Encyclopedia Of Environmental and Ecological Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources - Table of Contents

PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT

WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF SOILS

A Soil Science Primer

Human Interaction with Soils

HISTORY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF WASTE

From Antiquity to the Eve of the Industrial Revolution

1770s-1860s

1870s-1960s

1970s-Today

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND HUMAN HEALTH

Environmental Exposure

Toxic Chemicals in the Environment

Biological Agents in the Environment

Occupational Exposure

Risk assessment and Risk Management

Ecotoxicology

HEALTH EFFECTS FROM EXPOSURE TO ACUTE LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

What is Acute Toxicity?

Occurrence of Acute Poisonings in Industries

Non-regular Work as a Causative Factor of Acute Poisoning

Occupational Exposure Limits and Acute Effects

Acute Exposure Guidelines

Acute Toxicity of Dioxins

HEALTH EFFECTS FROM EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Definition of Chronic Toxicity

Specific Toxicity or Target Organs of Chemicals

Cases of Chronic Occupational Poisoning

Prevention

CONTROL STRATEGIES

General Principle

Strategies in Occupational Health

Strategies in Environmental Health

CASE STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION EPISODES IN MEUSE VALLEY OF BELGIUM, DONORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, AND LONDON, U.K.

Meuse Valley Episode

Donora Episode

London episode

CASE STUDY OF THE BHOPAL INCIDENT

Background

Literature review

Epidemiologic Study

Results

Interpretation

MINAMATA DISEASE IN JAPAN

Outbreak of Minamata Disease

Investigation of Cause of Minamata Disease in Two Areas

Medical Aspects of Minamata Disease

Measures to Control Mercury Pollution

Estimating Exposure in Consumption of Seafood and Risks of Mercury Poisoning

Relief of Minamata Disease Victims

MERCURY-CONTAMINATED GRAIN IN IRAQ

Epidemic of Mercury Poisoning in Iraq

Clinical Features of the Iraq Methylmercury Poisoning by Fungicide

Prenatal Exposure in Iraq

Treatment and Prognosis

Dose-Response Relations in Iraq Methylmercury Poisoning

Solution to the Mercury Pollution by Mercurial Pesticides

PEDIATRIC LEAD POISONING OF RESIDENTIAL ORIGIN

Plumbing as a Source of Poisoning

Lead Paint

Health and Developmental Effects of Lead

Diagnosis of Lead Poisoning

Screening for Lead Poisoning

Prevalence of Childhood Lead Poisoning

Treatment of Lead Poisoning

Recurrences of Lead Poisoning

Prevention of Lead Poisoning

Detecting Lead Paint

Children are Especially Vulnerable

Individual Susceptibility

Lead and Nutrition

Exposure of Children to Lead Paint

Remediation of Lead Paint Hazards

Societal and Legal Responses

VIRUS-INDUCED DISEASES

Viruses Which Affect Humans Indirectly

Viruses Affecting Humans Directly

Viruses Associated with Cancers

Viruses Associated with Major Epidemics

Insect-Borne Diseases

Other Viruses

FUNGUS AND ACTINOMYCETE-INDUCED DISEASES

Fungal Infections

Allergic Fungal Diseases

Intoxication by Mycotoxins

CASE STUDY OF LYME DISEASE

First Case Report of Lyme Disease in East Asia

Epidemiology

Causation

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

CASE HISTORY: EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN ZAIRE, 1995

Part I: A Chronological Account

Detection

Diagnosis

Background on Filoviral Diseases

Genetic characterization of the 1995 isolate of Ebola virus

Mobilization of an International Outbreak Response

Providing Medical Care to EHF Patients

Disseminating Disease Prevention Information to the Local Population

The Epidemiological Investigation

The Search for the Zoonotic Host of Ebola Virus

Part II: Lessons Learned

Was the intervention successful?

Reasons for international concern

Factors that encouraged the epidemic spread of EHF in Zaire

Disease Spread Through Travel

Zaire’s Request for International Assistance

International Cooperation

International Press Management

Scientific Lessons

The Aftermath

CASE STUDIES OF ANTHRAX OUTBREAKS

Etiology

Distribution

Disease in Animals

Disease in Humans

Vaccines and Treatment

The Cases of Large Occurrence

CASE STUDY OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IN DRINKING WATER

The Genus Cryptosporidium

Human cryptosporidiosis

Waterborne transmission

Waterborne Outbreaks

Removal in Water Treatment

Risk Assessment

Water and the Food Industry

Regulatory Aspects

Current Limitations and Future Developments

Role for Education and Effective Interaction

ANIMAL RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN AFRICA

MARINE ECOLOGY

Introduction: The Sea as an Ecosystem

Marine Biodiversity and Marine Habitats

Marine Ecology: Definition and Goals

The Formation and Destruction of Organic Matter in the Sea: Primary Producers and Respiration

Transformations of Organic Matter: The Structure and Dynamics of Marine Food Webs

External Drivers of the Function and Structure of Marine Food Webs

Profiles of Marine Ecosystems

Services Provided by Marine Ecosystems to Society

Human Alteration of Marine Ecosystems

COASTAL ZONE AND ESTUARIES

The Coastal Zone

Estuarine Environments

Coastal Management

New Techniques in Coastal Science

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

Introduction: Systems Approach to Environmental Objects

Measurements: Data Capture, Validation, Interpretation

Modeling: Model Types, System Identification and Parameter Estimation

Decision Support: Optimization, Multicriteria Approach, Hierarchical Optimization

Applied Systems Analysis: Urban and Regional Studies and Information Systems

MEASUREMENT TOOLS FOR POLLUTION SOURCES AND AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS

The Air Pollution System

Spectroscopic Monitoring Techniques

Monitoring of Criteria Gaseous Pollutants in Ambient Air

Monitoring of Non-Criteria Gaseous Pollutants in Ambient Air

Particulate Matter

MEASUREMENT TOOLS: SOIL SYSTEMS

The Soil Solid Phase (Soil Matrix)

Soil Solution

MEASUREMENT TOOLS FOR ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS

Techniques

Measurement Tools for Meteorological Parameters

Measurement Tools for Chemical Parameters

MEASUREMENT TOOLS: WATER SYSTEMS (INLAND WATERS)

Field Techniques

Measurement Tools

MEASUREMENT TOOLS: WATER SYSTEMS (OCEANS)

Current Measurements for Oceans

Thermodynamic State Properties

Optical Measurements

FIELD TECHNIQUES: SOIL SYSTEMS

Field techniques to study soil formation and soil classification

Evaluating the impact of human activities on soil quantity, soil quality and soil functions

Field techniques related to study soil loss, soil functionality and soil pollution

FIELD TECHNIQUES FOR ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS

Conceptual Aspects of Field Campaigns and Techniques

Platforms

Chemical Sampling Techniques

Flux Measurements

Intensive Field Studies and Long-term Monitoring Programs

Epilogue

FIELD TECHNIQUES: INLAND WATERS

Objectives: Lakes, Rivers, and Groundwaters

Human Use, Anthropogenic Changes, and Threats to Inland Waters

Sampling, Data Assessment, and Field Techniques

Monitoring the State and Change of Water Quality

Monitoring Surface Waters by Remote Sensing

FIELD TECHNIQUES: WATER SYSTEMS (OCEANS)

Measuring Platforms

Vertical Profiling

Towed Systems and Drifters

Remote in situ Methods

Satellite Remote Sensing

BIOINDICATORS

Levels of Bioindication

Application of Bioindicators

BIOINDICATION OF ECOSYSTEMS REGENERATION ABILITY THRESHOLDS

Background

Model Concept

Applications

Results, Current State of the Work and Future Outlook

ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS AND SIMULATIONS

Modeling Elements

Models as a Management Tool

Briefly about the History of Modeling

Classification of Models

How Good Are Our Models?

Generality of Environmental Model

State-of-the-Art of Modeling on the Edge of the Third Millenium

Modeling in the Future

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS

Common Features of Environmental Systems

Types of Environmental Systems

Uses and Objectives of Environmental Models

Types of Models

Modeling Environmental Systems

Future Directions in Environmental Modeling

CASE STUDIES OF LOCAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS

Modeling the Environment

Local, Regional and Global: The IMAGE Model

Policy use of the IMAGE Model

DATA INTEGRATION INTO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS AND SENSITIVITY TO INPUT DATA

Introduction: Mathematical Modeling

Examples of Data's Importance in Environmental Modeling

IDENTIFICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS

Elements of Coupled Climate Models

Component Models

Coupling Interfaces

Computational Aspects of Coupled Climate Models

Important Issues in Climate Model Coupling

Hierarchy of Coupled Climate Models

Applications of Coupled Climate Models

MODEL APPLICATION FOR DECISION MAKERS AND POLICY EVALUATORS

The Spatial Dimension

The Temporal Dimension

The Hydrological Cycle - Stocks and Flows

Implications for Life Support on Earth

ASSESSING THE ROLE OF CLIMATE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND MODELING

Brief Description of the Climate System and How it is Modeled

The Role of Climate in Environmental Modeling

Case Study I: Smoke From Biomass Burning

Case Study II: Rainfall/Runoff in Climate Models

DECISION SUPPORT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

DSS- Basic Concepts

AI Based Decision- Making

Advanced DSS for Environmental Management

MULTI-OBJECTIVE DECISION SUPPORT INCLUDING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Basic Concepts

Multi-objective Model Analysis

Structure and Use of Model-Based DSSs

Advantages and Limitations of Model-Based DSS

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AT DIFFERENT SCALES

Regional water quality management

Land use planning

Air quality management

Lessons from the presented DSSs

VALIDATION AND UNCERTAINTY IN ANALYSIS DECISION SUPPORT

Validation of Decision Support Systems

Uncertainty in Decision Support Systems

Validity and Uncertainty Analysis

SYSTEM TO SUPPORT DECISIONS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT

Definition of Sustainable Development

Operationalization of the Concept of Sustainable Development

Sustainability Indicators as a Further Step in Operationalizing Sustainable Development

Sustainable Global Development - The Integrative Concept

Decision Support System - General Aspects

Information Technology and Environmental Systems

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS AND NEURAL NETS

Knowledge-based Systems

Neural Nets

SYSTEM TO SUPPORT DECISIONS ON CLEAN-UP OF POLLUTED LANDS

Questions on Clean-up Strategy

Hydrogeological Foundation

The Rule-based Map-orientated Analysis

Problems of Measurement Values

SYSTEMS TO SUPPORT DECISIONS ON ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

Electricity Production Systems

Contribution of Energy Resources to World Electricity Production

Energy Storage, Efficiency of Production and Waste Heat

Appraisal of Investments in Electricity Production Systems

Expansion of Production vs. Demand Side Management

External Cost Factors

Optimization of Energy Mixture in Power Generation Systems

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY, TRAFFIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Spatial analysis and optimization models

A dynamic multi-time scale system representation of the air quality management problem

A heuristic for solving the regulators problem

A Multi-criteria Air Quality Management Model

Implementation

Discussions

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

Population Growth

Urbanization

Decision Support Systems (DSS) for Regional and Urban Planning

SYSTEMS TO SUPPORT DECISIONS FOR URBAN AREAS

Environmental Impact Assessment and Multi-attribute Impact Theory

Consensus Formation and Multi-Agent Decision-making

Risk Management and Value Function under Risk

NUMERICAL FLOOD SIMULATION BY DEPTH AVERAGED FREE SURFACE FLOW MODELS

Introduction

Mathematical Modeling of Flood Propagation

Numerical Modeling for Flood Propagation in Natural Topographies

Benchmarking and Validation

Concluding Remarks

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY TO EROSION OF THE COASTAL ZONE DUE TO A POTENTIAL RISE OF SEA LEVEL: THE CASE OF THE HELLENIC AEGEAN COAST

Introduction

Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI)

The Aegean Sea: Physicogeographic setting

Coastal Vulnerability of the Hellenic Aegean coast

Discussion and conclusions

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

Control of Particulate Matter in Gaseous Emissions

Control of Gaseous Pollutants

Pollution Control through Efficient Combustion Technology

Pollution Control in Industrial Processes

Pollution Control in Transportation

CONTROL OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN GASEOUS EMISSIONS

Important Properties of Gases

Air and Emission Sampling and Analysis

Origins, Nature and Characteristics of Particles

Particulate

Dust Prevention

Dust collection

Health Factors: Respirable Dust

Safety Factors: Dust Explosions

Emission Codes

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE GAS PHASE

Survey

Elementary Particles in Chemistry and Physics

The states of aggregation

Physical Properties of a Compound

Forms of Energy

Equation of state

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

EMISSION SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Survey

Flue Gas Sampling

Gas Analyzers

EFFLUENT GAS MONITORING

Survey

Occupational Hazard Monitoring Methods

Light Absorption Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Spectrochemical Emission Analysis

Electrochemical Cells

Paramagnetic Instruments

DUST-PARTICLE FORMATION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Survey

Sources

Physical characteristics

Chemical characteristics

Source apportionment

Dust Sample Analysis

Particle Evaluation

Effluent Dust Analyzers

Dust Sampling Procedure

DUST COLLECTION

Scope

Aims and some applications

Respirable Dust

Emission Codes

Collection efficiency

Principles of Dust Separation

Selecting a Filter

Safety Factors: Dust Explosions

MECHANICAL AND CYCLONIC COLLECTORS

Survey

Settling Chambers

Cyclone Separators

Mechanical centrifugal separators

Brownian Movement

Dry Atmospheric Deposition

GAS FILTRATION

Survey

Absolute Filters

Filter Characteristics

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS

Survey

Characteristics

Operation

Operating Problems

Wet Electrostatic Precipitators

Unusual Forces acting on Aerosol Particles

WET SCRUBBERS

Survey

Liquid Atomizers

Scrubber Types

Venturi Scrubber Practice

Particulate Scrubber Design

Estimating Collection Efficiency and Pressure Drop

Wet Scrubbing of Gaseous Compounds

Mist Elimination

Wet deposition

POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

Petroleum Industry

Energy Production from Fossil Fuels

Inorganic Chemical Technology

Organic Chemical Industry

Pulp and Paper

Control of Pollution in Iron and Steel Industry

Control of Pollution in the Non-ferrous Metals Industry

CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN POWER GENERATION

Environmental Pollution from Production and Pre-combustion Processing of Fossil Fuels.

Power Generation from Fossil Fuels.

Formation and Control of Pollutants from Power Generation with Fossil Fuels.

Pollution control in nuclear power generation.

Cleaner Power Generation and Renewable Energy Technologies

CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Production of Sulfuric Acid

Production of Nitrates-Containing Fertilizers

Lime Production

Soda Production

Production of Sodium Hydroxide and Chlorine by Electrolysis

Cement Industry

Pharmaceutical Industry

Bulk Organic Chemical Industry

CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

Overview of the environmental impact of the petroleum industry

Sources of Environmental Pollution from the Petroleum Industry

Estimation of Pollution and Control Technologies for the Petroleum industry

CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

Sinter production: Control of pollution.

Coke production: Control of pollution.

Iron production: Control of pollution.

Steel production.Control of pollution.

Ferroalloy industry: Control of pollution.

Rolling: Control of pollution.

Iron Foundries: Control of Pollution

Steel Foundries: Control of Pollution

CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN THE NON-FERROUS METALS INDUSTRY

Production of aluminum

Production of copper

Lead production

Zinc production

CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

Technologies for Pulp and Paper Production

Chemical Pulping

Pulp Processing

Bleaching

Stock Preparation

Paper Manufacture

Pulp Preparation from Secondary Paper and the Impact of Paper Recycling on Environment

Emissions

New Trends in Pollution Control

POLLUTION CONTROL IN TRANSPORTATION

Control of Exhaust Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines

Catalytic Converters and Other Emission Control Devices

Zero Emission Vehicles

Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Vehicles

Control of Emissions in Heavy road Transport and Construction Equipment

Control of Pollution in Railway Systems

Control of Pollution in Aeronautical Engineering

Control of Pollution in Marine Engineering

CONTROL OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINED VEHICLES

Environmental Pollution from Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles.

Formation of Pollutants and Their Estimation.

Control of Exhaust Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines

CATALYTIC CONVERTERS AND OTHER EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES

Devices for Post Combustion Control of Engine Emissions.

Devices for Control of Crankcase and Evaporative Emissions.

Maintenance and Future Implementation of Vehicle Emission Controls.

ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES

The Emerging of the Zero Emission Vehicles Concept

Pollution from Vehicles with Reduced Emissions and Zero Emission Vehicles

The Future of Zero Emission Vehicles.

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Vehicles, Powered by Electric Energy

Capabilities of On-board Energy Storage Devices and Direct Conversion Fuel Cells

Fuel Cells

Energy Requirements of Electric Vehicles

Present and Future of Electric Vehicles

HYBRID VEHICLES

The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Concept

The Fuel Cell Technologies

The Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

BIOLOGICAL WASTE GAS CLEANING IN A PILOT-SCALE BIOFILTER WITH DIFFERENT FILTER MATERIAL AND MODELING A HYBRID PROCESS OF ADSORPTION AND BIOFILTRATION

Materials and Methods

Mathematical model for the biofiltration unit

Mathematical Model for the adsorption unit

Results and Discussion Biofiltration

Advantages and disadvantages of investigated filter materials in pilot scale

Results and Discussion Adsorption

Results and Discussion of Hybrid Process

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND STANDARD SETTING

Problems Encountered in Setting Standards

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION REGULATIONS

Human rights & environmental protection

Meaning of environmental pollution regulation

History and trends of environmental pollution regulation

Basic philosophies, principles and policies of pollution control

Pollution control legislation

LOCAL REGULATIONS

Meaning of a local authority

Local authority and pollution control

NATIONAL (FEDERAL) REGULATIONS

Overview of the legal system

Sources of national regulation on environmental pollution control

Outline of the evolution of pollution control regulation in selected countries

Structural features of pollution control regulation

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS

Basic Elements of International Environmental Law

International Environmental Treaties and their Implementation

Important Milestones in Development of International Regulations

Environmental Pollution Regulations in the European Community

Overview of Selected International Agreements

REGULATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

International Efforts to Regulate Air Pollutants

Regional Regulations of Air Pollutants in European Community

National Regulations of Air Pollutants

REGULATION OF WATER POLLUTANTS

Principles of Regulating Water Pollutants

International Regulations on Water Pollutants

National Regulations of Water Pollutants

REGULATION OF LAND POLLUTANTS AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

Regulations Dealing with Prevention of Land Pollution

Regulations on past contamination

Regulations on Waste Disposal

REGULATIONS ON FUEL EXTRACTION AND COMBUSTION

Planning Control for Fuel Extraction and Combustion Facilities

Pollution Control during Fuel Extraction

Regulations on Fuel Combustion

SOURCE-ORIENTED CONTROL OF POLLUTION

Licensing and permitting of discharges

Emission and effluent limits: a main element of the permitting system

Performance standards: establishing discharge zones

Facility design requirements

Trading pollution discharge rights

Best management practices

LICENSING AND PERMITTING OF DISCHARGES

Environmental Permitting and Licensing Systems

Basic principles of environmental permitting

Permitting Policy and Legislation

Procedure for issuing permits

Monitoring and enforcement

EFFLUENT LIMITS FOR DISCHARGES

Emission or effluent standards.

Environmental Quality Objectives (EQO) and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS).

The setting of Emission or Effluent Limit Values (ELVs).

The use of ELVs during the permitting process.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: ESTABLISHING DISCHARGE ZONES

Business environmental performance

Discharges to Water

Legal framework for the prevention of water pollution

Effluent Guidelines and Performance standards

Discharges to the Aquatic Environment

FACILITY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

The meaning of clean production and the principle of pollution prevention

Aspects Affecting the Design of A Facility

Best Available Techniques used for Pollution Prevention and for the Environmental Management of a Facility

TRADING OF POLLUTION DISCHARGE RIGHTS

Introduction: what is emissions or discharge trading?

Advantages and disadvantages of emission and discharge trading

The process of developing a trade

Air emissions trading

Waste water discharges trading

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Integrated environmental management

Industry and the environment

Guides and guidance manuals

Usage of water in industry and agriculture

THE SCIENCE OF ECOLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD

Introduction: Ecology as a Scientific Discipline

Present Trends and Critical Issues: The Functional Approach of Ecology

Future Perspectives

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

INTERACTIONS: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE/ENVIRONMENT

Natural Resources and Features of Agricultural Production

Effect of Agriculture on the Environment

Cattle Breeding and Condition of The Environment

Sustainable Agriculture, its Ecologization, and Elimination of Limiting Factors

Influence of Food Production on The Environment and Ecologization of Food Processing Technologies

Aquatic products and the Environment

Food and Health of the Population

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Definition of Hazardous Wastes

Sources of Hazardous Wastes

Classification of Hazardous Waste

Public Health and Environmental Effects of Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous Waste Management

Industrial Hazardous Waste Management

Final Disposal of Industrial Hazardous Wastes

Site Remediation and Groundwater Decontamination Activities

Industrial Ecology

Toxicology and Risk Assessment

Environmental Risk Assessment

Nuclear Industry

Radiation Effects

Determining Risk Management Procedures and Acceptable Risk Levels

Stages of Waste Management Program Evolution

Global Status of Hazardous Waste Management

International Issues in Hazardous Waste Management

Hazardous Wastes in Developing Countries

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MINIMISATION

MANAGEMENT OF NON-HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL, AGRICULTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION WASTE

Classifying wastes - what aspects to consider?

The IWIC system

Classifying waste materials

WASTE COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

Waste Classifications for Household Waste Composition and Analysis

Methods of Household Waste Composition Analysis

Industrial and Commercial Waste Composition Surveys

Methods of Industrial and Commercial Waste Composition Analysis

SOLID WASTE STREAMS REGIONAL AND CULTURAL VARIABILITY

Factors affecting Waste Arisings

Trends in High Income Countries

Trends in Developing countries

CHOOSING OPTIONS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

The Purpose of Waste Planning

What is sustainability?

Making Choices

Planning for an Acceptable Risk

WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO IMPROVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Landfill: traditionally easily available and cheap

Fiscal Instruments and Waste Disposal

Recycling Credits

Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO)

Landfill Tax

Nitrogen Tax

Taxes on Landfill and Incineration

Non-Financial Instruments

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRY

General principles

Practical guidance

INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

A Historical Perspective

Definition of Integrated Waste Management

The Waste Management Hierarchy

The basic elements of Integrated Waste Management

IWM as a holistic approach to waste management

Scale of the IWM system

Computer models and IWM

Key drivers for implementing IWM

IWM case studies

MANAGEMENT, USE, AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE

Best Practicable Environmental Option

Hazard Assessment Critical Control Point and Sludge Management Audits

Sludge Production

Sludge Treatment

Routes for the Disposal or Recycling of Sewage Sludge

Environmental Aspects of Beneficial Re-use

WASTE MINIMISATION & RECYCLING

WASTE MINIMIZATION IN INDUSTRY

Scientific and Engineering Principles

Techniques and Practices

Procedures

WASTE MINIMIZATION AND RECYCLING AS PART OF AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS STRATEGY

Networking for Sustainable Business Practices

Waste Exchange Networks

Community Initiatives for Sustainable Business

Building Sustainable Products

Putting It All Together

ELEMENTAL KEYS TO SUSTAINABLE WASTE PREVENTION

Evolution of Waste

Sources

Key Roles

Industrial Keys

Government Keys

Advocates Keys

ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

Atmospheric Constituents and Global Environment

Changes in Atmospheric Composition

Global Environmental Changes

SOME ISSUES IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

Issues in Sustainability

INTERACTIONS: ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT

The Major Environmental Problems

The Major Causes of Environmental Problems

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION

Fossil Fuel Sources

Energy Demand and Air Pollution

Combustion and Pollutants Formation

Gross Emission of Pollutants

Pollutants in the Atmosphere

Pollutant Transformation in the Atmosphere

Flue Gas Treatment

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED AND TOXIC MATERIALS FROM COAL AND PEAT COMBUSTION

The Atmosphere and its Role

The Effect of Pollutants on Human Health and the Environment

Fly Ash

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Halogens

Soil Degradation induced by Atmospheric Precipitation of Pollutants

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TOXIC MATERIALS FROM OIL AND GAS COMBUSTION

Acid Deposition

Effects on Vegetation

Effects on Visibility and Turbidity of the Atmosphere

Effects on Materials

Other Effects on Animals and Aquatic Life

Introduction

ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TOXIC TRACE ELEMENTS FROM FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION

Basic Concepts

The Epidemiological Model

Toxic Trace Elements from Fossil Fuel Combustion

Environmental Behavior of Metal Pollutants

Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals

Environmental Impact of Coal Combustion

The Environmental Significance of Toxic Trace Elements

ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FUEL-DERIVED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Emission of Organic Compounds in the Combustion Process of Fossil Fuels

Participation of Hydrocarbons in Oxidation of Nitrogen Oxide

PAH Influence on Human Health

GREENHOUSE GASES FROM FOSSIL FUELS AND THEIR IMPACT ON GLOBAL CHANGE

Global Warming

Fossil Fuels’ Contribution to Greenhouse Warming

The Contribution of Deforestation

POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION: LOCAL EFFECTS AND CONTROL

Characteristics of Point Sources: Wastewater

Characteristics of Point Sources: Air Pollution

Characteristics of Point Sources: Waste Solids

Characteristics of Point Sources: Noise

Legislation for Controlling Point Sources of Pollution

Management Improvement for the Control of Point Sources of Pollution

Technologies for Controlling Point Sources of Pollution

TECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

Physical, chemical and Biological Characteristics of Water

Wastewater Treatment Processes

Physical Treatment Processes

Chemical Unit Processes

Biological Treatment Processes

Bioremediation

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)

Perspective Trend

TECHNOLOGIES THAT MOVE POLLUTANTS FROM ONE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT TO ANOTHER: PHYSICAL METHODS

Screening

Sedimentation

Grit removal

Flotation

Filtration

Other Physical Technologies Commonly Used in Water and Wastewater Treatment

TECHNOLOGIES THAT TRANSFORM POLLUTANTS TO INNOCUOUS COMPONENTS: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS

Coagulation

Chemical Precipitation

Chemical Oxidation

Disinfection

Adsorption Process

Ion Exchange

Membrane Separation

Prospective Trends

TECHNOLOGIES THAT TRANSFORM POLLUTANTS INTO INNOCUOUS COMPONENTS: BIOLOGICAL METHODS

Activated sludge process

Other Activated Sludge Configurations

Biological Nutrient Removal

Advanced Biological Treatment Techniques

Trickling Filter Processes

Rotating Biological Contactor Processes

Oxidation Pond Processes

Land Treatment Processes

On-site Treatment Systems

Anaerobic Biological Treatment Processes

TECHNOLOGIES THAT TRANSFORM POLLUTANTS INTO INNOCUOUS COMPONENTS: COMBINED BIOLOGICAL/CHEMICAL METHODS

The Application Areas of Combined Chemical/Biological Processes

Chemical Treatment Processes

Biological Treatment Processes

Perspective

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER

Soil Washing

Bioremediation

Containment

Future Development

Pump-and-Treat

Soil Vapor Extraction

Solidification/Stabilization

Air Stripping

Precipitation

Vitrification

Thermal Desorption

Strategy for Technique Selections

CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT- CASE STUDY

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Versions of Possible Causes of the Accident)

Formation and Description of Close-in and Remote Zone of the Environment contamination after the Accident. Radionuclide Composition of the Contamination

Analysis of Radioactive Contamination Transport with Consideration of Real Meteorological Situation after the Accident

Calculation and Reconstruction of Doses after Chernobyl

Penetration of Radioactive Substances into other Medium. Contamination of Agricultural and Natural Vegetation

Medical (for Human Health) Consequences

Biological and Ecological (for Nature) Consequences

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, AND MINERAL ECONOMICS

Engineering Geology

Environmental Geology

Medical Geology

Geoindicators

Use of Underground Space for Human Occupancy

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND ASSESSMENT

BIODIVERSITY: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The Biosphere at Risk

Characterization of Biodiversity

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function

Global Change: Magnitude, Distribution, and Characteristics of Biodiversity Dynamics

The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Structure

The Biodiversity of Marine Ecosystems

Perspectives for Biodiversity Utilization, Protection, and Research

BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING

BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: BASIC PRINCIPLES

A historical perspective

A new paradigm in ecology: the Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function Paradigm

Combining old and new concepts

Biodiversity and stability

Implications for ecosystem management and conservation

BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS

Biodiversity experiments

Experiment and observation

Experimental design and analysis

Interpretation and mechanism

Advances in biodiversity experimentation

THE ROLE OF ABOVE- AND BELOWGROUND LINKAGES IN ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING

Effects of plant diversity on higher trophic levels

Effects of above- and belowground organisms on plant diversity and ecosystem processes

Interactions between aboveground and belowground organisms

Discussion

BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING OF SELECTED TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: GRASSLANDS

Evidence from observational studies in natural and semi-natural grasslands

Functional redundancy and removal experiments in natural grasslands

Diversity and stability

BIODIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONING OF SELECTED TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: ALPINE AND ARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS

Alpine and arctic biodiversity

Effects of biodiversity on arctic and alpine ecosystems

Biodiversity and Global change in arctic and alpine ecosystems

Future research needs

BIODIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONALITY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

Why research on aquatic systems has lagged behind

The nature of aquatic habitats

Species-specific functional roles

Species-combined functionality: Functional groups

The problem of functional plasticity

Direct and indirect measures of functionality

Threats to Biodiversity and ecosystem function

Future challenges and directions

BIODIVERSITY AND THE FUNCTIONING OF SELECTED TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

Introduction—biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems

Planned diversity and the functioning of agricultural systems

Unplanned diversity and the functioning of agricultural systems

APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TO HABITAT RESTORATION

Historical perspective

The theoretical framework

Biodiversity

Degradation and habitat destruction

Restoration

Applications

DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT - APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TO HABITAT RESTORATION

Part A: Concepts and Theory - Relating Disturbance Ecology to Restoration

Part B: For Practitioners - Application of Ecological Knowledge to Habitat Restoration

Part C: Case Study - Conservation Action For Substitution of Missing Dynamics

LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS

Landscape changes in the wilderness

Human driven changes

Analysis of local landscape changes: the importance of mapping for a spatial analysis

Driving factors in temperate agricultural landscapes

Riparian landscapes

How do landscape dynamics have to be considered in ecological restoration?

Discussion and perspectives

ALTERNATIVE RESTORATION STRATEGIES IN FORMER LIGNITE MINING AREAS OF EASTERN GERMANY

General site characteristics

Investigation methods

Colonization processes

Site dependent and chronological woodland differentiation

General Sucessional development—an overview

Near-natural restoration methods

Opportunities and perspectives for integration of natural potential in reclamation of post-mining landscapes

AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION

The particular features of forests among terrestrial ecosystems

Ecosystem level effects of afforestation and reforestation

Effects on biodiversity

Arguments for plantations

Political goals of afforestation and reforestation

Reforestation problems

Afforestation on a global scale

Planting techniques

Case studies of selected regions and countries

TROPICAL FOREST RESTORATION EXPERIENCES

Knowledge about Key Processes

Using differing approaches under different circumstances

Case Studies

Assessing success

Restoration at a landscape level

COMBATING DEGRADATION IN ARID SYSTEMS

Degradation of natural resources

Frame conditions: The importance of scale

Defining compartments for feasible approaches

Assessment and Monitoring of the problem

Approaches to Combating degradation in arid systems

Policy challenges

LARGE-SCALE POLLUTION: GLOBAL EFFECTS AND PROCESSES

TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS