AND EFFECTS
The Storage and Flow of Groundwater
Groundwater as a Geological Agent
GROUNDWATER IN IGNEOUS, METAMORPHIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Rocks as Receptacles for Water
Groundwater in Different Rock Types
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS
Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions
Rain and the Feeding of Groundwater
Interactions between Rivers and Groundwater
Exchanges between Surface Water Accumulations and Groundwater
Interactions between Glaciers, Snowy Mantle, and Groundwater
Interactions between Seawater and Groundwater
Localized Points of Exchange between Groundwater and Surface Water
The Contributions of Deep Groundwater
Tracing Surface Water and Groundwater
CATCHMENT WATER BALANCE, CLIMATE AND GROUNDWATER
Discharge of water by vegetation
Groundwater dependent ecosystems
Climate and a catchment water balance – a case study
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Sources and Mechanisms of Recharge
Methodologies for Recharge Estimation
Factors Influencing Recharge, Predictive Relationships, and Recharge Regionalization
Difficulties and Challenges in Recharge Estimation
TYPICAL HYDROGEOLOGICAL SCENARIOS
GROUNDWATER IN MOUTAIN REGIONS
Conceptual Model for Groundwater Flow in Mountains
Heat Transport in Mountainous Regions
Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions in Mountainous Regions
Groundwater Resources of the Mountainous Regions of British Columbia in Canada
GROUNDWATER IN KARST REGIONS
Karst Geology and Hydrogeology
Development of Joints, Faults, and Openings in Limestones
Basic Theories on Karst Groundwater Circulation
Methods of Karst Hydrogeological Research
Coastal Aquifers in Karst Regions
Proposed Criteria for Groundwater Protection Zoning in Karst Regions
GROUNDWATER IN ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS
Groundwater resources understanding
Current and future groundwater supplies
HYDROGEOLOGY OF LARGE PLAINS
Hydrological Features of Large Plains
The Southern Hemisphere’s Largest Plain: The Argentine Pampas
THERMAL SPRINGS
Conceptual Models of Water Circulation
Chemical Composition of Thermal Waters
Estimation of Reservoir Temperature
Age Dating of Hydrothermal Waters
Historical Aspects of Utilization of Thermal Springs
TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN GROUNDWATER
GROUNDWATER FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA
The porous medium. Water reservoirs
Basic principles of groundwater flow in porous media
GROUNDWATER FLOW THROUGH FRACTURED ROCKS
Barenblatt’s et al. mathematical model
Warren and Root solution to Barenblatt’s equations
Determination of the Parameters of Homogeneous Behavior
Inhomogeneous Fractured Formations of Double Porosity
Radial Flow through Inhomogeneous Formations
BASIC CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF GROUNDWATER
Properties and structure of water
Expression of concentration units
Groundwater chemical composition
Principles and processes controlling water composition
Sampling and analysis of groundwater samples
Presentation of water quality data
ADVECTION, DISPERSION, SORPTION, DEGRADATION, ATTENUATION
ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN GROUNDWATER STUDIES
Applications in Groundwater Studies
General Remarks on Environmental Isotopes
SUBSURFACE HYDROBIOLOGY
Technological Hurdles in Studying Subsurface Hydrobiology
REVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF FLOW AND CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN SATURATED POROUS MEDIA
Modeling Flow in a Three-Dimensional Domain
Modeling Two-Dimensional Flow in Aquifer Domains
Transport of a Single Contaminant
Modeling Flow and Solute Transport with Variable density
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AND VULNERABILITY OF THE UNSATURATED ZONE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID AND FLUID MATRICES
VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT-MATRIC POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Relations between Potentials on a Mass, Volume, and Weight Basis
Distribution of Potentials in the Liquid Phase for a Convex Gas - Liquid Interface
WATER AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN THE VADOSE ZONE
Obstacles to a Sustainable Future
Paths Towards a Sustainable Future
BIODEGRADATION IN THE VADOSE ZONE
Organic Matter Transformations and Cycles of Principal Elements
Soil as Habitat for Microbial Life
Impact of Agricultural Practices on Subsurface Habitat
Biodegradation of Organic Residues
Biodegradation and Bioremediation
PROCESSES CAUSING ATTENUATION IN THE UNSATURATED AND SATURATED ZONE
Principles of the Vadose Zone’s Functioning
Soil Biotic Components Affecting Attenuation
Microbia-Mediated Redox Processes
Reactivation of Pollutants Stabilized at the Vadose
GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES
Concept of Groundwater Pollution Vulnerability
Aquifer Pollution Vulnerability in a Groundwater Protection Program
Groundwater Pollution Vulnerability in Different Climatic Conditions
Methods for Groundwater Vulnerability Cartography
The Future of Groundwater Pollution Vulnerability Methods
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE VADOSE ZONE
Major Categories of Organic Pollutants
Transport of Organic Pollutants in the Subsurface
Measures for Minimization of Pollutants
Natural Organic Compounds in Soil
Interactions between Natural Organic Compounds and Xenobiotics
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
Design, operation and optimisation of groundwater monitoring networks
Special scenarios and forthcoming groundwater development
SURVEY METHODS
Geologic And Geomorphologic Exploration
GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORKS
Types of Groundwater Monitoring Networks
Planning and Design of Networks
Sustainability of Groundwater Monitoring Networks
COASTAL AQUIFER DEVELOPMENT
Quantitative Evaluation of Saltwater Behavior
Groundwater Development in Coastal Aquifers
Utilization of Saline Water in Coastal Aquifers
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN HARD ROCKS
Sustainability and Pumpage Control
GROUNDWATER USE AND PROTECTION
GROUNDWATER USE AS POTABLE WATER SUPPLY
Quality and Vulnerability of Groundwater Intended for Drinking
Withdrawal of Groundwater for Drinking
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION, PROTECTION AND REMEDIATION
The concept of groundwater quality.
Contamination of subterranean waters.
Contamination classification systems.
Principal groundwater contaminant types and processes.
Role of the unsaturated zone in the behaviour of polluting agents.
Groundwater protection and prevention
Aquifer remediation technologies
The Concept of Vulnerability of Aquifers.
The Protection of Groundwater Wells.
The development of protection perimeters around wells.
Protection of Recharge and Unsaturated Zone of Aquifers.
Establishment of Systems of Prevention and Control of Groundwater Quality.
Aquifer Decontamination Technologies.
ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Artificial Groundwater Recharge (AGR)
Methods of Artificial Recharge
Mixed Systems of Water Recharge
Evaluation of Aquifer Recharge Area by Piezometric Map Analysis
Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Groundwater Recharge
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND DISCHARGE
Introduction: Overview of Groundwater Recharge and Discharge
Physical Methods for Quantifying Recharge Rates
Chemical and Isotopic Methods for Quantifying Recharge Rates and Identifying Recharge Areas
Groundwater Discharge to Wells and Galleries
Future Concerns and Directions
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF HYDRO-GEOLOGY, ECONOMIC VALUES AND PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Groundwater scarcity: demand and supply side factors
Principles of Groundwater Management
Groundwater Management approaches
Introducing the Chapters in the Subject Area of Groundwater Management
SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER USE AND OVEREXPLOITATION
What Does Sustainability Mean?
The Complex and Varied Concept of Overexploitation
Issues Relating to Groundwater Mining
The Importance of Institutional Robustness to Groundwater Management
Looking Forward to a New Renewable Water Resources Policy
GROUNDWATER AND ECONOMICS: GISSER-SANCHEZ'S EFFECT RECONSIDERED
Gisser-Sanchez's Model, Caveats and Robustness
GSE with Dynamically Interacting Agents
GSE in Models of Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater
GROUNDWATER LEGISLATION PRINCIPLES
The ownership of groundwaters.
Environmental considerations. Environmental impact assessment legislation.
Groundwaters and the European Union. International groundwaters.
CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER
Integration of Groundwater in Hydrological Planning
Information, Uncertainty, and Economic Aspects
SPECIAL ISSUES IN GROUNDWATER
Brief presentation of selected issues
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HYDROGEOLOGIC PROCESSES
The Status of Climate-change Predictions and Associated Hydrologic Consequences
Climate Change and Regional Groundwater Systems
Approaches and an Example of Climate-Change Forcing in a Regional Aquifer System
URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY
A Quick Glance at Urban Hydrogeology
The Urban Hydrogeological Cycle: Quantification of Groundwater Resources
Urban Subsurface Structures and their Particular Problems
Data Integration for Case Studies
Integrated Water Resources Management
THE SCALING PROPERTIES OF GEOLOGICAL MEDIA WITH RESPECT TO GROUNDWATER FLOW AND TRANSPORT
"IN SITU" GROUNDWATER TREATMENT
Origin, physicochemical factors and water regulations
Biological oxidation and reduction
Removal of iron and manganese from groundwater
Removal of nitrate from groundwater
ON CONTROLLING THE CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER
Technology Transfer and Information Dissemination
Case History of Wisconsin Groundwater Law
WASTEWATER RECYCLE, REUSE, AND RECLAMATION
Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: The Concept
Cleaner Industrial Production Through Recycling and Reuse
Water Treatment for Drinking Water Supplies: A Reuse Strategy
RECYCLE AND REUSE OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Motivational Factors for Recycling/Reuse
Quality Issues of Wastewater Reuse/Recycling
ADVANCED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECYCLE/REUSE OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Biological Nutrient Removal Processes
MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES
Membrane separation processes where the driving force is pressure
Membrane separation processes where the driving force is partial pressure
Membrane process where the driving force is difference in electrical potential
WATER REUSE FOR AGRICULTURE
Treated Water Reuse by Irrigation
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment
Constructed Treatment Wetlands (CTW)
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AS A METHOD OF WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
Wastewater Types available for Artificial Recharge Operations
Problems Associated with Artificial Recharge Operations with Wastewater
Solutions to Problems Encountered with Recharge Operations
Major Steps in a Successful AR Operation
Predicting the Impacts of Recharge by Modeling
Future Trends and Perspectives
HUMAN HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER REUSE
Pathogens and their Indicators
WASTEWATER REUSE: CASE STUDIES IN MICROBIAL RISKS
Case 1—Salad Crop Irrigation Risks
Case 2—Dual Reticulated Water Microbial Risks
INDUSTRIAL WASTE MINIMIZATION
Policy Aspects and Governmental Responsibilities
RAW MATERIALS AND PROCESS CHEMICAL RECOVERY IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION CONTROL
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PROCESS/TECHNOLOGY MODIFICATIONS IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
THE POTENTIAL FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER REUSE
Water Availability and Consumption
Industrial Wastewater Reuse: Present Status, Trends and Issues
Available Treatment Technologies
Policy and Institutional Aspects
WASTE MINIMIZATION IN METAL FINISHING INDUSTRIES
Waste Streams of Metal Finishing Industries
Environmental Impacts of Metal Finishing Wastes
Opportunities for Waste Minimization
Profitability of Process Modifications—a Feasibility Study in Bangkok, Thailand
Water Reclamation from Small-scale Metal Pickling Units—a Feasibility Study in Delhi, India
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS, MANAGEMENT AND REUSE IN MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
Wastewater Sources and Characteristics
FRESH WATER MINIMIZATION BY MEMBRANE FILTRATION IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Surroundings for Closed Water Circuits
Overview of Membrane Filtration in the Pulp and Paper Industry
SMALL AND RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY
Various Aspects of Water Supply to Small and Rural Communities
Planning for Small Community Water Supply Systems
Assessment of Quantity and Quality of Water
Conventional Water Treatment Technologies
Treatment Technologies for Small Communities
Sourcing Water for Rural Community Supply
Understanding the Traditional Wisdom of Rural Communities
Removal of Specific Impurities
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES
CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Need for Alternative Water Supply Systems
Rainwater-based Rural Water Supply Systems
Groundwater-based Water Supply Systems
TRADITIONAL AND HOUSEHOLD WATER PURIFICATION METHODS OF RURAL COMMUNITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Traditional Water Treatment Methods
Appropriate Water Treatment Methods
Household Water Treatment Methods
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR REMOVAL OF SPECIFIC IMPURITIES FROM WATER
Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) Removal
Fluoride Removal (Defluoridation)
SMALL COMMUNITY AND RURAL SANITATION SYSTEMS
Issues in Adoption of Conventional Sanitation Technologies
On-site Sanitation Technologies
On-site Technologies for Developing Countries
On-site Sanitation Technologies for Developed Countries
ON-SITE SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR REUSE
Options for Small Decentralized Systems
On-site Sewage Management for Single Households
ON-SITE SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR COLD AND TEMPERATE CLIMATES
Problems of On-site Sanitation Systems in Cold and Temperate Climates
Appropriate On-site Sanitation Systems
NON-CONVENTIONAL SEWERAGE
Development of Non-conventional Sewage Collection Systems
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF ON-SITE SANITATION
Factors Affecting Transmission of Diseases
Environmental Classifications of Diseases
On-site Excreta Collection and Treatment Systems
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
The Working Field of Water Resources Management
The Process of Water Resources Management
The Organization of Water Resources Management
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
TRANS-BOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Integrated Water Resources Management as the Foundation
The Political Pillar: Creating an Enabling Environment
The Legal-Institutional Pillar
The Technical-Operational Pillar
Towards a Strategy for the Integrated Management of Shared River Basins
WATER LAW AND INSTITUTIONS
Institutions, Policies and the Law
Water Quality and Environmental Law
Improving Water Resources Management
WATER SCARCITY
WATER CONSERVATION IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGIONS
Understanding an Arid Water Resource Base
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF WATER
Estimation of the cost and value of water
Values and costs in user sectors: some illustrative estimates
NON-WATERBORNE SANITATION AND WATER CONSERVATION
Paradigm shift, water conservation and sanitation
History of waterborne sanitation
Ecological sanitation and nutrient recycling
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
Planning and Management Issues: Some Case Studies
System Components and Planning Scales
Planning and Management Processes
Planning and Management Products
Post-Planning and Management Issues
Meeting the Planning and Management Challenges - A Summary
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Classification of Decision and Planning Problems
Modern System Theoretic and Artificial Intelligence Methods
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS
RELIABILITY OF OPERATION OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS
Levels of Water Resources System Design
MULTI-CRITERION ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Concepts and Terminology in Multi-criterion Decision Making
The Roles of the Decision Maker and Analyst
Possible Solution Types of Multi-criterion Decision Problems
Solution Procedures and Typology of MCA Techniques
A Paradigm for Multi-criterion Decision Making
THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND HUMAN IMPACT ON IT
The Terrestrial Hydrological Cycle
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS MODELLING:ITS ROLE IN PLANNING
Challenges of Planners and Managers
Characteristics of Problems to be Modeled
Challenges of Applying Models in Practice
Modeling Technology in Transition
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES, EQUIPMENT AND WATER DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
Overview of Principal Topic Categories
FLUIDS AT REST AND IN MOTION
FLUID MECHANICS
Pressure Variations and Forces in Fluids at Rest
Fluid in Motion: Types of Flow
Basic Principles of Fluid Motion: Continuity, Energy, and Momentum
GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS
Groundwater Resources and their Significance
Basic Theory of Groundwater Flow and Transport
FLUID MECHANICS IN PIPELINES
The Fundamental Equations of Fluid Flow
Optimizing Pumping Line and Reservoir Sizes
HYDROELECTRIC STRUCTURES AND THE DESIGN OF SURGE CHAMBERS
Water Hammer and Surge Suppression
HYDRAULICS OF TWO PHASE FLOW: AIR AND WATER
Phenomena Causing Air Entrainment in Free Surface Flows
HYDRAULICS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW: WATER AND SEDIMENT
Historical sustainable design for river sedimentation
The importance of water-sediment two-phase flow
Sediment transport in density currents
HYDRAULIC METHODS AND MODELING
Brief History of Hydraulic Methods and Modeling
Contextual Framework for Hydraulic Processes and Phenomena
Philosophy and Concepts of Modeling
LOADS ON EARTH-FILL AND ROCK-FILL DAMS ARISING FROM WATER AND WIND
Calculation of Loads, Forces, and Dimensions Involved
Accidental Leakage and Required Drainage Capacity
SEDIMENT PHENOMENA
TURBULENT FLOW MODELING
The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations
Energy Cascade and Length-Scales in a Turbulent Flow
Examples of Industrial Applications
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PHYSICAL MODELING
Brief History of Hydraulic Modeling
Model CriteriaDimensional Analysis and Process Functions
Some Scale Effects in Physical Modeling
PROBABILISTIC METHODS AND STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY
Statistics, Probability and Model Selection
APPLIED HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULICS INSTRUMENTATION
Bed Load and Suspended Load Transport Measurements
Further Information Possibilities
DREDGING TECHNOLOGY
Development of Dredging Equipment
Survey and Positioning Systems for Dredging
FLOW MEASURING TECHNIQUES
Elements of a Flow Measuring System
Design of a Flow Measuring System
FLOW MEASUREMENT IN CLOSED CONDUITS
Categories of Flow Meters and Important Definitions
Differential Pressure Meters: Principles of Operation
Direct-Reading Types of Flow Meters
FLOW MEASUREMENT IN FREE SURFACE FLOW
Chemical Flow Measuring Techniques
Flow Meters for Free Surface Flow Conditions
Indicating, Recording, Telemetry and Processing of Flow-Meter Data
Free-Surface Flow (Open-Channel Flow) Measurement
Rated Sections, Weirs and Bridge Sections
Stream Gauging by the Direct Velocity-Integration Method
Stream Gauging by Indirect Methods, Slope-Area Method, for Cases of Varying Flow
Pressure and Depth Recording of Stages of Flow or Heads over a Gauging Structure
Sources of Inaccuracy of Flow Measurement
Practical Guidelines for Flow Measurement in General
CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT
Theory and Principles of Control
WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS AND FLOOD CONTROL WORKS
Water Conveyance Systems: Canal Design
Water Conveyance Systems: Design of Pipelines and Other Closed Conduits
Concluding Remarks Concerning Water Conveyances
River Confinement Techniques, Devices, Secondary Effects and Maintenance
Some Examples of Flood Control Structures
Flood Monitoring and Contingency Planning Guidelines
Flood Predictions and Warning Criteria
Flood Effect Mitigation and Manipulation
DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
Hydraulic Design of Dams and Control Works
Turbulence Phenomena Relating to Hydraulic Design
Hydraulic Computations as an Aid to Design
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES FOR PUMPING EQUIPMENT: CIVIL, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Motive Power and Electricity Supply
Quality Control and Acceptance Tests
Control Systems and Choice of Number of Pumps and Drive Units
Pump Selection and Intake Design
WATER SUPPLY: DAMS, RESERVOIRS AND WATER TRANSFERS
Hydraulic Aspects of Dams and Storage Reservoirs
Design and Construction of Potable Water Storage Reservoirs
Augmenting Water Resources Through Advances Technology
Hydraulic Engineering Structures and Equipment and Applications in Various Fields of Water Supply
Hydraulic Structures, Equipment and Systems Design Procedures
Construction of Conveyance Systems
Dealing with Sediment Problems
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES IN URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Removal of Urban Litter from Waterways
Health Aspects of Abnormal Storm Drainage Due to Flooding
Urban Storm Water Drainage Systems
GUIDELINES FOR POTABLE WATER PURIFICATION
Overview of Unit Processes in Water Purification
TSUNAMIS AND TSUNAMI-WARNING SYSTEMS
Parameters of the Source of a Tsunami
Division of Tsunami Energy at a Typical Continental Shelf Edge
Solving the Tsunami Problem for Actual Geometries: Numerical Modeling
The Third Dimension: The Shape of the Coastline
ABSTRACTING WATER FROM SEDIMENT-LADEN STREAMS
Causes of Sediment Related Problems
Sediment Accumulation in Reservoirs
Weir Installations: Basic Layout of Structures
Water Abstraction from Rivers Carrying Coarse SedimentsTirolean Weirs
LARGE DAMS
Statistics of Some of the Largest Dams and Reservoirs
PROJECT DESIGN: DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
Design Options and Safety Criteria; Economics
GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
Introduction: Conceptual Considerations
Design Concepts and Challenges
Important Criteria for Sustainability
Structural Considerations in the Sustainable Development of Water Resources
Management in Times of Crisis: War
Management Requirements for Sustainability
DESIGN OF SPILLWAYS AND OUTLET WORKS FOR DAMS
GROUND LEVEL RESERVOIRS AND ELEVATED STORAGE TANKS
Factors Influencing Storage Facilities Required for Reliable Water Supply to Towns and Cities
Types of Service Reservoirs for Storage of Drinking Water at or near Ground Level
Construction Details of Service Storage Reservoirs
Elevated Storage Tanks (Water Towers)
Aesthetic and Environmental Considerations
STORM WATER DRAINAGE AND EFFLUENT DISPOSAL
Characteristics of Storm Water and Sewage Effluent
Hydraulics of Drainage Networks
Design Aspects of a Sewerage System
Effluent Disposal into Natural Water Bodies
Other Aspects Related to Effluent Disposal
HYDRAULICS AND SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER DISPOSAL IN RURAL COASTAL COMMUNITIES
Problems of Conventional Systems
Designing for Marine Treatment
Case Study: Spaniards Bay, Canada
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Types of Coastal Protection Structures
Coastal Structures Design Approach
Performance and Maintenance of Coastal Structures
Examples of Typical Coastal Structures
HYDROPOWER
Terrestrial Hydropower Developments
Conventional Hydropower Plants
Environmental and Social Considerations
INTAKES ON SEDIMENT-LADEN RIVERS
Control of Suspended Sediment at Intakes
Study Methods for Aiding the Design of Intake Works
CONCRETE DAM ENGINEERING
DESALINATION
Categories of Desalination Processes
General Comments Regarding Process Considerations
General Remarks on the Technological Development of Water Desalination
Examples of State-of-the-Art Desalination
Mobile Seawater Intake Plants for Potable Water Production
Recovery of Freshwater from Sea Ice
THE CONSTRUCTION OF SMALL EARTH-FILL DAMS
Construction Planning and Programming
The Role of the Professional Engineer
SUSTAINABLE CIVIL, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS
Ground Water Extraction by Means of Bored Water-wells
Storage Reservoirs and Elevated Tanks
Design of Water Delivery to Reduce Health Risks
Electrical and Telemetry Aspects
Articles on Specific Subjects in this Topic
CORROSION AND THE PROTECTION OF METALS
Methods of Corrosion Protection
THE AGING AND REHABILITATION OF APPURTENANT STRUCTURES TO DAMS AND THE AGING OF MASONRY DAMS
The Principal Causes of Deterioration
Typical Rehabilitation of Outlet Works
Aging Processes in Masonry Dams and Their Control
AGING OF PLASTICS, INCLUDING RESILIENT NON METALLIC ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS BEING USED IN THE WATER INDUSTRY
PROTECTION AGAINST DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES IN THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
Details of Results Obtained on Materials Tested: Deterioration and Preservation
Protection Against Deterioration of Materials in the Deep-Ocean Environment
Waterfront Facilities: Protection Against Physical Wave Forces and Attack
Waterfront Damage Due to Waves: Forces on Pier Decks and Runup on Shore Facilities
GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTS
Policy and Institutional Arrangements
TESTING OF MATERIALS AND SOILS
Interpretation of Test Results
Classification of Earth-Fill Materials
HYDROLOGICAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
Forecasting Using Stochastic Models
Stream Flow, Evaporation, and Other Hydrological Data Collection Methods
HYDROINFORMATICS
The Hydraulic Engineer in the Postsymbolic Era
Fact Engines and Judgment Engines
The Change in Paradigm at the Level of the Numerical-Hydraulic Model
The Technologies of Persuasion
The Widening Scope of Application of Hydraulics Knowledge
The Technological Service Provider (STP)
DATA ACQUISITION METHODS FOR GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION AND THE SITING OF WATER SUPPLY WELLS
Groundwater Occurrence and Replenishment
Overview of Investigation of Groundwater Problems
Geophysical Methods of Groundwater Investigation
Interpretation, Siting and Recommendations
SEDIMENT DATA ACQUISITION
Measurement of the Sediment Discharge of Rivers
Indirect Methods of Determining Sediment Discharge
SLUICING FLUMES FOR GAUGING SEDIMENT-LADEN RIVERS
Characteristics of Sluicing Flumes
Theoretical Stage-Discharge Relationships
SURFACE WATER DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
Measurement of Stage in Streams
Relation Between Stage and Discharge in Streams
Velocity-Area Method for Determining Discharge
Discharge Measurement by Means of Gauging Structures
General Standards for the Density of Gauging Stations
WATER STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION
General View of Engineering Water Works
History of Water Resources Development and Sewerage System
DAMS AND STORAGE RESEVOIRS
Design and Construction of Dams
Multi-Dam Systems and Their Operation
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS, RESEVOIRS, AND BALANCING LAKES
The Environmental and Social Impact of Dams
MULTI-DAM SYSTEMS AND THEIR OPERATION
Historical Development of Dam Operation
Operating Rules and Procedures
SELECTION OF TYPE OF DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
Factors to be examined for selection of dam type
Classificatory criterion of dam type
Classificatory Criterion of Reservoir Type
FISH PROTECTION STRUCTURES AND FISH PASSAGE FACILITIES
THE REHABILITATION OF DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
Rehabilitation of Foundations of Concrete and Masonry Dams
Rehabilitation of Concrete and Masonry Dams
WATER INTAKE STRUCTURES FOR SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATERS
Composition of the Intake Work
Operation and Maintenance of the Intake .
CATCHMENT SYSTEMS
Institutional and legal issues
MONITORING AND EVALUATING DAMS AND RESEVOIRS
Environmental Impact Assessment of Dams and Reservoirs
Hydrologic Studies of Dams and Reservoirs
Predictions of Maximum Precipitations and Maximum Floods
Feasibility Studies for Dams and Reservoirs
Accumulation of Sediments in Reservoirs
Instrumentation and Monitoring of Dams and Reservoirs
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DAMS AND RESERVIORS
DAMS AND FLOODS
The Role of Dams and Reservoirs in Flood Mitigation
ACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENT IN RESERVOIRS
Sustainable Sediment Management
Sediment yield, transport and deposition
Sediment management and environmental impacts
INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING OF DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
Purpose of instrumentation and monitoring.
Instrumentation and monitoring for the assessment of dam safety
Monitoring for improvement of design procedures and practice for future dams
Example of concrete dam monitoring
Water level measurement in reservoir and basin area
WASTEWATER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
MUNICIPAL SEWER SYSTEMS
Combined System and Separate System
Determination of Flow Velocity and Gradient
Materials of Sewers and Construction Method
Recent Technologies concerning Sewer Systems
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Problems Associated with Industrial Wastewater Treatment Equipment
Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
WATER TRANSPORT
Description of Articles to Follow
AQUEDUCTS, TUNNELS, CANALS, PIPELINES, SIPHONS, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION
WATER PUMPING STATIONS
Pumping From Deep Lakes and Reservoirs
PUMPING STATIONS FOR SEWAGE, SLUGE, AND AIR
METERING
Transit-time Ultrasonic Flow Meters
STORMWATER STORAGE
Storage for Combined Sewer Overflow Control
WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS
Water Quality and Standards for Different Sectors and Use
Water Quality and Standards for Aquatic Environments
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, AND MONITORING
Drinking water quality standards and their development
Water quality consideration in various water uses
Ambient water quality standards
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS
Water quality standards and their development
Monitoring and assessment of water quality standards
Roles and functions of stakeholders
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Drinking water quality standards
Ambient water quality standards
ASSESSMENT OF STANDARDS
Categorization of Source of Chemical Constituents
Conceptual Development of Risk Assessment
NATURAL WATERS
Distribution of Water on the Earth
SURFACE WATER MONITORING
Monitoring Program for Surface Water
Establishment of General Monitoring Location
Flow Measurements for Understanding of Water Quality
Sampling Techniques and Equipment
Transport to, and Storage for Samples at, the Depot or Laboratory
GROUNDWATER MONITORING
Monitoring Program for Groundwater
Selection of Sampling Point Location
WATER QUALITY NEEDS AND STANDARDS FOR DIFFERENT SECTORS AND USES
Health care and emergency measures
Water quality needs for agriculture
Water quality needs for aquaculture and fisheries
WATER SUPPLY AND HEALTH CARE
WATER SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURE, AQUACULTURE, AND FISHERIES
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Hazardous chemical management for protecting aqua ecosystem
Effects of chlorine-disinfected wastewater on the growth of Nori
INDUSTRIAL WATER
Circulated use of water in main industries
MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLIES AFTER A DISASTER
Water quality management in emergency water supply
EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON WATER QUALITY
Modern history of water pollution
Countermeasures for water pollution control
Present situation of water quality
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND WATER USAGE
Preservation and effective use of water resources
MINIMIZING LOADS ON WATER BODIES
Self-purification of natural water bodies
Kinetics of self-purification in natural water bodies
Minimization of pollutants loading to natural water bodies
GROUNDWATER DEGRADATION BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Causative materials contaminating groundwater
Metals and inorganic compounds
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)
Environmental pollution by the final disposal site leachate
Environmental standard item and detection status of the groundwater in Japan
SURFACE WATER DEGRADATION BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Causative materials for contamination of surface water
Pollution for the phthalate esters caused from human activities
Endocrine disrupting chemicals
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
POLLUTION SOURCES
Pollution of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus
Pollution of heavy metals and inorganic compounds
Pollution of harmful organic compounds
Countermeasures against water pollution
POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Countermeasures for point sources
Wastewater treatment processes
NON-POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Definition of a Non-point Source
Non-point Sources and its Loads
Countermeasures of Non-point Source
SALINIZATION OF SOILS
Causes of salinization and saline soil
Prevention of salinization and improvement of saline soil
WATER POLLUTION BY AGRICULTURE AND OTHER RURAL USES
URBAN WATER POLLUTION
INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTAMINATION OF WATER RESOURCES
Contamination by Hazardous Substances
Contamination by Hazardous Microorganisms
ORGANICAL CHEMICALS AS CONTAMINANTS OF WATER BODIES AND DRINKING WATER
Contamination of metabolites produced by aquatic microorganisms
Contamination by industrial chemicals
Unintentionally generate substances
Miscellaneous organic substances
Characteristics of organic pollutants in each water area
INORGANIC CHEMICALS INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN WATERBODIES
Naturally Occurring Substances in Bodies of Water
Inorganic Substances in Industrial Waste
Inorganic Substances in Agricultural and Domestic Waste
Inorganic Substances in the Water Supply
MICROBIAL/BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION OF WATER
Removal of Pathogenic Microorganisms by Biological Treatment
PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL CONTAMINATION OF WATER
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
Sustainable development of environmental health
Health problems and their resolution
Quality standards for drinking water
Water quality consideration in various water uses
Design and operation of water treatment and sanitation facilities
RURAL AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
ECONOMICS AND FINANCING
Development cost of water supply and sanitation
WATER QUALITY AND DISINFECTION
Quality standards for potable water
Disinfection by-products and their safety
QUALITY STANDARDS FOR POTABLE WATER
Development of national standards using WHODWQG
Chemical and acceptability aspects
ANALYSIS OF DISINFECTIONS
Storage system and chlorinator
Alternative methods of disinfection
Comparison of disinfection process
DISINFECTANT AND DISINFECTANT BY-PRODUCTS
Disinfection and disinfectants
Disinfection by-products, DBPs
HEALTH PROBLEMS AND THEIR RESOLUTION
Constrains to improving water and sanitation services
Health implications of some major water development projects
Reclaimed water and health issues
Aquaculture water reuse and health
AQUACULTURE WATER REUSE AND HEALTH
Effects on physiological function of aquatic life
Water quality for aquatic life
Effect on endocrine disrupting chemicals for reproduction in aquaculture
WORLDWIDE ACCESS TO SANITATION SERVICES
Historical review of human excreta handling
Objectives of sanitation services
Appropriate technology on sanitation service
Classification of sanitation facilities
CONSTRAINTS TO IMPROVING WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES
Assessment of water supply and sanitation improvement throughout the world
Major problems of the sustainable development
Social aspects of water supply and sanitation
Major initiatives aiming at water supply and sanitation improvement
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF SOME MAJOR WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Health implication of water supply programs in general
Several aspects for health implication
Water supply development project in Phnom Penh
State project of on-site wastewater management in Japan
EXPECTED REDUCTION IN MORBIDITY FROM IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
Emergent and re-emergent waterborne diseases caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia
Watersheds as nature's boundaries for surface water supplies
Human settlements, outdoor recreation, etc.
Risk management of waterborne diseases
Lessons learn from the development of safe water supply and sanitation
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
Water source management and considerations
Water and wastewater treatment applications
Conjunctive use of water and safety issues
ARSENIC GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
Chemical characteristics, species, and toxicity of arsenic
Sources of arsenic contamination
Human health effects of ingested arsenic
Determination of the arsenic compounds
Technologies for arsenic removal
On-going arsenic mitigation activities in Bangladesh
Future needs of study and actions
DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
Desired finished water quality
Relative size of available funds
ALTERNATIVE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Selection of sewage treatment method
Design criteria for the individual treatment methods
Sludge preparation, drying and reduction
CONJUNCTIVE USE OF WATER
Conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater
Disease incidence related to water reuse
Categories of wastewater reuse and its water quality criteria
Pathogen survival in wastewater treatment system and the environment
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS
Introduction to Environmental Forensics
Generic forensics techniques for contaminant age dating and source identification
Age Dating and Source Identification of Chlorinated Solvents
Age Dating and Source Identification of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Age Dating and Source Identification of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
WATER-RELATED EDUCATION, TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Introduction: Learning for Everyone
Education and Technology Transfer for Water Resources
Profession and Education in Water Resources
Educational Curricula for Water Resources
The Paradigm of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
WATER ORGANISATIONS AND LEADERS
BIOGRAPHIES OF EMINENT WATER RESOURCES PERSONALITIES
Sextus Julius Frontinus, 40 103 A. D., Roman administrator and water commissioner
Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 1519, Italian philosopher, painter and inventor
Daniel Bernoulli, 1700 1782, Swiss mathematician and educator
Antoine Chezy, 1718 1798, French Civil Engineer and water expert
De Witt Clinton, 1769-1828, American statesman and entrepreneur
Edwin Chadwick, 1800 1890, English social reformer
James Leslie, 1801 1889, Scots Water Engineer
Robert Manning, 1816 1897, Irish hydraulic engineer
William Unwin, 1838 1933, English engineer and educator
Osborne Reynolds, 1842 1912, English hydraulic engineer and educator
Robert Koch, 1843-1910, German bacteriologist, water filtration innovator and educator
Hubert Engels, 1854 1945, German professor of engineering, researcher and educator in hydraulics
Robert E. Horton, 1875-1945, American engineer and hydrologist
Jean Aubert, 1894 1984, French Civil Engineer and inland navigation expert
Lon Jean Tison, 1895 1982, Belgian hydrologist and Secretary-General of IAHS
Thomas Blench, 1906 1993, Canadian Civil Engineer and river expert
Hunter Rouse, 1906 1996, American researcher and educator in hydraulic engineering
Howard Penman, 1909 1984, English soil physicist and research hydrologist
James Dooge, 1922 , Irish hydrologist, educator and politician
J. Eamonn Nash, 1927 2000, Irish hydrologist and educator
Philip Monro, 1946 - , English biologist, inventor of water purification process by osmosis
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS
Peculiarities of Water Problems
Necessity of a Responsible Authority
The Role of Water in Human Life
Connotation of the Water Authority
Characteristic Aspects of a Catchment Area
Planning at Catchment and Regional Level
Opportunities and Duties of a Water Authority
Internal Structure of the Water Authority
Organization of the Water Authority
Water Authority and Government
WATER RESOURCES EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Forms, Modes and Educational Systems
International Acknowledgement of Diploma
Interaction between Researchers and Training
Worldwide Needs for Safe Water
WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS AT UNDERGRADUATE - GRADUATE LEVEL
From Hydraulic Engineering to Environmental Engineering
Possible Structure of an Environmental Engineering Course
Students Reaction to the New Environmental Engineering Courses
CONTINUING EDUCATION AND TRAINING (CET)
EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR THE DECISION MAKERS
World Water Challenges and Decision Makers
Favorable Institutional Context
Qualification and Knowledge of the Decision Makers
Promotion of Tools and Attitudes for a Democratic Process
WEB-BASED WATER-RELATED EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Historical Evolution of Computer-based Education in Hydroscience
Web Technology for Education and Training
Web-Based Collaborative Engineering
New Education and Training Structures
Future Scenario: Education and Training in 2002 2010
Development of a "Technical Culture"
WATER RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Historical development of irrigation canals and water supply technologies in antiquity
Historical Phases of Water Resources Technology Transfer
Modern concepts of technologies with regard to water resources
Problems and Perspectives of Water Technology Transfer
Capacity Building in Water Resources
The Need for Capacity Building
WATER TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TOOLS
Software Transfer Pool Systems
Scientific and Technical Publications
Networking of Water Sector Institutions
WATER TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The Specific Outlook of Water Technology Transfer to Developing Countries
Modalities of Information Dissemination as a Process of Continuing Education
The Role of Relevant United Nations and Non-Governmental Organisations
FINDING INFORMATION
Relations with Other Articles of this Encyclopedia
Computer Data Networks and the Internet
Online Access Information Sources and Services
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Electronic Newsletters and Journals
Computer Network Interest Groups
Interlibrary Lending and Document Supply
Finding Information in the Subject Domain "Water"
MAKING INFORMATION AVAILABLE
Relations with Other Articles of this Encyclopedia
Variations on the Theme of "Information Centers"
Activities of Information Centers: an Overview
Access to the Services Provided by Information Centers
Collection Development in Information Centers
Assessing the Impact of Scientific Journals
Organizing Access to Information in Information Centers
Applying Information and Communication Technology
Educating Users in Finding and Managing Information
Marketing, Promotion, Public Relations in Information centers
Cooperation, Networking, and Interaction among Information Centers
Future Trends in Libraries and Information Centers
Information Sources about Library and Information Science
Making Information Available in the Domain of "Water"
THE PATENT SYSTEM: A DRIVING FORCE TO PROMOTE INNOVATION
Patents and Water Resources Technology
INCREASING EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Study Exchanges and Mobility. Positive Effects and Side Effects.
PUBLIC POLICY AND ROLE OF LAW
Development from Ancient Time to Today
Ethical Values and Water Management
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Professional Development in a Capacity Building Project
Professional Development in Water Sector
WATER INTERACTIONS WITH ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, FOOD, AND AGRICULTURE
ENERGY/WATER INTERACTIONS
THERMAL IMPACT ON WATER SYSTEMS
Interactions of Heat and Water in Natural Phenomena
Thermal Impacts through Technology
ENVIRONMENT-WATER INTERACTIONS
Water Quality and the Environment
Climate Change and Water Resources
Environmental Management and Water Quality and Quantity
WATER AND ECOSYSTEM CHARACTER
Ecodynamics the contending forces of nature and ecosystems stability
Water resources and the consequences of human activities
Conclusion - Sustainable Environmental Management
Water is the linking substance for all ecosystems on Earth
WATER QUALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Natural factors regulating water quality
Suspended solids and water quality
Water pollution caused by point source waste discharges
Non-point source water pollution
The impact of water pollution on human health and welfare
CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCES
Climate Impacts on Water Supplies
Climate Change and Hydrological modeling
Climate Impacts on Water Demand
Socioeconomic Impacts and Policy Implications
Conclusions and Recommendations
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY
Who is Responsible for Environmental Management?
Public Participation of Stakeholders
Types of Environmental Management
Water Resources Management Degrees of Social Responsibility
International Bodies/Global Issues
Water Quality and Quantity Information Management Systems
The Guiding Principle: Sustainable Development
FOOD & AGRICULTURE/WATER INTERACTIONS
WATER RESOURCES FOR AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION
Water Resources Development and Management.
WATER BALANCE IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS
Improving the Water Balance for Agriculture
WATER CONTAMINATION FROM RURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Water Pollutants in rural areas
Water pollution in rural production systems
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT/WATER INTERACTIONS
Introduction. What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable Development Concepts and Procedures
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND WATER
The concept of human development
The concept of sustainable development
Water resources for human development
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND WATER
Water and Economic Development at the National Level: General Principles
Sector Use of Water and Economic Development
Water Use in Irrigated Agriculture for Economic Growth
Urban Water and Economic Development
HUMAN INTERACTION WITH LAND AND WATER:A HYDROLOGIST'S CONCEPTION
Freshwater: Our Joint Lifeblood
Overcoming the Sectorization Scourge
Challenge for the Future: Handling Complexity
FUTURE CHALLENGES OF PROVIDING HIGH-QUALITY WATER
Global and Regional Freshwater Resources
Emerging Global Patterns in the Provision of High Quality Water
Global Awareness of the Challenges of Providing High Quality Water
The Role of Global Governance Agencies in the Provision of High Quality Water
Increased Private Sector Involvement in the Provision of High Quality Water
The Role of Selected Global Social Movements
The Development and Expansion of International Law
Water and International Security
The Use of Internet and Technology
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources
Demographics, Water Availability and Demand
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES
A Change in the Perception of Water
Perspectives of Global and Regional Freshwater Resources
Freshwater Quantity, Quality and Distribution Across the Globe and in Regions
Global Water Needs for the Future
PERSPECTIVES OF GLOBAL WATER BALANCE AND REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES
Perspectives of the Global Water Balance and Regional Water Resources
GLOBAL FRESHWATER QUANTITY, QUALITY AND DISTRIBUTION
Global Freshwater Quantity and Distribution
GLOBAL WATER NEEDS FOR THE FUTURE
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES: AN OVERVIEW
The Atmosphere and the Hydrological Cycle
Causes of Global Climate Change
Different Dimensions of Climate Change
Impacts of Global Climate Change on Water Resources
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS AFFECTS ON FRESHWATER RESOURCES, FLOODING, AND DROUGHT WITH RELATED EFFECTS ON SOME ECONOMIC SECTORS
The Global Water Budget and its Distribution
Impact on Freshwater Resources
Impact on Flooding and Drought
THE IMPACT OF EL NIÑO ON WATER RESOURCES
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña
Impact of El Niño on the World’s Weather
El Niño’s Impact on Freshwater Resources
A Political Response on El Niño 1997: The Case of South Africa
THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON SEA-LEVEL RISE
Water as an Important Resource
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER MANAGEMENT
Water as an Important Resource
Coping with Global Climate Change in the Water Sector
Coping with Global Climate Change in the Water Sector
THE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCES
Implications for Water Resource Development and Use
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOLS REGARDING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES
The need for international protocols: The tragedy of global commons
The different climate change protocols operating in the International System
The implications for water resources
THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHY ON GLOBAL AND REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES
Population Growth; Past, Present and Future
Distribution of the Worlds Population
Reasons for Demographic Dynamics
Impact on Global and Regional Water Resources
WATER AS A FACTOR IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: FUTURE TRENDS
Historical role of water in development
Future challenges facing the role of water in development
BETWEEN THE GREAT RIVERS: WATER IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
Water Quality: Ecological Stress
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF WATER
Physical Properties of Water, Including its Three Phases
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER AND WATER BODIES IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Surface water: oceans, interior seas, coastal zones and estuaries
Surface water: rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands
ATMOSPHERIC WATER
Atmospheric Circulation and Air Masses
Anthropogenic Enhancement and Global and Local Climate Change
SURFACE WATER: OCEANS, INTERIOR SEAS, COASTAL ZONES AND ESTUARIES
SURFACE WATERS: RIVERS, STREAMS, LAKES AND WETLANDS
TYPIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER CHARACTERISTICS
Typification of gravitational groundwater by conditions of its occurrence
Typification of groundwater by conditions of its recharge and discharge
Typification of groundwater by intensity of subsurface water exchange
Typification of groundwater by origin
Groundwater typification by chemical composition and mineralization
Typification of groundwater by types of its use
INTERCONNECTION OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER
Standard schemes of surface and groundwater interaction.
Surface and groundwater interaction in areas with different natural conditions.
Groundwater interaction with seas and big lakes
Impact of anthropogenic activity on surface and groundwater interconnection.
GLACIERS, ICEBERGS AND GROUND ICE
Ice Caps of Arctic and Antarctic Islands
Iceberg Interaction with Sea Ice
Stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Global climate change and changes in glaciers and ground ice
PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER
Physical Properties including the Three States of Water
Biological and Microbiological Properties
Global Variations in the Chemistry of Atmospheric Water
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER, INCLUDING ITS THREE PHASES
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER
Aqueous particles and water droplets
BIOLOGICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER
Link in the global hydrologic cycle
GLOBAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER
Stratospheric aqueous-phase chemistry
Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry
PROPERTIES OF OCEANS, INLAND SEAS, COASTAL ZONES, AND ESTUARIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER, INCLUDING ITS THREE PHASES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WORLD OCEAN
Geochemical formation of the World Ocean and its salt composition.
Appearance of photosynthetic organisms and a cardinal change in the oceanic geochemistry.
Modern salt composition of seawater. "Law of the basic macroion composition stability".
Seawater as the unique natural formation and the cradle of Life on the Earth.
Organic compounds and nutrients of seawater.
Chemical peculiarities of inland seas, coastal zones, and estuaries
PROPERTIES OF OCEANS, INLAND SEAS, COASTAL ZONES AND ESTUARIES. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
GLOBAL VARIATIONS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OCEANS, INLAND SEAS, COASTAL ZONES, AND ESTUARIES
Salinity distribution in the World Ocean.
General regularities of nutrient distribution.
Subsurface maximum and deep-water minimum of oxygen, and deep-water maximum phosphates and nitrates.
Major chemical and oceanographic areas of the World Ocean
Anaerobic zones. Chemical peculiarities.
Hydrochemical processes in estuaries
PROPERTIES OF RIVERS, STREAMS, LAKES AND WETLANDS
Other physical and chemical parameters
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IN VARIOUS AGGREGATIVE STATES
WATER CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS, LAKES AND WETLANDS
Chemical Composition of Natural Waters.
Formation of Natural Water Chemical Composition.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FRESHWATER BODIES
Main Features of Biological Structure of Fresh Waters
Biological Self-purification of Water Bodies
Structural and Functional Peculiarities of Water Ecosystems
Consequences of Anthropogenic Impacts
Biological Properties of Freshwater for Life-Support Systems
VARIATION IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS, LAKES AND WETLANDS
Anthropogenic impact on land surface waters
GROUND AND SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTICS
Water structure and its physical characteristics.
The processes of groundwater chemical composition formation.
Groundwater biological characteristics.
Anthropogenic influence on ground water chemistry
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND GROUND WATERS
Soil moisture transition coefficient determination methods
Biosphere Role of Soil and Ground Water from Physical Point of View